Reduced viscosity: Difference between revisions
en>Malcolma added Category:Viscosity; removed {{uncategorized}} using HotCat |
en>Omkar Paropkari m Just changed a common word (viscosity) into a link. That gives the article a "parent", right? :) |
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{| class=wikitable width=280 align=right style="margin-left:1em" | |||
!<math>{\tilde{A}}_2</math> | |||
!<math>{\tilde{A}}_3</math> | |||
|- | |||
![[Triangular tiling]] | |||
![[Tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb]] | |||
|- | |||
|[[File:Uniform_tiling_333-t1.png|120px]]<BR>With red and yellow equilateral triangles | |||
|[[File:Tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb2.png|160px]]<BR>With cyan and yellow [[tetrahedron|tetrahedra]], and red rectified tetrahedra ([[octahedron]]) | |||
|- | |||
!{{CDD|node_1|split1|branch}} | |||
!{{CDD|node_1|split1|nodes|split2|node}} | |||
|} | |||
In [[geometry]], the '''simplectic honeycomb''' (or '''n-simplex honeycomb''') is a dimensional infinite series of [[Honeycomb (geometry)|honeycomb]]s, based on the <math>{\tilde{A}}_n</math> affine [[Coxeter group]] symmetry. It is given a [[Schläfli symbol]] {3<sup>[n+1]</sup>}, and is represented by a [[Coxeter-Dynkin diagram]] as a cyclic graph of ''n+1'' nodes with one node ringed. It is composed of n-[[simplex]] facets, along with all [[Rectification (geometry)|rectified]] n-simplices. The [[vertex figure]] of an ''n-simplex honeycomb'' is an [[Expansion (geometry)|expanded]] n-[[simplex]]. | |||
In 2 dimensions, the honeycomb represents the [[triangular tiling]], with Coxeter graph {{CDD|node_1|split1|branch}} filling the plane with alternately colored triangles. In 3 dimensions it represents the [[tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb]], with Coxeter graph {{CDD|node_1|split1|nodes|split2|node}} filling space with alternately tetrahedral and octahedral cells. In 4 dimensions it is called the [[5-cell honeycomb]], with Coxeter graph {{CDD|node_1|split1|nodes|3ab|branch}}, with [[5-cell]] and [[rectified 5-cell]] facets. In 5 dimensions it is called the [[5-simplex honeycomb]], with Coxeter graph {{CDD|node_1|split1|nodes|3ab|nodes|split2|node}}, filling space by [[5-simplex]], [[rectified 5-simplex]], and [[birectified 5-simplex]] facets. In 6 dimensions it is called the [[6-simplex honeycomb]], with Coxeter graph {{CDD|node_1|split1|nodes|3ab|nodes|3ab|branch}}, filling space by [[6-simplex]], [[rectified 6-simplex]], and [[birectified 6-simplex]] facets. | |||
== By dimension == | |||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!height=30|n | |||
!<math>{\tilde{A}}_{2+}</math> | |||
!Tessellation | |||
!Vertex figure | |||
!Facets per vertex figure | |||
!Vertices per vertex figure | |||
!Edge figure | |||
|- align=center | |||
|1 | |||
|<math>{\tilde{A}}_1</math> | |||
|[[File:Regular_apeirogon.png|80px]]<BR>[[Apeirogon]]<BR>{{CDD|node_1|infin|node}} | |||
|{{CDD|node_1}} | |||
|1 | |||
|2 | |||
| - | |||
|- align=center | |||
|2 | |||
|<math>{\tilde{A}}_2</math> | |||
