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[[File:Sumerian Calendar ISO B0.svg||thumb|right|300px|Sumerian Metrology]]
 
'''Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement''' originated in the loosely organized city-states of [[Early Dynastic Period of Sumer#Early Dynastic period|Early Dynastic]] [[Sumer]].  Each [[city]], [[Monarchy|kingdom]] and trade [[guild]] had its own standards until the formation of the [[Akkadian Empire]] when [[Sargon of Akkad]] issued a common standard.  This standard was improved by [[Naram-Sin of Akkad|Naram-Sin]], but fell into disuse after the Akkadian Empire dissolved.  The standard of Naram-Sin was readopted in the [[Third Dynasty of Ur|Ur III period]] by the [[Nanše Hymn]] which reduced a plethora of multiple standards to a few agreed upon common groupings.  Successors to Sumerian civilization including the Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians continued to use these groupings.  Akkado-Sumerian [[metrology]] has been reconstructed by applying statistical methods to compare [[Sumerian architecture]], [[architectural plan]]s, and issued official standards such as [[Statues of Gudea|Statue B of Gudea]] and the bronze cubit of Nippur.
 
==Archaic system==
[[File:Gudea of Lagash Girsu.png|thumbnail|right|[[Statues of Gudea|Gudea Statue I]] carved diorite ]]
The systems that would later become the classical standard for Mesopotamia were developed in parallel with writing during [[Uruk period|Uruk Period Sumer]] (c 4000 BCE).  Studies of [[Cuneiform|protocuneiform]] indicate twelve separate counting systems used in Uruk. 
* '''Sexagesimal System S''' used to count slaves, animals, fish, wooden objects, stone objects, containers.
* '''Sexagesimal System S'''' used to count dead animals, certain types of beer
* '''Bi-Sexagesimal System B''' used to count cereal, bread, fish, milk products
* '''Bi-Sexagesimal System B<sup>*</sup>''' used to count rations
* '''GAN<sub>2</sub> System G''' used to count field measurement
* '''ŠE system Š''' used to count barley by volume
* '''ŠE system Š'''' used to count malt by volume
* '''ŠE system Š"''' used to count wheat by volume
* '''ŠE System Š<sup>*</sup>''' used to count barley groats
* '''EN System E''' used to count weight
* '''U<sub>4</sub> System U''' used to count calendrics
* '''DUG<sub>b</sub> System Db''' used to count milk by volume
* '''DUG<sub>c</sub> System Db''' used to count beer by volume
In Early Dynastic Sumer (c 2900–2300 BCE) [[metrology]] and mathematics were indistinguishable and treated as a single scribal discipline.  The idea of an abstract number did not yet exist, thus all quantities were written as metrological symbols and never as [[numeral system|numeral]]s followed by a unit symbol.  For example there was a symbol for one-sheep and another for one-day but no symbol for one.  About 600 of these metrological symbols exist, for this reason archaic Sumerian metrology is complex and not fully understood.<ref name="Melville 2006">Melville 2006.</ref>  In general however, length, volume, and mass are derived from a theoretical standard cube, called 'gur', filled with barley, wheat, water, or oil.  The mass of a gur-cube, called 'gun<sub>2</sub>' is defined as the weight a laden [[donkey|ass]] can carry. However, because of the different [[specific gravities]] of these substances combined with dual numerical bases ([[sexagesimal]] or [[decimal]]), multiple sizes of the gur-cube were used without consensus.  The different gur-cubes are related by proportion, based on the water gur-cube, according to four basic coefficients and their cubic roots.{{cn|date=September 2013}}  These coefficients are given as:
 
*'''Komma''' =  <math>80/81</math> correction when planning rations with a 360-day year
*'''Leimma''' =  <math>24/25</math> conversion from decimal to a sexagesimal number system
*'''Diesis''' =  <math>15/16</math>
*'''Euboic''' =  <math>5/6</math>
 
One official government standard of measurement of the archaic system was the '''Cubit of Nippur''' (2650 BCE).  It is a Euboic ''Mana'' + 1 Diesis (432'''g''').{{cn|date=September 2013}}  This standard is the main reference used by archaeologists to reconstruct the system.
 
