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Template:Earthquakes Megathrust earthquakes occur at subduction zones at destructive plate boundaries (convergent boundaries), where one tectonic plate is subducted (forced underneath) by another. Due to the shallow dip of the plate boundary, which causes large sections to get stuck, these type of earthquakes are the planet's most powerful, with moment magnitudes ( $M_{w}$ ) that can exceed 9.0. Since 1900, all six earthquakes of magnitude 9.0 or greater have been megathrust earthquakes. No other type of known terrestrial source of tectonic activity has produced earthquakes of this scale.

Terminology

During the rupture, one side of the fault is pushed upwards relative to the other, and it is this type of movement that is known as thrust.^[1] They are one type of dip-slip faults. A thrust fault is a reverse fault with a dip of 45° or less.^[2] Oblique-slip faults have significant components of different slip styles. The term megathrust does not have a widely accepted rigorous definition, but is used to refer to an extremely large thrust fault, typically formed at the plate interface along a subduction zone such as the Sunda megathrust.^[3]^[4]

Areas

The major subduction zone is associated with the Pacific and Indian Oceans and is responsible for the volcanic activity associated with the Pacific Ring of Fire. Since these earthquakes deform the ocean floor, they almost always generate a significant series of tsunami waves. They are known to produce intense shaking for periods of time that can last for up to a few minutes.

The Big One

"The Big One" is a term often used in casual conversation by residents of California, Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia to describe the megathrust earthquake anticipated as inevitably striking the Cascadia Subduction Zone. Much of the United States infrastructure has been hardened specifically for the anticipation of "The Big One". The name has also been applied to a megathrust earthquake expected to happen in Tokyo, Kantō region, Japan with the epicenter in Sagami Bay where the Philippine Sea Plate and North American Plate movements cause big earthquakes regularly, with an interval of approximately 70 years.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.

Examples

Examples of megathrust earthquakes are listed in the following table.

Event	Estimated Magnitude ( $M_{W}$ )	Tectonic Plates Involved	Other Details/Notes
0365 Crete earthquake	8.0+	African Plate subducting beneath the Aegean Sea Plate	The quake generated a large tsunami in the eastern Mediterranean Sea and caused significant vertical displacement in the island of Crete.^[5]
869 Jogan Sanriku earthquake	8.6–9.0	Pacific Plate subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate	Slip length: 200 km over (125 mi over) Slip width: 85 km over (53 mi over)
1575 Valdivia earthquake	8.5	Nazca Plate subducting beneath the South American Plate
1700 Cascadia earthquake	8.7–9.2	Juan de Fuca Plate subducting beneath the North American Plate	Slip length: 1000 km (625 mi) Slip motion: 20 m (60 ft)
1707 Hōei earthquake	8.6	Philippine Sea Plate subducting beneath the Eurasian Plate	Duration: approximately 10 minutes Slip length: maybe 600 and 700 km (370 and 435 mi)
1737 Kamchatka earthquake	8.3–9.0	Pacific Plate subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate	Duration: 15 minutes Depth: 40 km Slip length: maybe 700 km over (435 mi over)
1755 Lisbon earthquake	8.5–9.0 ^[6]	Hypothesized to be part of a young subduction zone but origin still debated	Destroyed Lisbon and was followed by a 20 metre high tsunami and many fires. It caused from ten to a hundred thousand deaths. The grave of Nuno Álvares Pereira was forever lost along with the Historical records of the voyages of Vasco da Gama and Christopher Columbus
1868 Arica earthquake	8.5–9.0	Nazca Plate subducting beneath the South American Plate	Slip length: 600 km (370 mi)
1877 Iquique earthquake	8.5–9.0?	Nazca Plate subducting beneath the South American Plate	Slip length: 420 and 450 km (230 and 245 mi)
1906 Ecuador-Colombia earthquake	8.8	Nazca Plate subducting beneath the South American Plate
1946 Nankaidō earthquake	8.1	Philippine Sea Plate subducting beneath the Eurasian Plate	Slip length: maybe 300 km (190 mi)
1952 Kamchatka earthquake	9.0	Pacific Plate subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate	Depth: 30 km Slip length: maybe 600 km over (370 mi over)
1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake	8.6	Pacific Plate subducting beneath the North American Plate	Depth: 33 km Slip length: maybe 700 km over (435 mi over)
1960 Great Chilean Earthquake	9.5	Nazca Plate subducting beneath the South American Plate	Duration: 5–6 minutes Depth: 33 km Slip length: 850 and 1000 km (530 and 625 mi) Slip width: 200 km (125 mi) Slip motion: 20 m (60 ft)
1964 Alaska earthquake ("Good Friday" earthquake)	9.2	Pacific Plate subducting beneath the North American Plate	Duration: 4–5 minutes Depth: 25 km Slip length: 800 and 850 km (500 and 530 mi) Slip width: 250 km (155 mi) Slip motion: 23 m (70 ft)
2001 southern Peru earthquake	8.4	Nazca Plate subducting beneath the South American Plate	Depth: 33 km
2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake ("Indian Ocean earthquake")	9.1–9.3	India Plate subducting beneath the Burma Plate	The total vertical displacement measured by sonar survey is about 40 m in the vicinity of the epicenter and occurred as two separate movements which created two large, steep, almost vertical cliffs, one above the other. Duration: 8–10 minutes Depth: 30 km Slip length: 1000 and 1300 km (625 and 810 mi) Slip width: 180 km (110 mi) Slip motion: 33 m (110 ft)
2010 Maule earthquake ("Chile earthquake")	8.8	Nazca Plate subducting beneath the South American Plate	Depth: 35 km Slip length: 500 km (310 mi) Slip width: 200 km (125 mi)
2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami	9.0	Pacific Plate subducting beneath the Okhotsk Plate^[7]^[8]^[9]	Duration: 6 minutes Depth: 30 km Slip length: 500 km (310 mi) Slip width: 200 km (125 mi) Slip motion: 20 m (60 ft)