|[[Image:Uniform tiling 333-t1.png|80px]]<BR>[[Triangular tiling]]<BR>2-simplex honeycomb<BR>{{CDD|node_1|split1|branch}} | |||
|[[Image:Truncated triangle.png|80px]]<BR>[[Hexagon]]<BR>(Truncated triangle)<BR>{{CDD|node_1|3|node_1}} | |||
|3 [[triangle]]s<BR>3 [[hexagon|rectified triangles]] | |||
|6 | |||
|[[Line segment]]<BR>{{CDD|node_1}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
|3 | |||
|<math>{\tilde{A}}_3</math> | |||
|[[File:Tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb2.png|80px]]<BR>[[Tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb]]<BR>3-simplex honeycomb<BR>{{CDD|node_1|split1|nodes|split2|node}} | |||
|[[File:Uniform_t0_3333_honeycomb_verf2.png|80px]]<BR>[[Cuboctahedron]]<BR>(Cantellated tetrahedron)<BR>{{CDD|node_1|3|node|3|node_1}} | |||
|4+4 [[tetrahedron]]<BR>6 [[octahedron|rectified tetrahedra]] | |||
|12 | |||
|[[File:Cuboctahedron vertfig.png|60px]]<BR>[[Rectangle]]<BR>{{CDD|node_1|2|node_1}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
|4 | |||
|<math>{\tilde{A}}_4</math> | |||
|[[4-simplex honeycomb]]<BR>{{CDD|node_1|split1|nodes|3ab|branch}} | |||
|[[File:4-simplex_honeycomb_verf.png|80px]]<BR>[[Runcinated 5-cell]]<BR>{{CDD|node_1|3|node|3|node|3|node_1}} | |||
|5+5 [[5-cell]]s<BR>10+10 [[rectified 5-cell]]s | |||
|20 | |||
|[[File:Runcinated_5-cell_verf.png|60px]]<BR>Triangular antiprism<BR>{{CDD|node_h|3|node_h|2|node_h}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
|5 | |||
|<math>{\tilde{A}}_5</math> | |||
|[[5-simplex honeycomb]]<BR>{{CDD|node_1|split1|nodes|3ab|nodes|split2|node}} | |||
|[[File:5-simplex_t04_A4.svg|80px]]<BR>[[Stericated 5-simplex]]<BR>{{CDD|node_1|3|node|3|node|3|node|3|node_1}} | |||
|6+6 [[5-simplex]]<BR>15+15 [[rectified 5-simplex]]<BR>20 [[birectified 5-simplex]] | |||
|30 | |||
|[[File:Stericated_hexateron_verf.png|60px]]<BR>Tetrahedral antiprism<BR>{{CDD|node|3|node|4|node_h|2|node_h}} | |||
|- align=center | |||
|6 | |||
|<math>{\tilde{A}}_6</math> | |||
|[[6-simplex honeycomb]]<BR>{{CDD|node_1|split1|nodes|3ab|nodes|3ab|branch}} | |||
|[[File:6-simplex_t05.svg|80px]]<BR>[[Pentellated 6-simplex]]<BR>{{CDD|node_1|3|node|3|node|3|node|3|node|3|node_1}} | |||
|7+7 [[6-simplex]]<BR>21+21 [[rectified 6-simplex]]<BR>35+35 [[birectified 6-simplex]] | |||
|42 | |||
|4-simplex antiprism | |||
|- align=center | |||
|7 | |||
|<math>{\tilde{A}}_7</math> | |||
|[[7-simplex honeycomb]]<BR>{{CDD|node_1|split1|nodes|3ab|nodes|3ab|nodes|split2|node}} | |||
|[[File:7-simplex_t06_A6.svg|80px]]<BR>[[Hexicated 7-simplex]]<BR>{{CDD|node_1|3|node|3|node|3|node|3|node|3|node|3|node_1}} | |||
|8+8 [[7-simplex]]<BR>28+28 [[rectified 7-simplex]]<BR>56+56 [[birectified 7-simplex]]<BR>70 [[trirectified 7-simplex]] | |||
|56 | |||
|5-simplex antiprism | |||
|- align=center | |||
|8 | |||
|<math>{\tilde{A}}_8</math> | |||
|[[8-simplex honeycomb]]<BR>{{CDD|node_1|split1|nodes|3ab|nodes|3ab|nodes|3ab|branch}} | |||
|[[File:8-simplex_t07.svg|80px]]<BR>[[Heptellated 8-simplex]]<BR>{{CDD|node_1|3|node|3|node|3|node|3|node|3|node|3|node|3|node_1}} | |||
