Bingham distribution: Difference between revisions

From formulasearchengine
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older edit
en>BeyondNormality
en>Woreno
No edit summary
 
Line 1: Line 1:
A '''redundant binary representation (RBR)''' is a [[numeral system]] that uses more bits than needed to represent a single binary [[Numerical digit|digit]] so that most numbers have several representations. A RBR is unlike usual [[binary numeral system]]s, including [[two's complement]], which use a single bit for each digit. Many of a RBR's properties differ from those of regular binary representation systems. Most importantly, a RBR allows addition without using a typical carry.<ref>Dhananjay Phatak, I. Koren, ''Hybrid Signed-Digit Number Systems: A Unified Framework for Redundant Number Representations with Bounded Carry Propagation Chains'', 1994, [http://citeseer.ist.psu.edu/phatak94hybrid.html]</ref> When compared to non-redundant representation, a RBR makes [[bitwise operation|bitwise logical operation]] slower, but [[arithmetic operation#Arithmetic operations|arithmetic operations]] are faster when a greater bit width is used.<ref>Louis-Philippe Lessard, ''Fast Arithmetic on FPGA Using Redundant Binary Apparatus'', 2008, [http://www.louif.com/rbin/]</ref> Usually, each digit has its own sign that is not necessarily the same as the sign of the number represented. When digits have signs, that RBR is also a [[signed-digit representation]].
If an existing Word - Press code is found vulnerable, Word - Press will immediately issue an update for that. It is thus, on these grounds that compel various web service provider companies to integrate the same in their packages too. Your parishioners and certainly interested audience can come in to you for further information from the group and sometimes even approaching happenings and systems with the church. 2- Ask for the designs and graphics that will be provided along with the Word - Press theme. You can easily customize the titles of the posts in Word - Press blog in a way that only title comes in the new post link and not the date or category of posts. <br><br>Choosing what kind of links you'll be using is a ctitical aspect of any linkwheel strategy, especially since there are several different types of links that are assessed by search engines. Best of all, you can still have all the functionality that you desire when you use the Word - Press platform. This may possibly also permit it currently being seriously straightforward to modify the hues within your Ad - Sense code so the ads blend nicely with the many term broad internet word wide web web page in case you can come to your conclusion to run the adverts. Apart from these, you are also required to give some backlinks on other sites as well. By using Word - Press, you can develop very rich, user-friendly and full-functional website. <br><br>It is also popular because willing surrogates,as well as egg and sperm donors,are plentiful. Word - Press has different exciting features including a plug-in architecture with a templating system. We can active Akismet from wp-admin > Plugins > Installed Plugins. Every single Theme might be unique, providing several alternatives for webpage owners to reap the benefits of in an effort to instantaneously adjust their web page appear. Converting HTML to Word - Press theme for your website can allow you to enjoy the varied Word - Press features that aid in consistent growth your online business. <br><br>It is the convenient service through which professionals either improve the position or keep the ranking intact. This plugin allows a webmaster to create complex layouts without having to waste so much time with short codes. When we talk about functional suitability, Word - Press proves itself as one of the strongest contestant among its other rivals. The most important plugins you will need are All-in-One SEO Pack, some social bookmarking plugin, a Feedburner plugin and an RSS sign up button. Where from they are coming, which types of posts are getting top traffic and many more. <br><br>This advice is critical because you don't want to waste too expensive time establishing your Word - Press blog the exact method. By using Word - Press MLM websites or blogs, an online presence for you and your MLM company can be created swiftly and simply. It can be concluded that white label SEO comprise of a third party who resells a contract involving IT expert or consultant, SEO professional and end user. If you loved this post and you would certainly like to receive even more info pertaining to [http://blbuh.ru/wordpress_backup_969002 wordpress dropbox backup] kindly see our own site. And, it is better that you leave it on for the duration you are writing plugin code. Verify whether your company has a team of developers or programmers having hands-on experience and knowledge about all Word - Press concepts.
 
