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'''Pseudo-random number sampling''' or '''non-uniform pseudo-random variate generation''' is the [[Numerical analysis|numerical]] practice of generating [[pseudo-random number]]s that are distributed according to a given [[probability distribution]].
Online video has finally gone from a niche to mainstream activity, with online video users expected to double to 1.5 billion by 2016. With video use rapidly increasing across the globe, it's no surprise that Kaltura, an open source video platform provider, has been making headlines for its innovative video solutions and tech conferences. Today, it unveiled a new technology: the Kaltura Application Framework, which allows video developers to easily create video applications based on existing Kaltura video capabilities.


Methods of sampling a non-[[Uniform distribution (continuous)|uniform distribution]] are typically based on the availability of a [[pseudo-random number generator]] producing numbers ''X'' that are uniformly distributed. Computational algorithms are then used to manipulate a single [[random variate]], ''X'', or often several such variates, into a new random variate ''Y'' such that these values have the required distribution.
Kaltura's open source APIs have been helping developers to create customized video applications since the company's founding in 2006. The new framework includes a set of widgets with a full graphical user interface that aims to help developers create on a faster and easier level. All Kaltura applications will now run on the Kaltura Application Framework, including CorporateTube� and video extensions for Blackboard, Moodle, Desire2Learn, SharePoint, Jive, Sakai and WordPress.


Historically, basic methods of pseudo-random number sampling were developed for [[Monte-Carlo method|Monte-Carlo simulations]] in the [[Manhattan project]];{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} they were first published by [[John von Neumann]] in the early 1950s.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}}
The new video widgets can be easily added into existing platforms and Web pages, and all include cross-device capabilities and mobile support for easy playback on any type of device. Key features include a media uploader, clipping, trimming and thumbnail editing tools, a video gallery, video embed tools and video analytics widgets. The Kaltura Application Framework also embeds with plugins, like a live broadcasting tools, captions editor tool and others.


== Finite discrete distributions ==
The Framework components are hosted in the Kaltura cloud, ensuring they can be automatically updated for all applications and creating a more seamless and up-to-date video experience for all. The news comes as another accreditation victory for Kaltura, particularly following its selection as a leader in the online video space by Forrester Research, Inc. The research firm invited Kaltura, among other select companies, to participate in its March 8, 2013 Forrester Wave Report: Online Video Platforms, as well as in its Forrester Wave Report: Video Platforms For The Enterprise.


For a [[discrete probability distribution]] with a finite number ''n'' of indices at which the [[probability mass function]] ''f'' takes non-zero values, the basic sampling algorithm is straightforward. The interval <nowiki>[</nowiki>0,&nbsp;1<nowiki>)</nowiki> is divided in ''n'' intervals [0,&nbsp;''f''(1)), [''f''(1),&nbsp;''f''(1)&nbsp;+&nbsp;''f''(2)),&nbsp;... The width of interval ''i'' equals the probability&nbsp;''f''(''i'').
Forrester cited Kaltura's feature-rich platform, flexible third-party extensions, and API-driven approach as attractive to customers looking for an "extensible open-source platform [that] is a midpoint between build and buy." You can download the full reports here. In addition, Kaltura has been positioned in the Leaders quadrant of the Magic Quadrant for Enterprise Video Content Management, an analysis of the Enterprise Content Management market by Gartner, Inc. Download the full graphic and report here.
One draws a uniformly distributed pseudo-random number ''X'', and searches for the index ''i'' of the corresponding interval. The so determined ''i'' will have the distribution&nbsp;''f''(''i'').


Formalizing this idea becomes easier by using the cumulative distribution function
  Finally, today also marks the last day of the third annual Kaltura Connect conference, which brings together thought leaders and technologists looking for access to great content and networking opportunities in New York City. You can learn more about Kaltura Connect and access a live stream here. More from Come Recommended: The ABC�s Of What Managers Expect Of Employees Weekly Wrap-Up: One In Six Employees To Lose Jobs In 2014 3 Career Takeaways From Lebron James<br><br>
:<math>F(i)=\sum_{j=1}^i f(j).</math>
It is convenient to set ''F''(0)&nbsp;=&nbsp;0. The ''n'' intervals are then simply [''F''(0),&nbsp;''F''(1)), [''F''(1),&nbsp;''F''(2)), ..., [''F''(''n''&nbsp;&minus;&nbsp;1),&nbsp;''F''(''n'')). The main computational task is then to determine ''i'' for which ''F''(''i''&nbsp;&minus;&nbsp;1)&nbsp;≤&nbsp;''X''&nbsp;<&nbsp;''F''(''i'').