|9+9 [[8-simplex]]<BR>36+36 [[rectified 8-simplex]]<BR>84+84 [[birectified 8-simplex]]<BR>126+126 [[trirectified 8-simplex]] | |||
|72 | |||
|6-simplex antiprism | |||
|- align=center | |||
|9 | |||
|<math>{\tilde{A}}_9</math> | |||
|[[9-simplex honeycomb]]<BR>{{CDD|node_1|split1|nodes|3ab|nodes|3ab|nodes|3ab|nodes|split2|node}} | |||
|[[File:9-simplex_t08.svg|80px]]<BR>[[Octellated 9-simplex]]<BR>{{CDD|node_1|3|node|3|node|3|node|3|node|3|node|3|node|3|node|3|node_1}} | |||
|10+10 [[9-simplex]]<BR>45+45 [[rectified 9-simplex]]<BR>120+120 [[birectified 9-simplex]]<br>210+210 [[trirectified 9-simplex]]<br>252 [[quadrirectified 9-simplex]] | |||
|90 | |||
|7-simplex antiprism | |||
|- align=center | |||
|10 | |||
|<math>{\tilde{A}}_{10}</math> | |||
|[[10-simplex honeycomb]]<BR>{{CDD|node_1|split1|nodes|3ab|nodes|3ab|nodes|3ab|nodes|3ab|branch}} | |||
|[[File:10-simplex_t09.svg|80px]]<BR>[[Ennecated 10-simplex]]<BR>{{CDD|node_1|3|node|3|node|3|node|3|node|3|node|3|node|3|node|3|node|3|node_1}} | |||
|11+11 [[10-simplex]]<BR>55+55 [[rectified 10-simplex]]<BR>165+165 [[birectified 10-simplex]]<BR>330+330 [[trirectified 10-simplex]]<BR>462+462 [[quadrirectified 10-simplex]] | |||
|110 | |||
|8-simplex antiprism | |||
|- align=center | |||
|11 | |||
|<math>{\tilde{A}}_{11}</math> | |||
|11-simplex honeycomb | |||
|... | |||
|... | |||
|... | |||
|... | |||
|} | |||
== Projection by folding == | |||
The (2n-1)-simplex honeycombs and 2n-simplex honeycombs can be projected into the n-dimensional [[hypercubic honeycomb]] by a [[Coxeter–Dynkin diagram#Geometric folding|geometric folding]] operation that maps two pairs of mirrors into each other, sharing the same [[vertex arrangement]]: | |||
{|class=wikitable | |||
|- | |||
!<math>{\tilde{A}}_2</math> | |||
|{{CDD|node_1|split1|branch}} | |||
!<math>{\tilde{A}}_4</math> | |||
|{{CDD|node_1|split1|nodes|3ab|branch}} | |||
!<math>{\tilde{A}}_6</math> | |||
|{{CDD|node_1|split1|nodes|3ab|nodes|3ab|branch}} | |||
!<math>{\tilde{A}}_8</math> | |||
|{{CDD|node_1|split1|nodes|3ab|nodes|3ab|nodes|3ab|branch}} | |||
!<math>{\tilde{A}}_{10}</math> | |||
|{{CDD|node_1|split1|nodes|3ab|nodes|3ab|nodes|3ab|nodes|3ab|branch}} | |||
|... | |||
|- | |||
!<math>{\tilde{A}}_3</math> | |||
|{{CDD|nodes_10r|splitcross|nodes}} | |||
!<math>{\tilde{A}}_3</math> | |||
|{{CDD|node_1|split1|nodes|split2|node}} | |||
!<math>{\tilde{A}}_5</math> | |||
|{{CDD|node_1|split1|nodes|3ab|nodes|split2|node}} | |||
!<math>{\tilde{A}}_7</math> | |||
|{{CDD|node_1|split1|nodes|3ab|nodes|3ab|nodes|split2|node}} | |||
!<math>{\tilde{A}}_9</math> | |||
|{{CDD|node_1|split1|nodes|3ab|nodes|3ab|nodes|3ab|nodes|split2|node}} | |||
|... | |||
|- | |||
!<math>{\tilde{C}}_1</math> | |||
|{{CDD|node_1|infin|node}} | |||
!<math>{\tilde{C}}_2</math> | |||
|{{CDD|node_1|4|node|4|node}} | |||
!<math>{\tilde{C}}_3</math> | |||
|{{CDD|node_1|4|node|3|node|4|node}} | |||
!<math>{\tilde{C}}_4</math> | |||
|{{CDD|node_1|4|node|3|node|3|node|4|node}} | |||
!<math>{\tilde{C}}_5</math> | |||
|{{CDD|node_1|4|node|3|node|3|node|3|node|4|node}} | |||
|... | |||
