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| {{EngvarB|date=October 2013}}
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| {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2013}}
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| {{Infobox scientist
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| |name = Sir Timothy Gowers
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| |image = Timothy Gowers.jpg
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| |caption = Sir Timothy Gowers in May 2012
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| |birth_date = {{birth date and age|1963|11|20|df=y}}<ref name="whoswho">{{cite web |url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U17733 |title=GOWERS, Sir (William) Timothy |format= |work=Who's Who 2013, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 2013; online edn, Oxford University Press |accessdate=}}{{subscription required}}</ref>
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| |birth_place = [[Wiltshire]], England, UK
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| | birth_name = William Timothy Gowers
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| |residence =
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| |citizenship = British
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| |field =
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| |work_institutions = [[University of Cambridge]]<br />[[University College London]]
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| |alma_mater = [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]
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| |doctoral_advisor = [[Béla Bollobás]]<ref name="mathgene"/>
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| |doctoral_students = Pablo Candela<br />[[David Conlon]]<br />[[Ben Joseph Green|Ben Green]]<br />George Petridis<br />[[Tom Sanders (mathematician)|Tom Sanders]]<br />Mark Walters<br />Julia Wolf<br />András Zsák<ref name="mathgene"/>
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| |thesis_title = Symmetric Structures in Banach Spaces
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| |thesis_year = 1990
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| | thesis_url = http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=8880
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| |known_for = [[Functional analysis]], [[combinatorics]]
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| |prizes = [[Fellow of the Royal Society]] (1999)<ref name="whoswho"/><br>Gold Medal, IMO (1981)<ref name="olympiad"/><br />Prize of the [[European Mathematical Society]] (1996)<br />[[Fields Medal]] (1998)<br>[[Knight Bachelor]] (2012)<ref name="whoswho"/>
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| |religion =
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| |footnotes =
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| |signature =
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| | website ={{URL|http://gowers.wordpress.com}}<br> {{URL|https://www.dpmms.cam.ac.uk/~wtg10}}
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| }}
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| '''Sir William Timothy Gowers''', [[Fellow of the Royal Society|FRS]] ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|ɡ|aʊ|ər|s}}; born 20 November 1963) is a British mathematician. He is a [[Royal Society]] Research Professor at the Department of [[Pure Mathematics]] and Mathematical Statistics at the [[University of Cambridge]], where he also holds the [[Rouse Ball Professor of Mathematics|Rouse Ball chair]], and is a Fellow of [[Trinity College, Cambridge]]. In 1998 he received the [[Fields Medal]] for research connecting the fields of [[functional analysis]] and [[combinatorics]].<ref name="mathgene">{{MathGenealogy |id=67729}}</ref><ref name="olympiad">{{IMO results |id=11101}}</ref><ref name="microsoft">{{AcademicSearch|1517772}}</ref><ref name="mactutor">{{MacTutor Biography|id=Gowers}}</ref>
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| == Academic positions ==
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| After his PhD, Gowers was elected to a Junior Research Fellowship at Trinity College. From 1991 until his return to Cambridge in 1995 he was a lecturer at [[University College London]]. He was elected to the Rouse Ball Professorship at Cambridge in 1998. For the academic years 2000-1 and 2001-2 he was a visiting professor at [[Princeton University]].
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| ==Education==
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| Gowers attended [[King's College School, Cambridge]], as a choirboy in the [[choir of King's College, Cambridge|King's College choir]], and then [[Eton College]]<ref name="whoswho" /> as a [[King's Scholar]]. He completed his PhD, with a [[dissertation]] entitled ''Symmetric Structures in Banach Spaces,''<ref name="gowersphd">{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Timothy|last=Gowers |title=Symmetric structures in Banach spaces|publisher=University of Cambridge |date=1990 |url=http://ulmss-newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=8880|authorlink=Timothy Gowers}}</ref> at [[Trinity College, Cambridge]] in 1990, supervised by [[Béla Bollobás]].<ref name="mathgene"/>
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| ==Academic Work==
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| Gowers began his career working on [[Banach Spaces]]. He used combinatorial tools in proving several of [[Stefan Banach]]'s conjectures in the subject, in particular constructing a Banach space with almost no symmetry, serving as a counterexample to several other conjectures.<ref>[http://www.ams.org/featurecolumn/archive/gowers.html 1998 Fields Medalist William Timothy Gowers] from the [[American Mathematical Society]]</ref> With Bernard Maurey he resolved the "unconditional basic sequence problem" in 1992, showing that not every infinite-dimensional Banach space has an infinite-dimensional subspace that admits an [[Schauder basis|unconditional Schauder basis]].
