Lefschetz theorem on (1,1)-classes: Difference between revisions

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{{Expert-subject|Physics|date=March 2010}}
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In [[physics]] the '''conductivity of transparency''' describes the combination of the [[sheet resistance]] and the [[Transparency and translucency|transparency]] and utilizes the properties of [[graphene]] as the reference.


== Description==
Mountain cycling is some sort of rough sport, so these kind of bicycle parts are crafted accordingly. Now most people wear gloves whilst they are riding because they keep the hands warm. You can spend under $100 for a bargain bike at a department store, or lay down thousands for a professional model. From personal experience they can be not easy to maintain by yourself so a mechanical system may be better for you. 4" wide Schwalbe that can run at 25 psi to behave as passive suspension. <br><br>The steeper the angles, the more beneficial it would be for stability and high speed pedaling. If you do it as soon as you get home, then its done and you can concentrate on eating and relaxing. There are great coaches, who will train you to tweet like a bird in spring or Link in, befriend and get a fan page. If you can't ride from home, park on either side of Galvin Parkway Road at the first intersection north of Van Buren Street (a. The bike shop personnel should be able to advise you on how to choose the right frame size. <br><br>With knowledge on the strengths and weakness of the MTB model, they are a great source of help. As a form of transport in itself bike riding is great but because of the design of these bikes you can travel over harsher terrain which will lead to you tossing in your old bike and traveling to work on your newly discovered fun machine. These four websites are important to serious bikers. People like to ride the mountain bike to those terrains because they enjoy the thrill and the adventure. You should be selective in choosing mountain bike tires since mountain bike is already made heavy and if you choose heavy tires you should consider yourself about how you will handle the bike and the terrain at the same time. <br><br>Looked like one or two other people beat me to the punch. The circumstances will dictate which method to use. Mountain biking amongst the majestic backdrop of the great mountains of Kerala is an unforgettable and thrilling experience. Hence, XC suspension forks tend to have a short travel and are light weight. Also make sure you use a high quality grease to keep your chain moving over the teeth of the chainring for a smooth ride.
 
The properties of electroconductive and transparent materials can be described by the [[sheet resistance]] and the [[Transparency and translucency|transparency]] (at 550&nbsp;nm). The ''conductivity of transparency'' was introduced on the basis of [[graphene]] to compare different materials without the use of two independent parameters.<ref>{{cite journal|author = S. Eigler|year = 2009|title = A new parameter based on graphene for characterizing transparent, conductive materials|journal = Carbon|volume = 47|pages =2936–2939|doi = 10.1016/j.carbon.2009.06.047|issue = 12}}</ref>
 
=== Conductivity of Transparency===
 
<math>\sigma_{gt}=\frac{\epsilon_{graphene}} {-lg( \frac{I} {I_0}) \rho_{sample}} </math>
 
<math>\sigma_{gt}</math> : conductivity of transparency based on graphene;
<math>\epsilon_{graphene}</math> : [[absorption coefficient]] of graphene;
<math>\rho_{sample}</math> : sheet resistance of the sample;
<math>I</math> : intensity of light after absorption;
<math>I_0</math> : intensity of light before absorption.
 
=== Derivation===
 
The absorption of a single [[graphene]] layer was published in 2008. So [[graphene]] absorbs 2.3% of white light.<ref>{{cite journal|author=R. R. Nair, P. Blake, A. N. Grigorenko, K. S. Novoselov, T. J. Booth, T. Stauber, N. M. R. Peres, A. K. Geim| year = 2008|title = Fine Structure Constant Defines Visual Transparency of Graphene|journal = Science|volume = 320|page = 1308|doi = 10.1126/science.1156965|pmid=18388259|bibcode = 2008Sci...320.1308N|issue=5881 }}</ref> Hence, assuming that the ideal inter-layer distance of two graphene sheets is  <math>d_{graphite}=0.335 nm</math>, as in [[graphite]], one can calculate the [[absorption coefficient]] of graphene according to the [[Beer–Lambert law|Bouguer-Lambert law]] to <math>301655 cm^{-1}</math>.
 