==Classical system==
[[File:Royal gur.svg|thumb|right|300px|Royal Gur Cube of Naram-Sin]]
A major improvement came in 2150 BCE during the [[Akkadian Empire]] under the reign of [[Naram-Sin of Akkad|Naram-Sin]] when the competing systems were unified by a single official standard, the royal gur-cube.<ref name="Powell 1995, p.1955">Powell 1995, p.1955.</ref>  His reform is considered the first standardized system of measure in Mesopotamia.<ref name="Powell 1995, p.1955" />  The royal gur-cube ([[Cuneiform]]: LU<sub>2</sub>.GAL.GUR, {{cuneiform|&#x1221A;}}{{cuneiform|&#x12125;}}; [[Akkadian language|Akkadian]]: ''šarru kurru'') was a theoretical cuboid of water approximately 6'''m''' × 6'''m''' × 0.5'''m''' from which all other units could be derived.  The [[Third Dynasty of Ur|Neo-Sumerians]] continued use of the royal gur-cube as indicated by the [[Letter of Nanse]] issued in 2000 BCE by [[Gudea]] .  Use of the same standard continued through the [[Babylonia]]n, [[Assyrian Empire|Assyrian]], and [[Persian Empire]]s.<ref name="Melville 2006" />
 
===Length===
Units of Length are prefixed by the logogram DU ({{cuneiform|&#x1207A;}}) a convention of the archaic period counting system from which it was evolved.  Basic length was used in architecture and field division. 
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="7"| Basic Length
|-
!Unit ||Ratio ||Ideal Value ||Sumerian ||Akkadian ||Cuneiform
|-
| grain ||1/180 ||0.0025'''m'''  ||še ||''uţţatu'' ||{{cuneiform|&#x122BA;}}
|-
| finger ||1/30 ||0.015'''m'''  ||šu-si ||''ubānu''||{{cuneiform|&#x122D7;}}{{cuneiform|&#x122DB;}}
|-
| foot ||2/3 ||0.333'''m'''  ||šu-du<sub>3</sub>-a ||''šīzu'' ||{{cuneiform|&#x122D7;}}{{cuneiform|&#x12195;}}{{cuneiform|&#x12000;}}
|-
| [[cubit]] ||1 ||0.497'''m'''  ||kuš<sub>3</sub> ||''ammatu'' ||{{cuneiform|&#x12311;}}
|-
| step ||2 ||1.000'''m'''  ||ĝiri<sub>3</sub> ||''šēpu'' ||{{cuneiform|&#x12228;}}{{cuneiform|&#x12291;}}
|-
| reed ||6 ||3.000'''m'''  ||gi ||''qanû'' ||{{cuneiform|&#x12100;}}
|-
| rod ||12 ||6.000'''m'''  ||nindan ||''nindanu'' ||{{cuneiform|&#x120FB;}}
|-
| cord ||120 ||60.000'''m'''  ||eše<sub>2</sub> ||''aslu'' ||{{cuneiform|&#x120A0;}}
|}
 
Distance units were geodectic as distinguished from non-geodectic basic length units.  Sumerian [[geodesy]] divided [[latitude]] into seven zones between equator and pole.
 
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="7"| Distance
|-
!Unit ||Ratio ||Ideal Value ||Sumerian ||Akkdian ||Cuneiform
|-
| rod ||1/60 ||6.000'''m'''  ||nidan ||''nindanu'' ||{{cuneiform|&#x120FB;}}
|-
| cord ||1/6 ||60.000'''m'''  ||eše<sub>2</sub> ||''aslu'' ||{{cuneiform|&#x120A0;}}
|-
| cable ||1 ||360'''m'''  ||uš ||''uš'' ||{{cuneiform|&#x12351;}}
|-
| league ||30 ||10,800'''m'''  ||da-na ||''bêru'' ||{{cuneiform|&#x12055;}}{{cuneiform|&#x1223E;}}
|}
 
===Area===
The '''GAN<sub>2</sub> system G''' counting system evolved into area measurements.  A special unit measuring brick quantity by area was called the brick-garden (Cuneiform: SIG.SAR {{cuneiform|&#x122AC;}}{{cuneiform|&#x122DE;}}; Sumerian: šeg<sub>12</sub>-sar; Akkadian: ''libittu''-''mūšaru'') which held 720 bricks.
 