|} | |||
== Kissing number == | |||
These honeycombs, seen as tangent n-spheres located at the center of each honeycomb vertex have a fixed number of contacting spheres and correspond to the number of vertices in the [[vertex figure]]. For 2 and 3 dimensions, this represents the highest [[kissing number]] for 2 and 3 dimensions, but fall short on higher dimensions. In 2-dimensions, the triangular tiling defines a circle packing of 6 tangent spheres arranged in a regular hexagon, and for 3 dimensions there are 12 tangent spheres arranged in an [[cuboctahedron|cuboctahedral]] configuration. For 4 to 8 dimensions, the kissing numbers are [[Expanded 4-simplex|20]], [[Expanded 5-simplex|30]], [[Expanded 5-simplex|42]], [[Expanded 6-simplex|56]], and [[Expanded 7-simplex|72]] spheres, while the greatest solutions are 24, 40, 72, 126, and 240 spheres respectively. | |||
== See also== | |||
* [[Hypercubic honeycomb]] | |||
* [[Alternated hypercubic honeycomb]] | |||
* [[Quarter hypercubic honeycomb]] | |||
* [[Truncated simplectic honeycomb]] | |||
* [[Omnitruncated simplectic honeycomb]] | |||
== References == | |||
* [[George Olshevsky]], ''Uniform Panoploid Tetracombs'', Manuscript (2006) ''(Complete list of 11 convex uniform tilings, 28 convex uniform honeycombs, and 143 convex uniform tetracombs)'' | |||
* [[Branko Grünbaum]], Uniform tilings of 3-space. [[Geombinatorics]] 4(1994), 49 - 56. | |||
* [[Norman Johnson (mathematician)|Norman Johnson]] ''Uniform Polytopes'', Manuscript (1991) | |||
* [[Coxeter|Coxeter, H.S.M.]] ''[[Regular Polytopes (book)|Regular Polytopes]]'', (3rd edition, 1973), Dover edition, ISBN 0-486-61480-8 | |||
* '''Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter''', edited by F. Arthur Sherk, Peter McMullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivic Weiss, Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1995, ISBN 978-0-471-01003-6 [http://www.wiley.com/WileyCDA/WileyTitle/productCd-0471010030.html] | |||
** (Paper 22) H.S.M. Coxeter, ''Regular and Semi Regular Polytopes I'', [Math. Zeit. 46 (1940) 380-407, MR 2,10] (1.9 Uniform space-fillings) | |||
** (Paper 24) H.S.M. Coxeter, ''Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes III'', [Math. Zeit. 200 (1988) 3-45] | |||
{{Honeycombs}} | |||
[[Category:Honeycombs (geometry)]] | |||
[[Category:Polytopes]] |
Latest revision as of 12:44, 23 September 2013
Triangular tiling | Tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb |
---|---|
With red and yellow equilateral triangles |
With cyan and yellow tetrahedra, and red rectified tetrahedra (octahedron) |
Template:CDD | Template:CDD |
In geometry, the simplectic honeycomb (or n-simplex honeycomb) is a dimensional infinite series of honeycombs, based on the affine Coxeter group symmetry. It is given a Schläfli symbol {3[n+1]}, and is represented by a Coxeter-Dynkin diagram as a cyclic graph of n+1 nodes with one node ringed. It is composed of n-simplex facets, along with all rectified n-simplices. The vertex figure of an n-simplex honeycomb is an expanded n-simplex.
