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| {{Infobox short story | <!-- See [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Novels]] or [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Books]] -->
| | My name is Charis Verbrugghen. I life in Toronto (Canada).<br><br>Feel free to visit my web page: [http://hemorrhoidtreatmentfix.com/prolapsed-hemorrhoid prolapsed hemorrhoid] |
| | name = The Library of Babel
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| | title_orig = La biblioteca de Babel
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| | translator = numerous
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| | author = [[Jorge Luis Borges]]
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| | country = [[Argentina]]
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| | language = [[Spanish language|Spanish]]
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| | genre = [[Fantasy]]
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| | published_in = ''El Jardín de senderos que se bifurcan''
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| | publisher = Editorial Sur
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| | pub_date = 1941
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| | english_pub_date = 1962
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| | preceded_by =
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| | followed_by =
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| }}
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| "'''The Library of Babel'''" ({{langWithName|es|Spanish|''La biblioteca de Babel''}}) is a [[short story]] by [[Argentina|Argentine]] author and [[librarian]] [[Jorge Luis Borges]] (1899–1986), conceiving of a [[universe]] in the form of a vast library containing all possible 410-page books of a certain format.
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| The story was originally published in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] in Borges's [[1941 in literature|1941]] collection of stories ''El Jardín de senderos que se bifurcan'' (''The Garden of Forking Paths''). That entire book was, in turn, included within his much-reprinted ''[[Ficciones]]'' ([[1944 in literature|1944]]). Two [[English language|English-language]] [[translation]]s appeared approximately simultaneously in [[1962 in literature|1962]], one by James E. Irby in a diverse collection of Borges's works titled ''[[Labyrinths]]'' and the other by Anthony Kerrigan as part of a collaborative translation of the entirety of ''[[Ficciones]]''.
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| ==Plot summary==
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| Borges's narrator describes how his universe consists of an enormous expanse of adjacent [[hexagon]]al rooms, each of which contains the bare necessities for human survival—and four walls of bookshelves. Though the order and content of the books is random and apparently completely meaningless, the inhabitants believe that the books contain every possible ordering of just 25 basic [[grapheme|characters]] ([[22 (number)|22]] letters, the period, the comma, and the space). Though the vast majority of the books in this universe are pure gibberish, the library also must contain, somewhere, every coherent book ever written, or that might ever be written, and every possible permutation or slightly erroneous version of every one of those books. The narrator notes that the library must contain all useful information, including predictions of the future, biographies of any person, and translations of every book in all [[language]]s. Conversely, for many of the texts some language could be devised that would make it readable with any of a vast number of different contents.
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| Despite — indeed, because of — this glut of information, all books are totally useless to the reader, leaving the librarians in a state of suicidal despair. This leads some librarians to [[superstitions]] and [[cult]]-like behaviours, such as the "Purifiers", who arbitrarily destroy books they deem nonsense as they scour through the library seeking the "Crimson Hexagon" and its illustrated, magical books. Others believe that since all books exist in the library, somewhere one of the books must be a perfect index of the library's contents; some even believe that a messianic figure known as the "Man of the Book" has read it, and they travel through the library seeking him.
