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A '''Total Maximum Daily Load''' (TMDL) is a regulatory term in the U.S. [[Clean Water Act]], describing a value of the maximum amount of a [[pollutant]] that a [[body of water]] can receive while still meeting [[Clean Water Act#Water Quality Standards Program|water quality standards]].<ref>Clean Water Act sec. 303(d), {{USC|33|1313(d)}}.</ref> Alternatively, TMDL is an allocation of that [[water pollutant]] deemed acceptable to the subject [[surface water|receiving water]]s. | |||
TMDLs have been used extensively by the [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] (EPA) and state environmental agencies in implementing the Clean Water Act by establishing maximum pollution limits for [[industrial wastewater treatment|industrial wastewater]] dischargers. EPA published regulations in 1992 establishing TMDL procedures.<ref>EPA. [http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=3ee6fd22bec20f63d483d8f874834d64&rgn=div8&view=text&node=40:21.0.1.1.17.0.16.8&idno=40 "Water Quality Planning and Management."] ''Code of Federal Regulations,'' 40 CFR 130.7.</ref> Application of TMDL has broadened significantly in the last decade to include many watershed-scale efforts. This process incorporates both [[point source pollution|point source]] and [[Nonpoint source pollution|nonpoint source]] pollutants within a [[drainage basin|watershed]]. | |||
==State inventories== | |||
The Clean Water Act requires states to compile lists of water bodies that do not fully support [[beneficial use]]s such as [[aquatic life]], [[fisheries]], [[drinking water]], recreation, industry, or [[agriculture]]. These inventories are known as '''303(d) Lists''' and characterize waters as '''fully supporting,''' '''impaired,''' or in some cases '''threatened''' for beneficial uses. | |||
==Planning process== | |||
Beneficial use determinations must have sufficient credible [[water quality]] data for TMDL planning. | |||
Throughout the U.S., data are often lacking adequate spatial or temporal coverage to reliably establish the sources and magnitude of water quality degradation. | |||
TMDL planning in large watersheds is a process that typically involves the following steps: | |||
# Watershed Characterization—understanding the basic physical, environmental, and human elements of the watershed. | |||
# Impairment Status—analyzing existing data to determine if waters fully support beneficial uses | |||
# Data Gaps and Monitoring Report—identification of any additional data needs and [[water quality#Measurement|monitoring]] recommendations | |||
# Source Assessment—identification of sources of pollutants, and magnitude of sources. | |||
# Load Allocation—determination of natural pollutant load, and load from human activities (i.e. diffuse nonpoint sources and point discharges). | |||
# Set Targets—establishment of water quality targets intended to restore or maintain beneficial uses. | |||
# TMDL Implementation Plan—a watershed management strategy to attain established targets. | |||
===Water quality targets=== | |||
The purpose of water quality targets is to protect or restore beneficial uses and protect human health. These targets may include state/federal numerical water quality standards or narrative standards, i.e. within the range of "natural" conditions. Establishing targets to restore beneficial uses is challenging and sometimes controversial. For example, the restoration of a fishery may require reducing temperatures, nutrients, sediments, and improving habitat. | |||
Necessary values for each pollutant target to restore fisheries can be uncertain. The potential for a water body to support a fishery even in a pristine state can be uncertain. | |||
===Background=== | |||
Calculating the TMDL for any given body of water involves the combination of factors that contribute to the problem of nutrient concentrated runoff. Bodies of water are tested for contaminants based on their intended use. Each body of water is tested similarly but designated with a different TMDL. Drinking water reservoirs are designated differently than areas for public swimming and water bodies intended for fishing are designated differently than water located in wildlife conservation areas. The size of the water body also is taken into consideration when TMDL calculating is undertaken. The larger the body of water, the greater the amounts of contaminants can be present and still maintain a Margin of Safety. The ''Margin of Safety (MOS)'' is the nutrients allowed to be present in a body of water and have it still meet state water quality requirements for its intended use. TMDL is the end product of all point and non-point source pollutants of a single contaminant. Pollutants that originate from a point source are given allowable levels of contaminants to be discharged; this is the ''Waste Load Allocation (WLA).'' Nonpoint source pollutants are also calculated into the TMDL equation with ''Load Allocation (LA).'' | |||