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| After this work Gowers switched his attention to combinatorics and combinatorial number theory. In 1997 he proved<ref>W.T. Gowers, A lower bound of tower type for Szemeredi's uniformity lemma, GAFA 7 (1997), 322-337</ref> that the [[Szemerédi regularity lemma]] necessarily comes with tower-type bounds.
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| In 1998 he proved<ref>W.T.Gowers, A new proof of Szemeredi’s theorem, GAFA 11 (2001), 465–588</ref> the first effective bounds for [[Szemerédi's theorem]], showing that any subset <math>A \subset \{1,\dots, N\}</math> free of ''k''-term arithmetic progressions has cardinality <math>O(N (\log \log N)^{-c_k})</math> for an appropriate <math>c_k > 0</math>. This work has been extremely influential. One of the ingredients in Gowers's argument is a tool now known as the Balog-Szemerédi-Gowers theorem, which has found many further applications. He also introduced the [[Gowers norm]]s, a key tool in [[Arithmetic combinatorics]], and provided the basic techniques for analysing them. This work was further developed by [[Ben Green]] and [[Terence Tao]], leading to the [[Green-Tao Theorem]].
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| In 2003, Gowers established a regularity lemma for hypergraphs,<ref>W.T.Gowers, Hypergraph regularity and the multidimensional Szemeredi theorem, Annals of Mathematics, 166 (2007), 897–946</ref> analogous to the [[Szemerédi regularity lemma]] for graphs.
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| In 2005, he introduced<ref>http://arxiv.org/abs/0710.3877</ref> the notion of a quasirandom group.
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| More recently Gowers has worked on Ramsey theory in random graphs and random sets with [[David Conlon]], and has turned his attention<ref>http://gowers.wordpress.com/2013/10/24/what-i-did-in-my-summer-holidays/</ref> to other problems such as the [[P versus NP problem]]. He has also developed an interest, in joint work with Mohan Ganesalingam,<ref>http://arxiv.org/abs/1309.4501</ref> in automated problem solving.
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| ==Honours==
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| In 1996 he received the Prize of the [[European Mathematical Society]], and in 1998 the [[Fields Medal]] for research on [[functional analysis]] and [[combinatorics]]. In 1999 he became a Fellow of the [[Royal Society]] and in 2012 was knighted by the British monarch for services to mathematics<ref>{{LondonGazette |issue=60173 |date=16 June 2012 |startpage=1 |supp=yes}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.direct.gov.uk/prod_consum_dg/groups/dg_digitalassets/@dg/@en/documents/digitalasset/dg_202133.pdf |title= Queens Birthday Honours list| accessdate= 16 June 2012}}</ref> He also sits on the selection committee for the Mathematics award, given under the auspices of the [[Shaw Prize]].