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| ==Themes==
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| The story repeats the theme of Borges's [[1939 in literature|1939]] essay "[[The Total Library]]" ("La biblioteca total"), which in turn acknowledges the earlier development of this theme by [[Kurd Lasswitz]] in his [[1901 in literature|1901]] story "The Universal Library" ("Die Universalbibliothek"):
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| :Certain examples that [[Aristotle]] attributes to [[Democritus]] and [[Leucippus]] clearly prefigure it, but its belated inventor is [[Gustav Theodor Fechner]], and its first exponent, [[Kurd Lasswitz]]. [...] In his book ''The Race with the Tortoise'' (Berlin, 1919), Dr [[Theodor Wolff]] suggests that it is a derivation from, or a parody of, [[Ramón Llull]]'s thinking machine [...T]he elements of his game are the universal orthographic symbols, not the words of a language [...] Lasswitz arrives at twenty-five symbols (twenty-two letters, the space, the period, the comma), whose recombinations and repetitions encompass everything possible to express in all languages. The totality of such variations would form a Total Library of astronomical size. Lasswitz urges mankind to construct that inhuman library, which chance would organize and which would eliminate intelligence. (Wolff's ''The Race with the Tortoise'' expounds the execution and the dimensions of that impossible enterprise.)<ref>Borges, Jorge Luis. ''The Total Library: Non-Fiction 1922–1986.'' Allen Lane The Penguin Press, London, 2000. Pages 214–216. Translated by Eliot Weinberger.</ref>
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| Many of Borges's signature motifs are featured in the story, including [[infinity]], [[reality]], [[Kabbalah|cabalistic reasoning]], and [[labyrinth]]s. The concept of the library is often compared to [[Infinite monkey theorem|Borel's dactylographic monkey theorem]]. There is no reference to monkeys or typewriters in "The Library of Babel", although Borges had mentioned that analogy in "The Total Library": ''"[a] half-dozen monkeys provided with typewriters would, in a few eternities, produce all the books in the British Museum"''. In this story, the closest equivalent is the line: ''"A blasphemous sect suggested [...] that all men should juggle letters and symbols until they constructed, by an improbable gift of chance, these canonical books"''.
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| Borges would examine a similar idea in his 1975 story, "[[The Book of Sand]]" in which there is an infinite book (or book with an indefinite number of pages) rather than an infinite library. Moreover, the story's ''Book of Sand'' is said to be written in an unknown alphabet and its content is not obviously random.
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| The concept of the library is also overtly analogous to the view of the universe as a [[sphere]] having its center everywhere and its [[circumference]] nowhere. The [[mathematician]] and [[philosopher]] [[Blaise Pascal]] employed this [[metaphor]], and in an earlier essay Borges noted that Pascal's manuscript called the sphere ''effroyable,'' or "frightful".
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| In any case, a library containing ''all'' possible books, arranged at random, might as well be a library containing ''zero'' books, as any true information would be buried in, and rendered indistinguishable from, all possible forms of false information; the experience of opening to any page of any of the library's books has been simulated by websites which create screenfuls of random letters. Of course, this argument is only relevant for factual books. The library will contain every poem, play and novel imaginable; and in the case of non-factual material such as this, the idea of distinguishing 'true' from 'false' information is not of relevance.
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| The quote at the beginning of the story, "By this art you may contemplate the variation of the twenty-three letters," is from [[Robert Burton (scholar)|Robert Burton]]'s 1621 ''[[The Anatomy of Melancholy]]''.
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| ==Value as a mathematical thought experiment==
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| The Library contains at least <math>25^{1,312,000} \approx 1.956 \times 10^{1,834,097}</math> books.<ref>From the third paragraph of the story: "Each book contains 410 pages; each page, 40 lines; each line, about 80 black letters." That makes 410 x 40 x 80 = 1,312,000 characters. The fifth paragraph tells us that "there are 25 orthographic symbols" including spaces and punctuation. The magnitude of the resulting number is found by taking logarithms. However, this calculation only gives a lower bound on the number of books as it does not take into account variations in the titles — the narrator does not specify a limit on the number of characters on the spine. For further discussion of this, see Bloch, William Goldbloom. ''The Unimaginable Mathematics of Borges' Library of Babel.'' Oxford University Press: Oxford, 2008.</ref> (The average large library on Earth at the present time typically contains only several million volumes, i.e., on the order of about <math> 7\times 10^{6}</math> books. The world's largest library, the [[Library of Congress]], has <math> 2.18\times 10^{7}</math> books.)