Applied [[Beer–Lambert law|Bouguer-Lambert law]]:
 
<math>-lg( \frac{I} {I_0}) =\epsilon^*cd; \epsilon^*c=\epsilon_{graphene}</math>
 
<math>\epsilon_{graphene}= \frac {-lg( \frac{I} {I_0})} {d_{graphite}} = \frac {-lg( \frac{97.7%} {100%})} {3.35 \times 10^{-8}cm}=301655cm^{-1}</math>
 
The outcome of this is the general formula to determine the ''conductivity of transparency'' of arbitrary electroconductive and transparent materials, utilizing graphene as the reference:
 
=== Formula to determine the ''Conductivity of Transparency'' ===
 
{| class="wikitable"
! <math>\sigma_{gt}=\frac{301655cm^{-1}} {-lg( \frac{I} {100%}) \rho_{sample}} </math>
|- -
|}
 
So, to determine the ''conductivity of transparency'' it is necessary to measure the transmission (at 550&nbsp;nm) and the [[sheet resistance]] of the sample. The [[sheet resistance]] can be obtained by four-point probe measurement ([[Sheet resistance]], [[Van der Pauw method]]). Contrary to the [[electrical conductivity]] it is not necessary to determine the thickness of the sample, because [[graphene]] is utilized as the reference by using the transparency.
 
== Examples ==
 
{| class="wikitable"
! Materials
! I (%)
! <math>\rho</math> (Ω)
! <math>\sigma_{gt}</math> (S/cm)
! references
|- -
| [[graphene]] || 97.7 || 6000 || 4975 || Blake et al.<ref>{{cite journal|author=P. Blake, P. D. Brimicombe, R. R. Nair, T. J. Booth, D. Jiang, F. Schedin, L. A. Ponomarenko, S. V. Morozov, H. F. Gleeson, E. W. Hill, A. K. Geim, K. S. Novoselov|title=Graphene-Based Liquid Crystal Device|journal=Nano Letters|volume=8|issue=6|year=2008|pages=1704–1708|pmid=18444691|doi=10.1021/nl080649i|bibcode = 2008NanoL...8.1704B |arxiv = 0803.3031 }}</ref>
|- -
| [[graphene oxide]]|| 96 || <math>3.0\cdot 10^{11}</math> || <math>5.7\cdot 10^{-5}</math> || Becerril et al.<ref>{{cite journal|author=H. A. Becerril, J. Mao, Z. Liu, R. M. Stoltenberg, Z. Bao, Y. Chen|title=Evaluation of Solution-Processed Reduced Graphene Oxide Films as Transparent Conductors|journal=ACS Nano|volume=2|issue=3|year=2008|pages=463–470|pmid=19206571|doi=10.1021/nn700375n}}</ref>
|- -
| reduced [[graphene oxide]] || 87 || <math>1\cdot 10^5</math> || 50 || Eda et al.<ref>{{cite journal|author=G. Eda, G. Fanchini, M. Chhowalla|title=Large-area ultrathin films of reduced graphene oxide as a transparent and flexible electronic material|journal=Nature Nanotechnology|volume=3|issue=5|year=2008|pages=270–274|pmid=18654522|doi=10.1038/nnano.2008.83}}</ref>
|- -
| nanographene (1100°C) || 56 || 1600 || 749 || Wang et al.<ref>{{cite journal|author=X. Wang, L. Zhi, N. Tsao, Z. Tomovic, J. Li, K.|title=Transparent Carbon Films as Electrodes in Organic Solar Cells|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|volume=47|issue=16|pages=2990–2992|year=2008|doi=10.1002/anie.200704909}}</ref>
|- -
| graphene (CVD) || 90 || 350 || <math>1.8\cdot 10^4</math> || Li et al.<ref>{{cite journal|author=X. Li, Y. Zhu, W. Cai, M. Borysiak, B. Han, D. Chen, R. D. Piner, L. Colombo, R. S. Ruoff|title=Transfer of Large-Area Graphene Films for High-Performance Transparent Conductive Electrodes|journal=Nano Letters|volume=9|issue=12|year=2009|pages=4359–4363|pmid=19845330|doi=10.1021/nl902623y|bibcode = 2009NanoL...9.4359L }}</ref>
|- -
| [[Carbon nanotube|SWCNTs]] || 70|| 30 || <math>6.5\cdot 10^4</math> || Wu et al.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Z. Wu, Z. Chen, X. Du, J. M. Logan, J. Sippel, M. Nikolou, K. Kamaras, J. R. Reynolds, D. B. Tanner, A. F. Hebard, A. G. Rinzler|title=Transparent, Conductive Carbon Nanotube Films|journal=Science|volume=305|issue=5688|year=2004|pages=1273–1276|pmid=15333836|doi=10.1126/science.1101243|bibcode = 2004Sci...305.1273W }}</ref>
|- -
| [[Indium tin oxide|ITO]] || 77|| 100 || <math>2.7\cdot 10^4</math> || Sigma–Aldrich catalog no. 639281 <ref>[http://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/ProductDetail.do?lang=en&N4=639281|ALDRICH&N5=SEARCH_CONCAT_PNO|BRAND_KEY&F=SPEC Sigma–Aldrich catalog no. 639281|]</ref>
|}
 