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="7"| Basic Area
|-
!Unit ||Ratio ||Dimensions ||Ideal Value ||Sumerian ||Akkdian ||Cuneiform
|-
| shekel ||1/60 ||1kuš<sub>3</sub> × 1kuš<sub>3</sub> ||1'''m²'''  ||gin<sub>2</sub> ||''šiqlu'' ||{{cuneiform|&#x12086;}}
|-
| garden ||1 ||12kuš<sub>3</sub> × 12kuš<sub>3</sub> ||36'''m²'''  ||sar ||''mūšaru'' ||{{cuneiform|&#x122AC;}}
|-
| quarter-field ||5 ||60kuš<sub>3</sub> × 60kuš<sub>3</sub> ||900'''m²'''  ||uzalak ||? ||{{cuneiform|&#x1203a;}}
|-
| half-field ||10 ||120kuš<sub>3</sub> × 60kuš<sub>3</sub> ||1,800'''m²'''  ||upu ||''ubû'' ||{{cuneiform|&#x12039;}}{{cuneiform|&#x120F7;}}
|-
| field ||100 ||60ĝiri<sub>3</sub> × 60ĝiri<sub>3</sub> ||3,600'''m²'''  ||iku ||''ikû'' ||{{cuneiform|&#x120F7;}}
|-
| estate ||1,800 ||3eše<sub>2</sub> × 6eše<sub>2</sub> ||64,800'''m²'''  ||bur ||''būru'' ||{{cuneiform|&#x12053;}}
|}
 
===Capacity===
Capacity was measured by either the '''ŠE system Š''' for dry capacity or the '''ŠE system Š<sup>*</sup>''' for wet capacity
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="7"| Basic Volume
|-
!Unit ||Ratio ||Capacity ||Ideal Value ||Sumerian ||Akkdian ||Cuneiform
|-
| shekel ||1/60 || ?'''L'''||?'''m³'''  ||gin<sub>2</sub> ||''šiqlu'' ||{{cuneiform|&#x12086;}}
|-
| bowl ||1 || 1'''L'''||0.001'''m³'''  ||sila<sub>3</sub> ||''qû'' ||{{cuneiform|&#x122e1;}}
|-
| vessel ||10 || 10'''L'''||0.01'''m³'''  ||ban<sub>2</sub> ||''sutū'' ||{{cuneiform|&#x1244f;}}
|-
| bushel ||60 || 60'''L'''||0.06'''m³'''  ||ba-ri<sub>2</sub>-ga ||''parsiktu'' ||{{cuneiform|&#x12040;}}{{cuneiform|&#x12337;}}{{cuneiform|&#x120B5;}}
|-
| gur-cube ||300 || 300'''L'''||0.3'''m³''' ||gur ||''kurru'' ||{{cuneiform|&#x12125;}}
|}
 
===Mass===
[[File:Mesopotamian weights made from haematite.JPG|thumb|right|A series of old Babylonian weights ranging from 1 mina to 3 shekels]]
Mass was measured by the '''EN system E'''
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="7"| Basic Mass
|-
!Unit ||Ratio ||Ideal Value ||Sumerian ||Akkdian ||Cuneiform
|-
| grain ||1/180 ||0.05'''g'''  ||še || ''uţţatu'' ||{{cuneiform|&#x122BA;}}
|-
| shekel ||1 ||9'''g'''  ||gin<sub>2</sub> ||''šiqlu'' ||{{cuneiform|&#x12086;}}
|-
| pound ||60 ||497.7'''g'''  ||ma-na ||''manû''||{{cuneiform|&#x12220;}}{{cuneiform|&#x1223E;}}
|-
| load ||3600 ||30,000'''g'''  ||gun<sub>2</sub> ||''biltu'' ||{{cuneiform|&#x12118;}}
|}
 
===Time===
 
{{main|Babylonian calendar}}
In the Archaic System time notation was written in the '''U<sub>4</sub> System U'''.  Multiple [[lunisolar calendar]]s existed; however the civil calendar from the holy city of [[Nippur]] ([[Ur III period]]) was adopted by Babylon as their civil calendar.<ref>Ronan, 2008</ref>  The calendar of Nippur dates to 3500 BCE and was itself based on older astronomical knowledge of an uncertain origin.  The main astronomical cycles used to construct the calendar were the [[synodic month]], [[equinox year]], and [[sideral day]].
 