===Calculation=== | |||
The calculation of a TMDL is as follows:<br /> | |||
:<math>TMDL = WLA + LA + MOS</math> | |||
where WLA is the waste load allocation for point sources, LA is the load allocation for nonpoint sources, and MOS is the margin of safety.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Shirmohammadi|first=A.|coauthors=I. Chaubey, R. D. Harmel, D. D. Bosch, R. Muñoz-Carpena, C. Dharmasri, A. Sexton, M. Arabi, M. L. Wolfe, J. Frankenberger, C. Graff, T. M. Sohrabi|title=UNCERTAINTY IN TMDL MODELS|journal=Transactions of the ASABE|year=2006|volume=49|issue=4|pages=1033−1049}}</ref> | |||
===Load allocations=== | |||
Load allocations are equally challenging as setting targets. Load allocations provide a framework for determining the relative share of natural sources and human sources of pollution. | |||
The natural background load for a pollutant may be imprecisely understood. Industrial dischargers, [[farming|farmers]], [[land development|land developers]], [[Local government in the United States|municipalities]], natural resource agencies, and other watershed stakeholders each have a vested interest in the outcome. | |||
==Implementation== | |||
To enforce TMDLs with point sources, water quality-based effluent limitations (WQBELs) must be developed and incorporated into discharge permits for these sources.<ref>EPA. [http://cfpub.epa.gov/npdes/writermanual.cfm?program_id=45 "NPDES Permit Writers' Manual."] Chapter 6. December 1996. Document No. EPA-833-B-96-003.</ref> The permits are issued by EPA and state agencies under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System ([[NPDES]]). [[Nonpoint source pollution|Nonpoint source discharges]] (e.g. agriculture) are generally in a voluntary compliance scenario. The TMDL implementation plan is intended to help bridge this divide and ensure that watershed beneficial uses are restored and maintained. Local watershed groups play a critical role in educating stakeholders, generating funding, and implementing projects to reduce nonpoint sources of pollution. | |||
==See also== | |||
*[[Clean Water Act]] | |||
*[[Wastewater quality indicators]] | |||
*[[Water pollution]] | |||
*[[Water quality]] | |||
*[[Water quality modelling]] | |||
==References== | |||
{{refbegin}} | |||
* U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Washington, D.C. [http://www.epa.gov/OWOW/tmdl/decisions/ "Guidance for Water Quality-Based Decisions: The TMDL Process."] Doc. No. EPA 440/4-91-001. April 1991. | |||
{{refend}} | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
==External links== | |||
*[http://www.epa.gov/owow/tmdl/ EPA TMDL Program] | |||
*[http://www.epa.gov/waters/tmdl/expert_query.html EPA's WATERS Expert Query Tool (data on TMDLs)] | |||
*[http://www.epa.gov/waterscience/standards/ EPA Water Quality Standards Program] | |||
*[http://www.tmdl.bse.vt.edu/ The Center for TMDL and Watershed Studies at Virginia Tech] | |||
{{US Environmental law}} | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Total Maximum Daily Load}} | |||
[[Category:Hydrology]] | |||
[[Category:Waste management concepts]] | |||
[[Category:Water pollution]] | |||
[[Category:Environmental law in the United States]] | |||
Revision as of 18:02, 30 January 2014
Template:TOCright A Total Maximum Daily Load (TMDL) is a regulatory term in the U.S. Clean Water Act, describing a value of the maximum amount of a pollutant that a body of water can receive while still meeting water quality standards.[1] Alternatively, TMDL is an allocation of that water pollutant deemed acceptable to the subject receiving waters.
TMDLs have been used extensively by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and state environmental agencies in implementing the Clean Water Act by establishing maximum pollution limits for industrial wastewater dischargers. EPA published regulations in 1992 establishing TMDL procedures.[2] Application of TMDL has broadened significantly in the last decade to include many watershed-scale efforts. This process incorporates both point source and nonpoint source pollutants within a watershed.