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| ==Popularization Work==
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| Gowers has written several works popularising mathematics, including ''Mathematics: A Very Short Introduction'' (2002),<ref>{{cite book |last= Gowers |first= Timothy |title= Mathematics: A Very Short Introduction |publisher= Oxford Paperbacks |date=August 2002 |isbn= 978-0-19-285361-5 }}</ref> which describes modern mathematical research for the general reader. He was consulted about the 2005 film ''[[Proof (2005 film)|Proof]]'', starring [[Gwyneth Paltrow]] and [[Anthony Hopkins]]. Recently, he has edited ''[[The Princeton Companion to Mathematics]]'' (2008), which traces the development of various branches and concepts of modern mathematics. For his work on this book, he won the 2011 [[Euler Book Prize]] of the [[Mathematical Association of America]].<ref>[http://www.ams.org/profession/prize-booklet-2011.pdf January 2011 Prizes and Awards], [[American Mathematical Society]], retrieved 1 February 2011.</ref>
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| ==Blogging==
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| {{main|Polymath Project}}
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| After asking on his blog whether "massively collaborative mathematics" was possible,<ref>{{cite doi|10.1038/461879a}}</ref> he solicited comments on his blog from people who wanted to try to solve mathematical problems collaboratively.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://gowers.wordpress.com/2009/01/27/is-massively-collaborative-mathematics-possible/|title=Is massively collaborative mathematics possible?|last=Gowers|first=Timothy|publisher=Gowers's Weblog|date=27 January 2009|accessdate=30 March 2009}}</ref> The first problem in what is called the Polymath Project, Polymath1, was to find a new combinatorial proof to the density version of the [[Hales–Jewett theorem]]. After 7 weeks, Gowers wrote on his blog that the problem was "probably solved".<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://michaelnielsen.org/blog/?p=584|title=The Polymath project: scope of participation|last=Nielsen|first=Michael|date=20 March 2009|accessdate=30 March 2009}}</ref>
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| In 2009, with Olof Sisask and Alex Frolkin, he invited people to post comments to his blog to contribute to a collection of methods of mathematical problem solving<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gowers.wordpress.com/2009/04/16/tricki-now-fully-live/|title=Tricki now fully live|last=Gowers|first=Timothy|date=16 April 2009|accessdate=16 April 2009}}</ref> Contributors to this Wikipedia-style project, called [http://www.tricki.org Tricki.org], include [[Terence Tao]] and [[Ben J. Green|Ben Green]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://terrytao.wordpress.com/2009/04/16/tricki-now-live/|title=Tricki now live|last=Tao|first=Terence|publisher=What's new|date=16 April 2009|accessdate=16 April 2009}}</ref>
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| {{main|The Cost of Knowledge}}
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| In 2012, Gowers posted to his blog to call for a boycott of the publishing house [[Elsevier]].<ref>{{cite doi|10.1038/nature.2012.10010}}</ref><ref>{{cite doi|10.1038/492335a}}</ref> A petition ensued, branded the [[The Cost of Knowledge|Cost of Knowledge]] project, in which researchers commit to stop supporting Elsevier journals. Commenting on the petition in [[The Guardian]], Alok Jha credited Gowers with starting an [[Academic Spring]].<ref name="occupyelsevier">{{cite web |url= http://the-scientist.com/2012/02/07/occupy-elsevier/ |title=Occupy Elsevier? |first=Bob |last=Grant |work=[[The Scientist]] |date=7 February 2012 |accessdate=12 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2012/01/28/elseviers-publishing-model-might-be-about-to-go-up-in-smoke/ |title=Elsevier's Publishing Model Might be About to Go Up in Smoke |first=Tim |last=Worstall |work=forbes.com |date=28 January 2012 |accessdate=12 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/science/2012/apr/09/frustrated-blogpost-boycott-scientific-journals |title=Academic spring: how an angry maths blog sparked a scientific revolution|author=Alok Jha |journal=[[The Guardian]] |date=9 April 2012 }}</ref>
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| ==Family relations and personal life==
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| His father is [[Patrick Gowers]], a composer, and his great-grandfather was [[Ernest Gowers|Sir Ernest Gowers]], a British civil servant who was best known for guides to English usage and who was the son of [[William Richard Gowers|Sir William Gowers]], a [[neurology|neurologist]]. He has five children<ref>{{cite web | url = http://gowers.wordpress.com/2010/11/30/status-update/ |title= Status update |publisher= Timothy Gowers |work= Gowers's Weblog |accessdate= 1 December 2010 }}</ref> and plays jazz piano.<ref name="whoswho"/>
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| In November 2012 he opted to undergo [[catheter ablation]] to treat a sporadic [[atrial fibrillation]], after performing a mathematical risk-benefit analysis to decide whether to have the treatment.<ref>[http://gowers.wordpress.com/2012/11/05/mathematics-meets-real-life/ Mathematics meets real life], by Tim Gowers, 5 November 2012.</ref>
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| ==Selected research articles==
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| * {{cite arXiv |last= Gowers |first= W. T. |coauthors= Maurey, Bernard |title= The unconditional basic sequence problem |date= 6 May 1992 |class=math.FA |eprint=math/9205204}}
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| * {{cite journal|last= Gowers|first= W. T.|title = A new proof of Szemerédi's theorem|journal = Geom. Funct. Anal. |volume=11 |pages=465–588 |year = 2001|doi= 10.1007/s00039-001-0332-9|issue= 3}}