{| class="wikitable"
!colspan="7"| Basic Time
|-
!Unit ||Ratio ||Ideal Value ||Sumerian ||Akkdian ||Cuneiform
|-
| gesh ||1/360 ||240'''s'''  ||mu-eš || ''geš'' ||{{cuneiform|&#x1222c;}}{{cuneiform|&#x12351;}}
|-
| watch ||1/12 ||7,200'''s'''  ||da-na ||''bêru'' ||{{cuneiform|&#x12086;}}
|-
| day ||1 ||86,400'''s'''  ||ud ||''immu''||{{cuneiform|&#x12313;}}
|-
| month ||30 ||2,592,000'''s'''  ||itud ||''arhu'' ||{{cuneiform|&#x12317;}}
|-
| year ||360 ||31,104,000'''s'''  ||mu ||''šattu'' ||{{cuneiform|&#x1222c;}}
|}
 
==Relationship to other metrologies==
The Classical Mesopotamian system formed the basis for [[Elam]]ite, Hebrew, [[Urartu|Urartian]], Hurrian, Hittite, [[Ugarit]]ic, [[Phoenicia]]n, Babylonian, Assyrian, Persian, Arabic, and Islamic metrologies.<ref>Conder 1908, p. 87.</ref>  The Classical Mesopotamian System also has a proportional relationship, by virtue of standardized commerce, to [[Bronze Age]] Harappan and Egyptian metrologies.
 
Although not directly derived from it, there is a 1:2 proportional relationship between [[SI]] and Sumerian metrology. SI inherited the convention of the second as 1/86,400th of a [[solar day]] from Sumer thus, two Sumerian seconds are approximately one SI second.<ref>Butler 2005</ref>
 
==See also==
* [[Babylonian mathematics]]
*[[Historical weights and measures]]
*[[Weights and measures]]
 
==Notes==
{{Script/Cuneiform}}
<references/>
 
==References==
*{{cite book
  | last = Conder
  | first = Claude Reignier
  | authorlink =
  | coauthors =
  | title = The Rise of Man
  | publisher = J. Murray
  | year = 1908
  | location = University of Michigan
  | pages = 368
  | url = http://books.google.com/?id=-qu42RL1YAwC&pg=PA87&lpg=PA87&dq=hittite+metrology
  | doi =
  | id =
  | isbn = }}
* {{cite web
  | last = Melville
  | first = Duncan J
  | authorlink =
  | coauthors =
  | title = Old Babylonian Weights and Measures
  | work =
  | publisher =
  | date = 2006-06-06
  | url = http://it.stlawu.edu/~dmelvill/mesomath/obmetrology.html
  | doi =
  | accessdate = 2008-06-28| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080513131154/http://it.stlawu.edu/~dmelvill/mesomath/obmetrology.html| archivedate= 13 May 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}
* {{Cite book
  | last = Powell
  | first = Marvin A
  | contribution = Metrology and Mathematics in Ancient Mesopotamia
  | year = 1995
  | title = Civilizations of the Ancient Near East
  | editor-last = Sasson
  | editor-first = Jack M.
  | volume = III
  | pages = 3024
  | place = New York, NY
  | publisher = Charles Scribner’s Sons
  | isbn = 0-684-19279-9
  | postscript = <!--None-->}}
* {{cite web
  | last = Ronan
  | first = Colin Alistair
  | authorlink =
  | coauthors =
  | title = Measurement of time and types of calendars » Standard units and cycles
  | work =
  | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica Online
  | year = 2008
  | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/89368/calendar
  | format =
  | doi =
  | accessdate = 2008-06-28| archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20080625052752/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/89368/calendar| archivedate= 25 June 2008 <!--DASHBot-->| deadurl= no}}
*{{cite book
  | last = Whitrow
  | first = G.J.
  | authorlink =
  | coauthors =
  | title = Time in History: Views of Time from Prehistory to the Present Day
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | year = 1988
  | location = New York
  | pages = 217
  | url = http://books.google.com/?id=o8Nb5KLBxVQC
  | doi =
  | id =
  | isbn = 0-19-285211-6}}
 