References

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External links

Natural Resources Canada: Giant Megathrust Earthquakes

↑ Tsunami Terms
↑ Earthquake Glossary - dip slip
↑ Geophysical literature search showing almost 200 papers with the word "megathrust" in the title University of Strasbourg
↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
↑ Template:Dead linkhttp://ssn.dgf.uchile.cl/home/terrem.html
↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Gutscher
↑ Template:Cite web
↑ Template:Cite web
↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[1] Tsunami Terms

[2] Earthquake Glossary - dip slip

[3] Geophysical literature search showing almost 200 papers with the word "megathrust" in the title University of Strasbourg

[4] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

[5] Template:Dead linkhttp://ssn.dgf.uchile.cl/home/terrem.html

[Gutscher-6] Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Gutscher

[7] Template:Cite web

[8] Template:Cite web

[9] One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

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+{{Earthquakes}}
+'''Megathrust [[earthquakes]]''' occur at [[Subduction|subduction zone]]s at destructive [[plate boundaries]] ([[convergent boundary|convergent boundaries]]), where one [[tectonic plate]] is subducted (forced underneath) by another.  Due to the shallow dip of the plate boundary, which causes large sections to get stuck, these type of [[earthquakes]] are the planet's most powerful, with [[moment magnitude]]s (<math>M_w</math>) that can exceed 9.0.  Since 1900, all six earthquakes of magnitude 9.0 or greater have been megathrust earthquakes. No other type of known terrestrial source of tectonic activity has produced earthquakes of this scale.
+==Terminology==
+During the rupture, one side of the fault is pushed upwards relative to the other, and it is this type of movement that is known as [[Thrust fault|thrust]].<ref>[http://nthmp-history.pmel.noaa.gov/terms.html Tsunami Terms<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>  They are one type of [[fault (geology)#Dip-slip faults|dip-slip faults]].  A thrust fault is a [[reverse fault]] with a dip of 45° or less.<ref>[http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/glossary/?termID=59 Earthquake Glossary - dip slip<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>  [[fault (geology)#Oblique-slip faults|Oblique-slip faults]] have significant components of different slip styles.  The term ''megathrust'' does not have a widely accepted rigorous definition, but is used to refer to an extremely large thrust fault, typically formed at the plate interface along a subduction zone such as the [[Sunda megathrust]].