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| *{{cite arXiv| eprint=0710.3032v1| author1=Gowers| title=Hypergraph regularity and the multidimensional Szemerédi theorem| class=math.CO| year=2007}}
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| *{{cite journal|last = Gowers|first = W. T.|title = Hypergraph regularity and the multidimensional Szemerédi theorem|journal = Ann. Of Math. |volume=166 |pages=897–946|year = 2007|doi = 10.4007/annals.2007.166.897|issue = 3}}
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| * {{cite book |editor-last= Gowers |editor-first= Timothy |title= The Princeton Companion to Mathematics |publisher= Princeton University Press |year= 2008 |isbn= 978-0-691-11880-2}}
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| ==Popular mathematics books==
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| * {{cite book |last= Gowers |first= Timothy |title= Mathematics: A Very Short Introduction |publisher= Oxford University Press |year= 2002 |isbn= 978-0192853615 }}
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| * {{cite book |author= Gowers Timothy |title= What can Pure Mathematics Offer to Society? |publisher= World Scientific Publishing |pages= 1–19 |year= 2012 |isbn= 978-9814329439 }}
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| ==Notes==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://www.ams.org/featurecolumn/archive/gowers.html 1998 Fields Medalist William Timothy Gowers] from the [[American Mathematical Society]]
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| * [http://sms.cam.ac.uk/collection/545358 Video lectures by Timothy Gowers on Computational Complexity and Quantum Computation]
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| * [http://www.ma.hw.ac.uk/~ndg/fom/gowersqu.html Timothy Gowers – Faces of Mathematics]
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| * [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/153535.stm BBC News (1998): British academics Tim Gowers and Richard Borcherds win top maths awards]
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| * [http://www.gresham.ac.uk/event.asp?PageId=45&EventId=607 "Multiplying and dividing by whole numbers: Why it is more difficult than you might think"], lecture by Timothy Gowers at Gresham College, 22 May 2007 (available for download as video and audio files)
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| * {{Cite journal |last=Körner |first=Tom |url=http://www.emis.de/newsletter/newsletter33.pdf |title=Interview with Tim Gowers (Cambridge) |journal=Newsletter of the European Mathematical Society |pages=8–9 |date=September 1999 |issue=33 }}
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| * {{planetmath reference|id=8367|title=William Timothy Gowers}}
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| * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/indepth/the_forum.shtml Listen to Timothy Gowers on The Forum, BBC World Service Radio]
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| *[http://www.imo-official.org/participant_r.aspx?id=11101 Timothy Gowers's result at International Mathematical Olympiad]
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| {{Fields medalists}}
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| {{Authority control|PND=123782716|LCCN=n/2002/14037|VIAF=85633648|SELIBR=}}
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| {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]] -->
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| |NAME= Gowers, Timothy
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| |ALTERNATIVE NAMES=
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| |SHORT DESCRIPTION= British mathematician and Fields Medallist
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| |DATE OF BIRTH= 20 November 1963
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| |PLACE OF BIRTH= [[Wiltshire]], England
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| |DATE OF DEATH=
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| |PLACE OF DEATH=
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| }}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Gowers, Timothy}}
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| [[Category:Combinatorialists]]
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| [[Category:Number theorists]]
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| [[Category:20th-century mathematicians]]
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| [[Category:21st-century mathematicians]]
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| [[Category:English mathematicians]]
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| [[Category:Fields Medalists]]
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| [[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
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| [[Category:Members of the Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics]]
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| [[Category:Fellows of the Royal Society]]
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| [[Category:Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
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| [[Category:People educated at Eton College]]
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| [[Category:People from Wiltshire]]
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| [[Category:1963 births]]
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| [[Category:Living people]]
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| [[Category:Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge]]
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| [[Category:Whitehead Prize winners]]
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| [[Category:International Mathematical Olympiad participants]]
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