==  References ==
<references/>
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Conductivity Of Transparency}}
[[Category:Transparent materials]]

Latest revision as of 01:11, 25 September 2014

If youve already purchased a Trek bike or any other brand of bike and you prefer to bring your own bike on your tour, bring it along. Mountain biking accessories come in all different forms and you do not need all of them. This temporarily blocks penile blood flow causing impotence. Alison Addy is the author of many articles on subjects like mountain bike crashes and published at. If you liked this post and you would certainly such as to obtain more info regarding Women mountain bike sizing. kindly visit our web site. The Shimano shifters which we've talked about above increase the cyclist's capability of moving in and out of gear quickly and without any kind of delay.

Mountain cycling is some sort of rough sport, so these kind of bicycle parts are crafted accordingly. Now most people wear gloves whilst they are riding because they keep the hands warm. You can spend under $100 for a bargain bike at a department store, or lay down thousands for a professional model. From personal experience they can be not easy to maintain by yourself so a mechanical system may be better for you. 4" wide Schwalbe that can run at 25 psi to behave as passive suspension.

The steeper the angles, the more beneficial it would be for stability and high speed pedaling. If you do it as soon as you get home, then its done and you can concentrate on eating and relaxing. There are great coaches, who will train you to tweet like a bird in spring or Link in, befriend and get a fan page. If you can't ride from home, park on either side of Galvin Parkway Road at the first intersection north of Van Buren Street (a. The bike shop personnel should be able to advise you on how to choose the right frame size.

With knowledge on the strengths and weakness of the MTB model, they are a great source of help. As a form of transport in itself bike riding is great but because of the design of these bikes you can travel over harsher terrain which will lead to you tossing in your old bike and traveling to work on your newly discovered fun machine. These four websites are important to serious bikers. People like to ride the mountain bike to those terrains because they enjoy the thrill and the adventure. You should be selective in choosing mountain bike tires since mountain bike is already made heavy and if you choose heavy tires you should consider yourself about how you will handle the bike and the terrain at the same time.

Looked like one or two other people beat me to the punch. The circumstances will dictate which method to use. Mountain biking amongst the majestic backdrop of the great mountains of Kerala is an unforgettable and thrilling experience. Hence, XC suspension forks tend to have a short travel and are light weight. Also make sure you use a high quality grease to keep your chain moving over the teeth of the chainring for a smooth ride.

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