<ref>[http://cdsads.u-strasbg.fr/cgi-bin/nph-abs_connect?db_key=AST&db_key=PHY&db_key=PRE&qform=AST&arxiv_sel=astro-ph&arxiv_sel=cond-mat&arxiv_sel=cs&arxiv_sel=gr-qc&arxiv_sel=hep-ex&arxiv_sel=hep-lat&arxiv_sel=hep-ph&arxiv_sel=hep-th&arxiv_sel=math&arxiv_sel=math-ph&arxiv_sel=nlin&arxiv_sel=nucl-ex&arxiv_sel=nucl-th&arxiv_sel=physics&arxiv_sel=quant-ph&arxiv_sel=q-bio&sim_query=YES&ned_query=YES&adsobj_query=YES&aut_logic=OR&obj_logic=OR&author=&object=&start_mon=&start_year=&end_mon=&end_year=&ttl_logic=OR&title=megathrust&txt_logic=OR&text=&nr_to_return=200&start_nr=1&jou_pick=ALL&ref_stems=&data_and=ALL&group_and=ALL&start_entry_day=&start_entry_mon=&start_entry_year=&end_entry_day=&end_entry_mon=&end_entry_year=&min_score=&sort=SCORE&data_type=SHORT&aut_syn=YES&ttl_syn=YES&txt_syn=YES&aut_wt=1.0&obj_wt=1.0&ttl_wt=0.3&txt_wt=3.0&aut_wgt=YES&obj_wgt=YES&ttl_wgt=YES&txt_wgt=YES&ttl_sco=YES&txt_sco=YES&version=1 Geophysical literature search showing almost 200 papers with the word "megathrust" in the title] ''[[University of Strasbourg]]''</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Park |first= |last2=''et al.'' |year=2005 |title=Performance Review of the Global Seismographic Network for the Sumatra-Andaman Megathrust Earthquake |journal=Seismological Research Letters |volume=76 |issue=3 |pages=331–343 |doi=10.1785/gssrl.76.3.331 }}</ref>
+==Areas==
+The major subduction zone is associated with the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] and [[Indian Ocean]]s and is responsible for the [[volcanic]] activity associated with the [[Pacific Ring of Fire]]. Since these earthquakes deform the [[ocean floor]], they almost always generate a significant series of [[tsunami]] waves.  They are known to produce intense shaking for periods of time that can last for up to a few minutes.
+==The Big One==
+"The Big One" is a term often used in casual conversation by residents of [[California]], [[Oregon]], [[Washington (state)|Washington]], and [[British Columbia]] to describe the megathrust earthquake anticipated as inevitably striking the [[Cascadia Subduction Zone]]. Much of the United States infrastructure has been hardened specifically for the anticipation of "The Big One". The name has also been applied to a megathrust earthquake expected to happen in [[Tokyo]], [[Kantō region]], [[Japan]] with the epicenter in [[Sagami Bay]] where the [[Philippine Sea Plate]] and [[North American Plate]] movements cause big earthquakes regularly, with an interval of approximately 70 years.{{Citation needed|date=July 2012}}
+==Examples==
+Examples of megathrust earthquakes are listed in the following table.
+{| class="wikitable sortable"
+|-
+!|Event
+!|Estimated Magnitude <br/>([[Moment Magnitude|<math>M_W</math>]])
+!|Tectonic Plates Involved
+!|Other Details/Notes
+|-
+|<span style="display:none">0</span>[[365 Crete earthquake]]
+|8.0+
+|[[African Plate]] subducting beneath the [[Aegean Sea Plate]]
+|
+*The quake generated a large tsunami in the eastern [[Mediterranean Sea]] and caused significant vertical displacement in the island of [[Crete]].<ref>{{Dead link|date=January 2012}}<nowiki>http://ssn.dgf.uchile.cl/home/terrem.html</nowiki></ref>
+|-
+|[[869 Jogan Sanriku earthquake]]
+|8.6–9.0
+|[[Pacific Plate]] subducting beneath the [[Okhotsk Plate]]
+|
+*Slip length: 200&nbsp;km over (125&nbsp;mi over)
+*Slip width: 85&nbsp;km over (53&nbsp;mi over)
+|-
+|[[1575 Valdivia earthquake]]
+|8.5
+|[[Nazca Plate]] subducting beneath the [[South American Plate]]
+|
+|-
+|[[1700 Cascadia earthquake]]