==Further reading==
*{{cite book
  | last = Katz
  | first = Victor,J
  | authorlink =
  | coauthors =
  | title = The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook
  | publisher = Princeton University Press
  | year = 2007
  | location =
  | pages = 712
  | url = http://books.google.com/?id=3ullzl036UEC&printsec=frontcover&dq=The+Mathematics+of+Egypt,+Mesopotamia,+China,+India,+and+Islam:+A+Sourcebook
  | doi =
  | id =
  | isbn = 0-691-11485-4}}
*{{cite book
  | last = Nissen
  | first = Hans Jörg
  | authorlink =
  | coauthors = Peter Damerow, Robert K. Englund, Paul Larsen
  | title = Archaic Bookkeeping: Early Writing and Techniques of Economic Administration
  | publisher = University of Chicago Press
  | year = 1993
  | location =
  | pages = 169
  | url = http://books.google.com/?id=YBAzXV4YtQ8C&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=sumerian+metrology
  | doi =
  | id =
  | isbn = 0-226-58659-6}}
*{{cite book
  | last = Robson
  | first = Eleanor
  | authorlink = Eleanor Robson
  | coauthors =
  | title = Mesopotamian Mathematics, 2100&ndash;1600 BC: Technical Constants in Bureaucracy
  | publisher = Oxford University Press
  | year = 1999
  | location =
  | pages =
  | url = http://books.google.com/?id=5gdVQRDYjYsC&pg=PA3&lpg=PA3&dq=sumerian+metrology
  | doi =
  | id =
  | isbn = 0-19-815246-9}}
*{{cite book
  | last = Sarton
  | first = George
  | authorlink =
  | coauthors =
  | title = Ancient science through the golden age of Greece
  | publisher = Courier Dover Publications
  | year = 1993
  | location =
  | pages = 646
  | url = http://books.google.com/?id=VcoGIKlHuZcC&pg=PA71&lpg=PA71&dq=sumerian+metrology
  | doi =
  | id =
  | isbn = 0-486-27495-0}}
 
==External links==
*An online calculator [http://it.stlawu.edu/~dmelvill/mesomath/calculator/lengthh.html]
* {{cite web
  | last = Robson
  | first = Eleanor
  | authorlink = Eleanor Robson
  | coauthors =
  | title = Digital Corpus of Cuneiform Mathematical Texts
  | work =
  | publisher =
  | year = 2007
  | url = http://cdl.museum.upenn.edu/dccmt/metrology.html
  | doi =
  | accessdate = 2008-08-13}}
* {{cite web
  | last = Aleff
  | first = H. Peter
  | authorlink =
  | coauthors =
  | title = Auspicious latitudes
  | work =
  | publisher =
  | year = 2008
  | url = http://www.recoveredscience.com/consta333latitudes.htm
  | doi =
  | accessdate = 2008-08-13}}
* {{cite journal
  | last = Kreidik
  | first = L. G.
  | authorlink =
  | coauthors = T. S. Kortneva and G. P. Shpenkov
  | title = 4. Fundamental periods of the World and ancient metrology
  | work = Journal of theoretical Dialectics-Physics-Mathematics
  | publisher = Dialectical Academy, Russia-Belarus
  | year = 2005
  | url = http://dialectical-physics.org/b01/04/en/b0104en.htm
  | doi =
  | accessdate = 2009-08-20}}
 
{{systems of measurement}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Ancient Mesopotamian Units Of Measurement}}
[[Category:Sumerian art and architecture]]
[[Category:Babylonia]]
[[Category:Sumer]]
[[Category:WikiProject Ancient Near East articles]]
[[Category:Babylonian mathematics|Measurement]]
[[Category:Science and technology in Iraq|Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Obsolete units of measurement|Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Human-based units of measurement|Mesopotamian]]
[[Category:Systems of units|Mesopotamian]]

Revision as of 03:43, 12 November 2013

Sumerian Metrology

Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement originated in the loosely organized city-states of Early Dynastic Sumer. Each city, kingdom and trade guild had its own standards until the formation of the Akkadian Empire when Sargon of Akkad issued a common standard. This standard was improved by Naram-Sin, but fell into disuse after the Akkadian Empire dissolved. The standard of Naram-Sin was readopted in the Ur III period by the Nanše Hymn which reduced a plethora of multiple standards to a few agreed upon common groupings. Successors to Sumerian civilization including the Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians continued to use these groupings. Akkado-Sumerian metrology has been reconstructed by applying statistical methods to compare Sumerian architecture, architectural plans, and issued official standards such as Statue B of Gudea and the bronze cubit of Nippur.