==Conversion from RBR==
A RBR is a [[positional notation|place-value notation system]]. In a RBR, [[Numerical digit|digit]]s are ''pairs'' of bits, that is, for every place, a RBR uses a pair of bits. The value represented by an RBR digit can be found using a translation table. This table indicates the mathematical value of each possible pair of bits.
 
As in conventional binary representation, the [[integer]] value of a given representation is a weighted sum of the values of the digits. The weight starts at 1 for the rightmost position and goes up by a factor of 2 for each next position. Usually, a RBR allows negative values. There is no single sign bit that tells if a RBR represented number is positive or negative. Most integers have several possible representations in an RBR.
 
Often one of the several possible representations of an integer is chosen as the "canonical" form, so each integer has only one possible "canonical" representation -- [[non-adjacent form]] and two's complement are a popular choices for that canonical form.
 
An [[integer]] value can be converted back from a RBR using the following formula, where ''n'' is the number of digit and ''d<sub>k</sub>'' is the interpreted value of the ''k''-th digit, where ''k'' starts at 0 at the rightmost position:
:<math>
\sum_{k=0}^{n-1} d_k 2^k
</math>
 
The conversion from a RBR to two's complement can be done in O(log(n)) using [[prefix adder]] where ''n'' is the number of digit.<ref>Sreehari Veeramachaneni, M.Kirthi Krishna, Lingamneni Avinash, Sreekanth Reddy P, M.B. Srinivas, ''Novel High-Speed Redundant Binary to Binary converter using Prefix Networks'', 2007, [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/4252534/4252535/04253377.pdf?isnumber=4252535&prod=CNF&arnumber=4253377]</ref>
 
==Example of redundant binary representation==
{| class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin-left: 3em; text-align:center;"
|+ Example of translation table for a digit
! Digit !! Interpreted value
|-
| 00 || −1
|-
| 01 || &nbsp;0
|-
| 10 || &nbsp;0
|-
| 11 || &nbsp;1
|}
Not all RBR have the same properties. For example, using the translation table on the right, the number 1 can be represented in this RBR in many ways: "01·01·01·11", "01·01·10·11", "01·01·11·00", "11·00·00·00". Also, for this translation table, flipping all bits ([[NOT gate]]) corresponds to finding the [[additive inverse]] ([[multiplication]] by [[−1]]) of the integer represented.<ref>Marcel Lapointe, Huu Tue Huynh, Paul Fortier. ''Systematic Design of Pipelined Recursive Filters''. s.l. : IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTERS, 1993. [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?tp=&arnumber=214688&isnumber=5602]</ref>
 
In this case: <math>d_k \isin \{ -1, 0, 1 \}</math>
 
==Arithmetic operations==
A RBR is used by particular [[arithmetic logic unit]]s.
 
In particular, a [[carry-save adder]] uses a RBR.
 
===Addition===
[[Image:Redundant binary adder.png|thumb|right|Schematic of an adder unit using [[full adder]] block (z = x + y)]]
The addition operation in all RBRs is carry-free, which means that the carry does not have to propagate through all the width of the addition unit. In effect, the addition in all RBRs is a constant-time operation. The addition will always take the same amount of time independent of the bit width of the [[operand]]s. This does not imply that the addition is always faster in a RBR than is [[two's complement]] representation, but that the addition will eventually be faster in a RBR with increasing bit width because the two's complement addition unit's delay is proportional to log(''n'') (where ''n'' is the bit width).<ref>[http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=1409882 Yu-Ting Pai, Yu-Kumg Chen, ''The fastest carry lookahead adder'', 2004]</ref> The addition in a RBR take a constant time because each digit of the result can be calculated independently of one another, implying that each digit of the result can be calculated in parallel. A few of the adders can be found here <ref>Bijoy Jose and Damu Radhakrishnan, ''Delay Optimized Redundant Binary Adders'' [http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpls/abs_all.jsp?arnumber=4263416]</ref>
 
===Subtraction===
Subtraction is the same as the addition except that the [[additive inverse]] of the second operand needs to be computed first. The [[additive inverse]] is usually found using a translation table.
 