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| Just one "authentic" volume, together with all those variants containing only a handful of misprints, would occupy so much space that they would fill the known universe. Each volume is 410 pages by 40 lines by 80 characters, or 410 x 40 x 80 = 1,312,000 characters. There are 25 different characters (ignoring punctuation), so 24 ways of misprinting each of the 1,312,000 characters in a volume. Therefore, for each "authentic" volume:
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| * Authentic volume: <math>1</math>
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| * Variants with one misprint: <math>24 \times 1,312,000</math> = 31,488,000
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| * Variants with exactly two misprints: <math>24^{2}\tbinom{1,312,000}{2}</math> = 495,746,694,144,000
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| * Variants with exactly three misprints: <math>24^{3}\tbinom{1,312,000}{3}</math> = 5,203,349,369,788,317,696,000
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| * Variants with exactly four misprints: <math>24^{4}\tbinom{1,312,000}{4}</math> = 40,960,672,578,684,980,713,193,472,000
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| The number of different ways in which the books could be arranged is <math>10^{10^{33,013,740}}</math>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.americanscientist.org/bookshelf/pub/2009/1/books-a-million |title=American Scientist January–February 2009 Books-a-Million by Brian Hayes Book Review of ''The Unimaginable Mathematics of Borges' Library of Babel'' by William Goldbloom Bloch: |doi=10.1511/2009.76.78 |publisher=Americanscientist.org |date= |accessdate=2012-09-20}}</ref><ref>Bloch, William Goldbloom. ''The Unimaginable Mathematics of Borges' Library of Babel.'' Oxford University Press, 2008.</ref>
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| ==Philosophical implications==
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| There are numerous philosophical implications within the idea of the infinite library. Every book in the library is "intelligible" if one decodes it correctly, simply because it can be decoded from any other book in the library using a third book as a [[one-time pad]]. This lends itself to the philosophical idea proposed by [[Immanuel Kant]], that our mind helps to structure our experience of reality; thus the rules of reality (as we know it) are intrinsic to the mind. So if we identify these rules, we can better decode 'reality'. One might speculate that these rules are contained in the crimson hexagon room which is the key to decoding the others. The library becomes a temptation, even an obsession, because it contains these gems of enlightenment while also burying them in deception. On a psychological level, the infinite storehouse of information is a hindrance and a distraction, because it lures one away from writing one's own book (i.e., living one's own life). Anything one might write would of course already exist. One can see any text as being pulled from the library by the act of the author defining the search letter by letter until they reach a text close enough to the one they intended to write. The text already existed theoretically, but had to be found by the act of the author's imagination.<ref name=Kelly1994>{{Citation
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| | title = Out of Control: The New Biology of Machines, Social Systems, and the Economic World
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| | year = 1994
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| | author = Kelly, Kevin
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| | isbn = 978-0-201-48340-6
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| }}</ref> Another implication is an argument against certain proofs of the [[existence of God]], as it is carried out by [[David Hume]] using the thought experiment of a similar library of books generated not by human mind, but by nature.<ref name=Hume1779>{{Citation
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| | title = Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion Part 3
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| | year = 1779
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| | author = Hume, David
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| }}</ref>
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| ===Quine's reduction===
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| In a short essay, [[W.V.O. Quine]] noted the interesting fact that the Library of Babel is finite (that is, we will theoretically come to a point in history where everything has been written), and that the Library of Babel can be constructed in its entirety simply by writing a dot on one piece of paper and a dash on another. These two sheets of paper could then be alternated at random to produce every possible text, in [[Morse code]] or equivalently [[binary code|binary]]. Writes Quine, "The ultimate absurdity is now staring us in the face: a universal library of two volumes, one containing a single dot and the other a dash. Persistent repetition and alternation of the two is sufficient, we well know, for spelling out any and every truth. The miracle of the finite but universal library is a mere inflation of the miracle of binary notation: everything worth saying, and everything else as well, can be said with two characters."<ref>{{cite web |url=http://jubal.westnet.com/hyperdiscordia/universal_library.html |title=Universal Library |author=W.V.O Quine |accessdate=October 3, 2012}}</ref>
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| ==Influence on later writers==
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| [[File:Arcimboldo Librarian Stokholm.jpg|thumb|[[Giuseppe Arcimboldo]], ''The Librarian'' (c. 1570)]]
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| * [[Umberto Eco]]'s postmodern novel ''[[The Name of the Rose]]'' (1980) features a labyrinthine library, presided over by a blind monk named Jorge of Burgos.