Archaic system

Gudea Statue I carved diorite

The systems that would later become the classical standard for Mesopotamia were developed in parallel with writing during Uruk Period Sumer (c 4000 BCE). Studies of protocuneiform indicate twelve separate counting systems used in Uruk.

  • Sexagesimal System S used to count slaves, animals, fish, wooden objects, stone objects, containers.
  • Sexagesimal System S' used to count dead animals, certain types of beer
  • Bi-Sexagesimal System B used to count cereal, bread, fish, milk products
  • Bi-Sexagesimal System B* used to count rations
  • GAN2 System G used to count field measurement
  • ŠE system Š used to count barley by volume
  • ŠE system Š' used to count malt by volume
  • ŠE system Š" used to count wheat by volume
  • ŠE System Š* used to count barley groats
  • EN System E used to count weight
  • U4 System U used to count calendrics
  • DUGb System Db used to count milk by volume
  • DUGc System Db used to count beer by volume

In Early Dynastic Sumer (c 2900–2300 BCE) metrology and mathematics were indistinguishable and treated as a single scribal discipline. The idea of an abstract number did not yet exist, thus all quantities were written as metrological symbols and never as numerals followed by a unit symbol. For example there was a symbol for one-sheep and another for one-day but no symbol for one. About 600 of these metrological symbols exist, for this reason archaic Sumerian metrology is complex and not fully understood.[1] In general however, length, volume, and mass are derived from a theoretical standard cube, called 'gur', filled with barley, wheat, water, or oil. The mass of a gur-cube, called 'gun2' is defined as the weight a laden ass can carry. However, because of the different specific gravities of these substances combined with dual numerical bases (sexagesimal or decimal), multiple sizes of the gur-cube were used without consensus. The different gur-cubes are related by proportion, based on the water gur-cube, according to four basic coefficients and their cubic roots.Template:Cn These coefficients are given as:

One official government standard of measurement of the archaic system was the Cubit of Nippur (2650 BCE). It is a Euboic Mana + 1 Diesis (432g).Template:Cn This standard is the main reference used by archaeologists to reconstruct the system.

Classical system

Royal Gur Cube of Naram-Sin

A major improvement came in 2150 BCE during the Akkadian Empire under the reign of Naram-Sin when the competing systems were unified by a single official standard, the royal gur-cube.[2] His reform is considered the first standardized system of measure in Mesopotamia.[2] The royal gur-cube (Cuneiform: LU2.GAL.GUR, Template:CuneiformTemplate:Cuneiform; Akkadian: šarru kurru) was a theoretical cuboid of water approximately 6m × 6m × 0.5m from which all other units could be derived. The Neo-Sumerians continued use of the royal gur-cube as indicated by the Letter of Nanse issued in 2000 BCE by Gudea . Use of the same standard continued through the Babylonian, Assyrian, and Persian Empires.[1]

Length

Units of Length are prefixed by the logogram DU (Template:Cuneiform) a convention of the archaic period counting system from which it was evolved. Basic length was used in architecture and field division.

Basic Length
Unit Ratio Ideal Value Sumerian Akkadian Cuneiform
grain 1/180 0.0025m še uţţatu Template:Cuneiform
finger 1/30 0.015m šu-si ubānu Template:CuneiformTemplate:Cuneiform
foot 2/3 0.333m šu-du3-a šīzu Template:CuneiformTemplate:CuneiformTemplate:Cuneiform
cubit 1 0.497m kuš3 ammatu Template:Cuneiform
step 2 1.000m ĝiri3 šēpu Template:CuneiformTemplate:Cuneiform
reed 6 3.000m gi qanû Template:Cuneiform
rod 12 6.000m nindan nindanu Template:Cuneiform
cord 120 60.000m eše2 aslu Template:Cuneiform

Distance units were geodectic as distinguished from non-geodectic basic length units. Sumerian geodesy divided latitude into seven zones between equator and pole.