==Logical operations==
Implementing logical operations in a RBR using [[digital logic]] is more complicated than in usual representations. For example, the expected result of the bitwise [[AND gate|AND]] operation on a pair of representations of 1 is expected to have value 1 in usual representations. Since there are many ways to represent 1 in a RBR, it is not possible to simply use the basic logic gate [[AND gate|AND]] between every digit. The same problem apply to the [[logical disjunction|OR]] and [[XOR]] operations. While it is possible to do [[bitwise operation]]s directly on the underlying bits inside a RBR, it is not clear that this is a meaningful operation. Assuming one wants the result to represent the same integer value as if the operation had been carried out using a standard non-redundant binary representation, it is necessary to convert the two operands first to non-redundant representations. Consequently, logical operations are slower in a RBR. More precisely, they take a time proportional to log(''n'') (where ''n'' is the number of digit) compared to a constant-time in [[two's complement]].
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
 
* [http://www.louif.com/rbin/ Fast Arithmetic on FPGA Using Redundant Binary Apparatus]
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Redundant Binary Representation}}
[[Category:Binary arithmetic]]
[[Category:Non-standard positional numeral systems]]

Latest revision as of 01:11, 28 February 2014

If an existing Word - Press code is found vulnerable, Word - Press will immediately issue an update for that. It is thus, on these grounds that compel various web service provider companies to integrate the same in their packages too. Your parishioners and certainly interested audience can come in to you for further information from the group and sometimes even approaching happenings and systems with the church. 2- Ask for the designs and graphics that will be provided along with the Word - Press theme. You can easily customize the titles of the posts in Word - Press blog in a way that only title comes in the new post link and not the date or category of posts.

Choosing what kind of links you'll be using is a ctitical aspect of any linkwheel strategy, especially since there are several different types of links that are assessed by search engines. Best of all, you can still have all the functionality that you desire when you use the Word - Press platform. This may possibly also permit it currently being seriously straightforward to modify the hues within your Ad - Sense code so the ads blend nicely with the many term broad internet word wide web web page in case you can come to your conclusion to run the adverts. Apart from these, you are also required to give some backlinks on other sites as well. By using Word - Press, you can develop very rich, user-friendly and full-functional website.

It is also popular because willing surrogates,as well as egg and sperm donors,are plentiful. Word - Press has different exciting features including a plug-in architecture with a templating system. We can active Akismet from wp-admin > Plugins > Installed Plugins. Every single Theme might be unique, providing several alternatives for webpage owners to reap the benefits of in an effort to instantaneously adjust their web page appear. Converting HTML to Word - Press theme for your website can allow you to enjoy the varied Word - Press features that aid in consistent growth your online business.

It is the convenient service through which professionals either improve the position or keep the ranking intact. This plugin allows a webmaster to create complex layouts without having to waste so much time with short codes. When we talk about functional suitability, Word - Press proves itself as one of the strongest contestant among its other rivals. The most important plugins you will need are All-in-One SEO Pack, some social bookmarking plugin, a Feedburner plugin and an RSS sign up button. Where from they are coming, which types of posts are getting top traffic and many more.

This advice is critical because you don't want to waste too expensive time establishing your Word - Press blog the exact method. By using Word - Press MLM websites or blogs, an online presence for you and your MLM company can be created swiftly and simply. It can be concluded that white label SEO comprise of a third party who resells a contract involving IT expert or consultant, SEO professional and end user. If you loved this post and you would certainly like to receive even more info pertaining to wordpress dropbox backup kindly see our own site. And, it is better that you leave it on for the duration you are writing plugin code. Verify whether your company has a team of developers or programmers having hands-on experience and knowledge about all Word - Press concepts.

Retrieved from "https://en.formulasearchengine.com/index.php?title=Bingham_distribution&oldid=261463"