State inventories
The Clean Water Act requires states to compile lists of water bodies that do not fully support beneficial uses such as aquatic life, fisheries, drinking water, recreation, industry, or agriculture. These inventories are known as 303(d) Lists and characterize waters as fully supporting, impaired, or in some cases threatened for beneficial uses.
Planning process
Beneficial use determinations must have sufficient credible water quality data for TMDL planning.
Throughout the U.S., data are often lacking adequate spatial or temporal coverage to reliably establish the sources and magnitude of water quality degradation.
TMDL planning in large watersheds is a process that typically involves the following steps:
- Watershed Characterization—understanding the basic physical, environmental, and human elements of the watershed.
- Impairment Status—analyzing existing data to determine if waters fully support beneficial uses
- Data Gaps and Monitoring Report—identification of any additional data needs and monitoring recommendations
- Source Assessment—identification of sources of pollutants, and magnitude of sources.
- Load Allocation—determination of natural pollutant load, and load from human activities (i.e. diffuse nonpoint sources and point discharges).
- Set Targets—establishment of water quality targets intended to restore or maintain beneficial uses.
- TMDL Implementation Plan—a watershed management strategy to attain established targets.
Water quality targets
The purpose of water quality targets is to protect or restore beneficial uses and protect human health. These targets may include state/federal numerical water quality standards or narrative standards, i.e. within the range of "natural" conditions. Establishing targets to restore beneficial uses is challenging and sometimes controversial. For example, the restoration of a fishery may require reducing temperatures, nutrients, sediments, and improving habitat.
Necessary values for each pollutant target to restore fisheries can be uncertain. The potential for a water body to support a fishery even in a pristine state can be uncertain.
Background
Calculating the TMDL for any given body of water involves the combination of factors that contribute to the problem of nutrient concentrated runoff. Bodies of water are tested for contaminants based on their intended use. Each body of water is tested similarly but designated with a different TMDL. Drinking water reservoirs are designated differently than areas for public swimming and water bodies intended for fishing are designated differently than water located in wildlife conservation areas. The size of the water body also is taken into consideration when TMDL calculating is undertaken. The larger the body of water, the greater the amounts of contaminants can be present and still maintain a Margin of Safety. The Margin of Safety (MOS) is the nutrients allowed to be present in a body of water and have it still meet state water quality requirements for its intended use. TMDL is the end product of all point and non-point source pollutants of a single contaminant. Pollutants that originate from a point source are given allowable levels of contaminants to be discharged; this is the Waste Load Allocation (WLA). Nonpoint source pollutants are also calculated into the TMDL equation with Load Allocation (LA).
Calculation
The calculation of a TMDL is as follows:
where WLA is the waste load allocation for point sources, LA is the load allocation for nonpoint sources, and MOS is the margin of safety.[3]
Load allocations
Load allocations are equally challenging as setting targets. Load allocations provide a framework for determining the relative share of natural sources and human sources of pollution.
The natural background load for a pollutant may be imprecisely understood. Industrial dischargers, farmers, land developers, municipalities, natural resource agencies, and other watershed stakeholders each have a vested interest in the outcome.
Implementation
To enforce TMDLs with point sources, water quality-based effluent limitations (WQBELs) must be developed and incorporated into discharge permits for these sources.[4] The permits are issued by EPA and state agencies under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES). Nonpoint source discharges (e.g. agriculture) are generally in a voluntary compliance scenario. The TMDL implementation plan is intended to help bridge this divide and ensure that watershed beneficial uses are restored and maintained. Local watershed groups play a critical role in educating stakeholders, generating funding, and implementing projects to reduce nonpoint sources of pollution.
See also
References
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Washington, D.C. "Guidance for Water Quality-Based Decisions: The TMDL Process." Doc. No. EPA 440/4-91-001. April 1991.
Template:Refend 43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.
External links
- EPA TMDL Program
- EPA's WATERS Expert Query Tool (data on TMDLs)
- EPA Water Quality Standards Program
- The Center for TMDL and Watershed Studies at Virginia Tech
- ↑ Clean Water Act sec. 303(d), Template:USC.
- ↑ EPA. "Water Quality Planning and Management." Code of Federal Regulations, 40 CFR 130.7.
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