Distance
Unit Ratio Ideal Value Sumerian Akkdian Cuneiform
rod 1/60 6.000m nidan nindanu Template:Cuneiform
cord 1/6 60.000m eše2 aslu Template:Cuneiform
cable 1 360m uš uš Template:Cuneiform
league 30 10,800m da-na bêru Template:CuneiformTemplate:Cuneiform

Area

The GAN2 system G counting system evolved into area measurements. A special unit measuring brick quantity by area was called the brick-garden (Cuneiform: SIG.SAR Template:CuneiformTemplate:Cuneiform; Sumerian: šeg12-sar; Akkadian: libittu-mūšaru) which held 720 bricks.

Basic Area
Unit Ratio Dimensions Ideal Value Sumerian Akkdian Cuneiform
shekel 1/60 1kuš3 × 1kuš3 1m² gin2 šiqlu Template:Cuneiform
garden 1 12kuš3 × 12kuš3 36m² sar mūšaru Template:Cuneiform
quarter-field 5 60kuš3 × 60kuš3 900m² uzalak ? Template:Cuneiform
half-field 10 120kuš3 × 60kuš3 1,800m² upu ubû Template:CuneiformTemplate:Cuneiform
field 100 60ĝiri3 × 60ĝiri3 3,600m² iku ikû Template:Cuneiform
estate 1,800 3eše2 × 6eše2 64,800m² bur būru Template:Cuneiform

Capacity

Capacity was measured by either the ŠE system Š for dry capacity or the ŠE system Š* for wet capacity

Basic Volume
Unit Ratio Capacity Ideal Value Sumerian Akkdian Cuneiform
shekel 1/60 ?L ?m³ gin2 šiqlu Template:Cuneiform
bowl 1 1L 0.001m³ sila3 qû Template:Cuneiform
vessel 10 10L 0.01m³ ban2 sutū Template:Cuneiform
bushel 60 60L 0.06m³ ba-ri2-ga parsiktu Template:CuneiformTemplate:CuneiformTemplate:Cuneiform
gur-cube 300 300L 0.3m³ gur kurru Template:Cuneiform

Mass

A series of old Babylonian weights ranging from 1 mina to 3 shekels

Mass was measured by the EN system E

Basic Mass
Unit Ratio Ideal Value Sumerian Akkdian Cuneiform
grain 1/180 0.05g še uţţatu Template:Cuneiform
shekel 1 9g gin2 šiqlu Template:Cuneiform
pound 60 497.7g ma-na manû Template:CuneiformTemplate:Cuneiform
load 3600 30,000g gun2 biltu Template:Cuneiform

Time

Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church. In the Archaic System time notation was written in the U4 System U. Multiple lunisolar calendars existed; however the civil calendar from the holy city of Nippur (Ur III period) was adopted by Babylon as their civil calendar.[3] The calendar of Nippur dates to 3500 BCE and was itself based on older astronomical knowledge of an uncertain origin. The main astronomical cycles used to construct the calendar were the synodic month, equinox year, and sideral day.

Basic Time
Unit Ratio Ideal Value Sumerian Akkdian Cuneiform
gesh 1/360 240s mu-eš geš Template:CuneiformTemplate:Cuneiform
watch 1/12 7,200s da-na bêru Template:Cuneiform
day 1 86,400s ud immu Template:Cuneiform
month 30 2,592,000s itud arhu Template:Cuneiform
year 360 31,104,000s mu šattu Template:Cuneiform

Relationship to other metrologies

The Classical Mesopotamian system formed the basis for Elamite, Hebrew, Urartian, Hurrian, Hittite, Ugaritic, Phoenician, Babylonian, Assyrian, Persian, Arabic, and Islamic metrologies.[4] The Classical Mesopotamian System also has a proportional relationship, by virtue of standardized commerce, to Bronze Age Harappan and Egyptian metrologies.

Although not directly derived from it, there is a 1:2 proportional relationship between SI and Sumerian metrology. SI inherited the convention of the second as 1/86,400th of a solar day from Sumer thus, two Sumerian seconds are approximately one SI second.[5]

See also

Notes

Template:Script/Cuneiform

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Melville 2006.
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Powell 1995, p.1955.
  3. ↑ Ronan, 2008
  4. ↑ Conder 1908, p. 87.
  5. ↑ Butler 2005

References

Further reading

  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

External links

  • An online calculator [1]
  • Template:Cite web
  • Template:Cite web
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