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| * [[Daniel Dennett]]'s 1995 book ''[[Darwin's Dangerous Idea]]'' includes an elaboration of the Library of Babel concept to illustrate the mathematics of genetic variation. It is called the Library of Mendel.
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| * In "The Net of Babel", published in ''[[Interzone (magazine)|Interzone]]'' in 1995, [[David Langford]] imagines the Library becoming [[computer]]ized for easy access. This aids the librarians in searching for specific text while also highlighting the futility of such searches as they can find anything, but nothing of meaning as such. The sequel continues many of Borges's themes, while also highlighting the difference between [[data]] and [[information]], and [[satire|satirizing]] the [[Internet]].
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| * [[Russell K. Standish|Russell Standish]]'s ''Theory of Nothing''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hpcoders.com.au/nothing.html |title=Theory of Nothing |publisher=Hpcoders.com.au |date=2011-05-29 |accessdate=2012-07-30}}</ref> uses the concept of the Library of Babel to illustrate how an [[ultimate ensemble]] containing all possible descriptions would in sum contain zero information and would thus be the simplest possible explanation for the existence of the universe. This theory therefore implies the reality of all universes.
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| * [[Michael Ende]] reused in ''[[The Neverending Story]]'' the idea of a universe of hexagonal rooms in the ''Temple of a Thousand Doors'', which contained all the possible characteristics of doors in the fantastic realm. A later chapter features the [[infinite monkey theorem]].
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| * [[Terry Pratchett]] uses the concept of the infinite library in his ''[[Discworld]]'' novels. The knowledgeable librarian is a human wizard transformed into an orangutan.
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| * ''The Unimaginable Mathematics of Borges' Library of Babel'' (2008) by [[William Goldbloom Bloch]] explores the short story from a mathematical perspective. Bloch analyzes the hypothetical library presented by Borges using the ideas of topology, information theory, and geometry.<ref>{{cite book |author=Bloch, William Goldbloom |title=The Unimaginable Mathematics of Borges’ Library of Babel |year=2008|publisher= Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://faculty.wheatoncollege.edu/bbloch/ |title=William Goldbloom Bloch’s home page |publisher=Faculty.wheatoncollege.edu |date= |accessdate=2012-09-20}}</ref>
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| * In [[Greg Bear]]'s novel ''[[City at the End of Time]]'' (2008), the sum-runners carried by the protagonists are intended by their creator to be combined to form a 'Babel', an infinite library containing every possible permutation of every possible character in every possible language. Bear has stated that this was inspired by Borges, who is also namechecked in the novel. Borges is described as an unknown Argentinian who commissioned an encyclopedia of impossible things, a reference to either "[[Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius]]" or the ''[[Book of Imaginary Beings]]''.
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| * [[Steven L. Peck]] wrote a novella entitled ''A Short Stay in Hell'' (2012) in which the protagonist must find the book containing his life story in an afterlife replica of Borges' Library of Babel.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.shortstayinhell.com/ |title=A Short Stay in Hell by Steven L. Peck |author=Steven L. Peck |accessdate=March 29, 2013}}</ref>
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| ==See also==
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| * ''[[Encyclopedia Galactica]]''
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| * [[Universal library]]
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| * [[World Brain]]
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://cranioklepty.com/blog/2010/04/06/on-bones-and-libraries-st-jerome/ St. Jerome and the Library of Babel]
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| * [http://dicelog.com/babel dicelog.com digital access to the Library of Babel] – a Library of Babel simulation
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| * [http://www.babellibrary.com Reduced Library of Babel] – a Library of Babel simulation reduced to English and French
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| * [http://www.daylightatheism.org/2006/03/how-big-is-the-library-of-babel.html How Big is the Library of Babel?]
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| * [http://writerresponsetheory.org/wordpress/about/mark-marino/marginalia-in-the-library-of-babel/ Metafiction: Marginalia in the Library of Babel]
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| {{Jorge Luis Borges}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Library of Babel, The}}
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| [[Category:1941 short stories]]
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| [[Category:Mathematics fiction books]]
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| [[Category:Short stories by Jorge Luis Borges]]
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| [[Category:Fictional libraries]]
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| [[Category:Thought experiments]]
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