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{{Primary sources|date=January 2010}}
The '''elementary effects (EE) method''' is the most used{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} screening method in [[sensitivity analysis]]. It is applied to identify non-influential inputs for a computationally costly [[mathematical model]] or for a model with a large number of inputs, where the costs of estimating other sensitivity analysis measures such as the variance-based measures is not affordable. Like all screening, the EE method provides qualitative sensitivity analysis measures, i.e. measures which allow the identification of non-influential inputs or which allow to rank the input factors in order of importance, but do not quantify exactly the relative importance of the inputs.
 
==Methodology==
 
To exemplify the EE method, let us assume to consider a mathematical model with <math> k </math> input factors. Let <math> Y </math> be the output of interest (a scalar for simplicity):
 
: <math> Y =  f(X_1, X_2, ... X_k).</math>
 
The original EE method of Morris <ref>Morris, M. D. (1991). Factorial sampling plans for preliminary computational experiments. ''Technometrics'', '''33''', 161–174.</ref> provides two sensitivity measures for each input factor:
 
* the measure <math> \mu </math>, assessing the overall importance of an input factor on the model output;
* the measure <math> \sigma </math>, describing non-linear effects and interactions.
 
These two measures are obtained through a design based on the construction of a series of trajectories in the space of the inputs, where inputs are randomly moved One-At-a-Time (OAT).
In this design, each model input is assumed to vary across <math>p</math> selected levels in the space of the input factors. The region of experimentation <math>\Omega</math> is thus a <math>k</math>-dimensional <math>p</math>-level grid.
 
Each trajectory is composed of <math>(k+1)</math> points since input factors move one by one of a step <math> \Delta </math> in <math>\{0, 1/(p-1), ... , 1-1/(p-1), 1\}</math> while all the others remain fixed.
 
Along each trajectory the so-called ''elementary effect'' for each input factor is defined as:
 
: <math> d_i(X) = \frac{Y(X_1, \ldots ,X_{i-1}, X_i + \Delta, X_{i+1}, \ldots, X_k ) - Y( \mathbf X)}{\Delta}  </math>,
 
where <math> \mathbf{X} = (X_1, X_2, ... X_k)</math> is any selected value in <math> \Omega </math> such that the transformed point is still in <math> \Omega </math> for each index <math> i=1,\ldots, k. </math>
 
<math> r </math> elementary effects are estimated for each input <math> d_i\left(X^{(1)} \right), d_i\left( X^{(2)} \right), \ldots, d_i\left( X^{(r)} \right) </math> by randomly sampling <math> r </math> points <math> X^{(1)}, X^{(2)}, \ldots , X^{(r)}</math>.  
Usually <math> r </math> ~ 4-10, depending on the number of input factors, on the computational cost of the model and on the choice of the number of levels <math> p </math>, since a high number of levels to be explored needs to be balanced by a high number of trajectories, in order to obtain an exploratory sample.
It is demonstrated that a convenient choice for the parameters <math> p </math> and <math> \Delta </math> is <math> p </math> even and <math> \Delta </math> equal to <math>
p/[2(p-1)]</math>, as this ensures equal probability of sampling in the input space.
 
In case input factors are not uniformly distributed, the best practice is to sample in the space of the quantiles and to obtain the inputs values using inverse cumulative distribution functions. Note that in this case <math> \Delta </math> equals the step taken by the inputs in the space of the quantiles.
 
The two measures <math> \mu </math> and <math> \sigma </math> are defined as the mean and the standard deviation of the distribution of the elementary effects of each input:<br />
: <math> \mu_i = \frac{1}{r} \sum_{j=1}^r d_i \left( X^{(j)} \right) </math>,
: <math> \sigma_i = \sqrt{ \frac{1}{(r-1)} \sum_{j=1}^r \left( d_i \left( X^{(j)} \right) - \mu_i  \right)^2} </math>.
 
These two measures need to be read together (e.g. on a two-dimensional graph) in order to rank input factors in order of importance and identify those inputs which do not influence the output variability. Low values of both <math> \mu </math> and <math> \sigma </math> correspond to a non-influent input.
 
An improvement{{Citation needed|date=January 2010}} of this method was developed by Campolongo et al.<ref>Campolongo, F., J. Cariboni, and A. Saltelli (2007). An effective screening design for sensitivity analysis of large models. ''Environmental Modelling and Software'', '''22''',
1509&ndash;1518.</ref>{{Better source|date=January 2010}} who proposed a revised measure <math> \mu^* </math>, which on its own is sufficient to provide a reliable ranking of the input factors. The revised measure is the mean of the distribution of the absolute values of the elementary effects of the input factors:<br />
: <math> \mu_i^* = \frac{1}{r} \sum_{j=1}^r \left| d_i \left( X^{(j)} \right) \right| </math>.
The use of <math> \mu^* </math> solves the problem of the effects of opposite signs which occurs when the model is non-monotonic and which can cancel each other out, thus resulting in a low value for <math> \mu </math>.
 
An efficient technical scheme to construct the trajectories used in the EE method is presented in the original paper by Morris while an improvement strategy aimed at better exploring the input space is proposed by Campolongo et al..
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
[[Category:Scientific modeling]]
[[Category:Sensitivity analysis]]

Latest revision as of 14:36, 5 May 2014

Henkel knives also have a type known as pocket knife, which is very tiny inbut contains quantity of blades to a single deal with. Every time you can not just take a knife and transfer all around, so in that situation we have a pocket knife which have a amount of blades which are inside of the deal with. Pocket knives have blades in aspect the handle so they are secure and would not damage right up until we get out the blades from the manage. Should you have just about any inquiries relating to where by in addition to the best way to make use of old timer knives schrade, you'll be able to e-mail us on the site. Simply because the blade is closed or covered when not in use, folder knives considerable minimize the possibility of accidental cuts. The blade edge is also protected from dulling and dings. Variety
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This is why blade thickness ought to be so important to you as a knife buyer. That amazing seeking stiletto knife might make a excellent discussion starter with your close friends, but it probably wont maintain up to the prying, chopping and slashing that you intend to set it via. Computerized knives Also acknowledged as switchblades, computerized knives open up at the push of a button, a notably essential feature if you are unable to access and open a classic knife If you assume to be in conditions exactly where you are unable to set down something in order to open up your knife , an automatic knife may possibly be the best decision.
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