+|8.7–9.2
+|[[Juan de Fuca Plate]] subducting beneath the [[North American Plate]]
+|
+*Slip length: 1000&nbsp;km (625&nbsp;mi)
+*Slip motion: 20&nbsp;m (60&nbsp;ft)
+|-
+|[[1707 Hōei earthquake]]
+|8.6
+|[[Philippine Sea Plate]] subducting beneath the [[Eurasian Plate]]
+|
+*Duration: approximately 10 minutes
+*Slip length: maybe 600 and 700&nbsp;km (370 and 435&nbsp;mi)
+|-
+|1737 [[Kamchatka earthquake]]
+|8.3–9.0
+|[[Pacific Plate]] subducting beneath the [[Okhotsk Plate]]
+|
+*Duration: 15 minutes
+*Depth: 40&nbsp;km
+*Slip length: maybe 700&nbsp;km over (435&nbsp;mi over)
+|-
+|[[1755 Lisbon earthquake]]
+|8.5–9.0 <ref name="Gutscher"/>
+|Hypothesized to be part of a young subduction zone but origin still debated
+|
+*Destroyed Lisbon and was followed by a 20 metre high tsunami and many fires.
+*It caused from ten to a hundred thousand deaths.
+*The grave of [[Nuno Álvares Pereira]] was forever lost along with the Historical records of the voyages of [[Vasco da Gama]] and [[Christopher Columbus]]
+|-
+|[[1868 Arica earthquake]]
+|8.5–9.0
+|[[Nazca Plate]] subducting beneath the [[South American Plate]]
+|
+*Slip length: 600&nbsp;km (370&nbsp;mi)
+|-
+|[[1877 Iquique earthquake]]
+|8.5–9.0?
+|[[Nazca Plate]] subducting beneath the [[South American Plate]]
+|
+*Slip length: 420 and 450&nbsp;km (230 and 245&nbsp;mi)
+|-
+|[[1906 Ecuador-Colombia earthquake]]
+|8.8
+|[[Nazca Plate]] subducting beneath the [[South American Plate]]
+|
+|-
+|[[1946 Nankaidō earthquake]]
+|8.1
+|[[Philippine Sea Plate]] subducting beneath the [[Eurasian Plate]]
+|
+*Slip length: maybe 300&nbsp;km (190&nbsp;mi)
+|-
+|1952 [[Kamchatka earthquake]]
+|9.0
+|[[Pacific Plate]] subducting beneath the [[Okhotsk Plate]]
+|
+*Depth: 30&nbsp;km
+*Slip length: maybe 600&nbsp;km over (370&nbsp;mi over)
+|-
+|[[1957 Andreanof Islands earthquake]]
+|8.6
+|[[Pacific Plate]] subducting beneath the [[North American Plate]]
+|
+*Depth: 33&nbsp;km
+*Slip length: maybe 700&nbsp;km over (435&nbsp;mi over)
+|-
+|1960 [[1960 Valdivia earthquake|Great Chilean Earthquake]]
+|9.5
+|[[Nazca Plate]] subducting beneath the [[South American Plate]]
+|
+*Duration: 5–6 minutes
+*Depth: 33&nbsp;km
+*Slip length: 850 and 1000&nbsp;km (530 and 625&nbsp;mi)
+*Slip width: 200&nbsp;km (125&nbsp;mi)
+*Slip motion: 20&nbsp;m (60&nbsp;ft)
+|-
+|[[1964 Alaska earthquake]] ("Good Friday" earthquake)
+|9.2
+|[[Pacific Plate]] subducting beneath the [[North American Plate]]
+|
+*Duration: 4–5 minutes
+*Depth: 25&nbsp;km
+*Slip length: 800 and 850&nbsp;km (500 and 530&nbsp;mi)
+*Slip width: 250&nbsp;km (155&nbsp;mi)
+*Slip motion: 23&nbsp;m (70&nbsp;ft)
+|-
+|[[2001 southern Peru earthquake]]
+|8.4
+|[[Nazca Plate]] subducting beneath the [[South American Plate]]
+|
+*Depth: 33&nbsp;km
+|-
+|[[2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami|2004 Sumatra-Andaman earthquake]] ("Indian Ocean earthquake")
+|9.1–9.3
+|[[India Plate]] subducting beneath the [[Burma Plate]]
+|
+*The total vertical displacement measured by [[sonar]] survey is about 40 m in the vicinity of the epicenter and occurred as two separate movements which created two large, steep, almost vertical cliffs, one above the other.