This can be done by different algorithms:
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* [[Linear search]], computational time linear in&nbsp;''n''.
* [[Binary search]], computational time goes with&nbsp;log&nbsp;''n''.
* [[Indexed search]],<ref>Ripley (1987) {{Page needed|date=June 2011}}</ref> also called the ''cutpoint method''.<ref>Fishman (1996) {{Page needed|date=June 2011}}</ref>
* [[Alias method]], computational time is constant, using some pre-computed tables.
* There are other methods that cost constant time.<ref>Fishman (1996) {{Page needed|date=June 2011}}</ref>
 
== Continuous distributions ==
 
Generic methods for generating [[statistical independence|independent]] samples:
* [[Rejection sampling]]
* [[Inverse transform sampling]]
* [[Slice sampling]]
* [[Ziggurat algorithm]], for monotonously decreasing density functions
* [[Convolution random number generator]], not a sampling method in itself: it describes the use of arithmetics on top of one ore more existing sampling methods to generate more involved distributions.
 
Generic methods for generating [[correlated]] samples (often necessary for unusually-shaped or high-dimensional distributions):
* [[Markov chain Monte Carlo]], the general principle
* [[Metropolis–Hastings algorithm]]
* [[Gibbs sampling]]
* [[Slice sampling]]
* [[Reversible-jump Markov chain Monte Carlo]], when the number of dimensions is not fixed (e.g. when estimating a [[mixture model]] and simultaneously estimating the number of mixture components)
* [[Particle filter]]s, when the observed data is connected in a [[Markov chain]] and should be processed sequentially
 
For generating a [[normal distribution]]:
* [[Box–Muller transform]]
* [[Marsaglia polar method]]
 
For generating a [[Poisson distribution]]:
* See [[Poisson distribution#Generating Poisson-distributed random variables]]
 
== Software Libraries ==
 
[[GNU Scientific Library]] has a section entitled "Random Number Distributions" with routines for sampling under more than twenty different distributions.
 
== Footnotes ==
 
{{reflist}}
 
== Literature ==
 
* Devroye, L. (1986) ''Non-Uniform Random Variate Generation.'' New York: Springer
* Fishman, G.S. (1996) ''Monte Carlo. Concepts, Algorithms, and Applications.'' New York: Springer
* Hörmann, W.; J Leydold, G Derflinger (2004,2011) ''Automatic Nonuniform Random Variate Generation.'' Berlin: Springer.
* [[Donald Knuth|Knuth, D.E.]] (1997) ''[[The Art of Computer Programming]]'', Vol. 2 ''Seminumerical Algorithms'', Chapter 3.4.1 (3rd edition).
* Ripley, B.D. (1987) ''Stochastic Simulation''. Wiley.
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Pseudo-Random Number Sampling}}
[[Category:Pseudorandom number generators]]
[[Category:Non-uniform random numbers]]

Revision as of 05:45, 19 February 2014

Online video has finally gone from a niche to mainstream activity, with online video users expected to double to 1.5 billion by 2016. With video use rapidly increasing across the globe, it's no surprise that Kaltura, an open source video platform provider, has been making headlines for its innovative video solutions and tech conferences. Today, it unveiled a new technology: the Kaltura Application Framework, which allows video developers to easily create video applications based on existing Kaltura video capabilities.

Kaltura's open source APIs have been helping developers to create customized video applications since the company's founding in 2006. The new framework includes a set of widgets with a full graphical user interface that aims to help developers create on a faster and easier level. All Kaltura applications will now run on the Kaltura Application Framework, including CorporateTube� and video extensions for Blackboard, Moodle, Desire2Learn, SharePoint, Jive, Sakai and WordPress.
The new video widgets can be easily added into existing platforms and Web pages, and all include cross-device capabilities and mobile support for easy playback on any type of device. Key features include a media uploader, clipping, trimming and thumbnail editing tools, a video gallery, video embed tools and video analytics widgets. The Kaltura Application Framework also embeds with plugins, like a live broadcasting tools, captions editor tool and others.
The Framework components are hosted in the Kaltura cloud, ensuring they can be automatically updated for all applications and creating a more seamless and up-to-date video experience for all. The news comes as another accreditation victory for Kaltura, particularly following its selection as a leader in the online video space by Forrester Research, Inc. The research firm invited Kaltura, among other select companies, to participate in its March 8, 2013 Forrester Wave Report: Online Video Platforms, as well as in its Forrester Wave Report: Video Platforms For The Enterprise.
Forrester cited Kaltura's feature-rich platform, flexible third-party extensions, and API-driven approach as attractive to customers looking for an "extensible open-source platform [that] is a midpoint between build and buy." You can download the full reports here. In addition, Kaltura has been positioned in the Leaders quadrant of the Magic Quadrant for Enterprise Video Content Management, an analysis of the Enterprise Content Management market by Gartner, Inc. Download the full graphic and report here.
Finally, today also marks the last day of the third annual Kaltura Connect conference, which brings together thought leaders and technologists looking for access to great content and networking opportunities in New York City. You can learn more about Kaltura Connect and access a live stream here. More from Come Recommended: The ABC�s Of What Managers Expect Of Employees Weekly Wrap-Up: One In Six Employees To Lose Jobs In 2014 3 Career Takeaways From Lebron James

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