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| {{for|cross-sections in architecture and engineering|Multiview orthographic projection#Cross-section}}
| | The writer is known as Irwin Wunder but it's not the most masucline title out there. Years ago he moved to North Dakota and his family enjoys it. My day occupation is a meter reader. To gather coins is 1 of the issues I adore most.<br><br>My blog post diet meal delivery ([http://B-East.co/weightlossfoodprograms67803 click the next site]) |
| {{unreferenced|date=August 2012}}
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| {{Views}}
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| In [[geometry]], a '''cross section''' is the [[intersection (set theory)|intersection]] of a figure in a 2-dimensional space with a line, or of a body in a 3-dimensional space with a [[Plane_(geometry)|plane]], etc. When cutting an object into slices, one gets many parallel cross sections.
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| [[Cavalieri's principle]] states that solids with corresponding cross sections of equal areas have equal volumes.
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| The cross-sectional area (<math>A'</math>) of an object when viewed from a particular angle is the total area of the orthographic projection of the object from that angle. For example, a cylinder of height ''h'' and radius ''r'' has <math>A' = \pi r^2</math> when viewed along its central axis, and <math>A' = 2 rh</math> when viewed from an orthogonal direction. A sphere of radius ''r'' has <math>A' = \pi r^2</math> when viewed from any angle. More generically, <math>A'</math> can be calculated by evaluating the following surface integral:
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| : <math> A' = \iint \limits_\mathrm{top} d\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{\hat{r}}, </math>
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| where <math>\mathbf{\hat{r}}</math> is the unit vector pointing along the viewing direction toward the viewer, <math>d\mathbf{A}</math> is a surface element with an outward-pointing normal, and the integral is taken only over the top-most surface, that part of the surface that is "visible" from the perspective of the viewer. For a [[convex body]], each ray through the object from the viewer's perspective crosses just two surfaces. For such objects, the integral may be taken over the entire surface (<math>A</math>) by taking the absolute value of the integrand (so that the "top" and "bottom" of the object do not subtract away, as would be required by the [[Divergence Theorem]] applied to the constant vector field <math>\mathbf{\hat{r}}</math>) and dividing by two:
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| : <math> A' = \frac{1}{2} \iint \limits_A | d\mathbf{A} \cdot \mathbf{\hat{r}}| </math>
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| ==See also==
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| {{commons category|Cross sections}}
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| * [[Descriptive geometry]]
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| * [[Exploded view drawing]]
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| * [[Graphical projection]]
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| * [[Plans (drawings)]]
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| [[Category:Infographics]]
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| [[Category:Elementary geometry]]
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| [[Category:Technical drawing]]
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| [[Category:Methods of representation]]
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| {{elementary-geometry-stub}}
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