+*Duration: 8–10 minutes
+*Depth: 30&nbsp;km
+*Slip length: 1000 and 1300&nbsp;km (625 and 810&nbsp;mi)
+*Slip width: 180&nbsp;km (110&nbsp;mi)
+*Slip motion: 33&nbsp;m (110&nbsp;ft)
+|-
+|[[2010 Chile earthquake|2010 Maule earthquake]] ("Chile earthquake")
+|8.8
+|[[Nazca Plate]] subducting beneath the [[South American Plate]]
+|
+*Depth: 35&nbsp;km
+*Slip length: 500&nbsp;km (310&nbsp;mi)
+*Slip width: 200&nbsp;km (125&nbsp;mi)
+|-
+|[[2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami]]
+|9.0
+|[[Pacific Plate]] subducting beneath the [[Okhotsk Plate]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsww/Quakes/usc0001xgp.php|title=Magnitude 8.9 – NEAR THE EAST COAST OF HONSHU, JAPAN 2011 March 11 05:46:23 UTC|date=11 March 2011|accessdate=11 March 2011|publisher=USGS}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thestar.com/news/world/article/952957--how-mega-thrust-earthquake-caught-forecasters-by-surprise|title=How ‘mega-thrust" earthquake caught forecasters by surprise|date=12 March 2011|accessdate=12 March 2011|publisher=[[Toronto Star]]|author=Kenneth Kidd}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url = http://www.newscientist.com/blogs/shortsharpscience/2011/03/powerful-japan-quake-sparks-ts.html |title = Japan's quake updated to magnitude 9.0 |edition = Short Sharp Science |journal = [[New Scientist]] |date=11 March 2011<!- – 17:22 GMT -->|first = Michael |last = Reilly |accessdate=11 March 2011}}</ref>
+|
+*Duration: 6 minutes
+*Depth: 30&nbsp;km
+*Slip length: 500&nbsp;km (310&nbsp;mi)
+*Slip width: 200&nbsp;km (125&nbsp;mi)
+*Slip motion: 20&nbsp;m (60&nbsp;ft)
+|}
+==References==
+{{reflist|refs=
+<ref name="Gutscher">{{cite journal|last=Gutscher|first=M.-A.|coauthors=Baptista M.A. & Miranda J.M.|year=2006|title=The Gibraltar Arc seismogenic zone (part 2): Constraints on a shallow east dipping fault plane source for the 1755 Lisbon earthquake provided by tsunami modeling and seismic intensity|journal=Tectonophysics|volume=426|pages=153–166|doi=10.1016/j.tecto.2006.02.025|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6V72-4KBX4F6-1&_user=10&_coverDate=10%2F30%2F2006&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=gateway&_origin=gateway&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1686129586&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=03712ebb4ba96cc63271c6c93369c1e0&searchtype=a|bibcode = 2006Tectp.426..153G }}</ref>
+}}
+==External links==
+*[http://earthquakescanada.nrcan.gc.ca/zones/cascadia/mega_e.php Natural Resources Canada: Giant Megathrust Earthquakes]
+[[Category:Megathrust earthquakes]]
+[[Category:Plate tectonics]]
+[[Category:Types of earthquake]]
+[[Category:Tsunami]]

Liberal paradox: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 01:56, 8 December 2013

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Liberal paradox: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 01:56, 8 December 2013

Terminology

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The Big One

Examples

References

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