In 2 dimensions, the honeycomb represents the triangular tiling, with Coxeter graph Template:CDD filling the plane with alternately colored triangles. In 3 dimensions it represents the tetrahedral-octahedral honeycomb, with Coxeter graph Template:CDD filling space with alternately tetrahedral and octahedral cells. In 4 dimensions it is called the 5-cell honeycomb, with Coxeter graph Template:CDD, with 5-cell and rectified 5-cell facets. In 5 dimensions it is called the 5-simplex honeycomb, with Coxeter graph Template:CDD, filling space by 5-simplex, rectified 5-simplex, and birectified 5-simplex facets. In 6 dimensions it is called the 6-simplex honeycomb, with Coxeter graph Template:CDD, filling space by 6-simplex, rectified 6-simplex, and birectified 6-simplex facets.
By dimension
Projection by folding
The (2n-1)-simplex honeycombs and 2n-simplex honeycombs can be projected into the n-dimensional hypercubic honeycomb by a geometric folding operation that maps two pairs of mirrors into each other, sharing the same vertex arrangement:
Kissing number
These honeycombs, seen as tangent n-spheres located at the center of each honeycomb vertex have a fixed number of contacting spheres and correspond to the number of vertices in the vertex figure. For 2 and 3 dimensions, this represents the highest kissing number for 2 and 3 dimensions, but fall short on higher dimensions. In 2-dimensions, the triangular tiling defines a circle packing of 6 tangent spheres arranged in a regular hexagon, and for 3 dimensions there are 12 tangent spheres arranged in an cuboctahedral configuration. For 4 to 8 dimensions, the kissing numbers are 20, 30, 42, 56, and 72 spheres, while the greatest solutions are 24, 40, 72, 126, and 240 spheres respectively.
See also
- Hypercubic honeycomb
- Alternated hypercubic honeycomb
- Quarter hypercubic honeycomb
- Truncated simplectic honeycomb
- Omnitruncated simplectic honeycomb
References
- George Olshevsky, Uniform Panoploid Tetracombs, Manuscript (2006) (Complete list of 11 convex uniform tilings, 28 convex uniform honeycombs, and 143 convex uniform tetracombs)
- Branko Grünbaum, Uniform tilings of 3-space. Geombinatorics 4(1994), 49 - 56.
- Norman Johnson Uniform Polytopes, Manuscript (1991)
- Coxeter, H.S.M. Regular Polytopes, (3rd edition, 1973), Dover edition, ISBN 0-486-61480-8
- Kaleidoscopes: Selected Writings of H.S.M. Coxeter, edited by F. Arthur Sherk, Peter McMullen, Anthony C. Thompson, Asia Ivic Weiss, Wiley-Interscience Publication, 1995, ISBN 978-0-471-01003-6 [1]
- (Paper 22) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi Regular Polytopes I, [Math. Zeit. 46 (1940) 380-407, MR 2,10] (1.9 Uniform space-fillings)
- (Paper 24) H.S.M. Coxeter, Regular and Semi-Regular Polytopes III, [Math. Zeit. 200 (1988) 3-45]
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