Mariner 1: Difference between revisions
en>Décima-decepción No edit summary |
en>Mr. Granger Repairing links to disambiguation pages - You can help! |
||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
'''Power transmission''' is the movement of [[energy]] from its place of generation to a location where it is applied to performing useful [[Mechanical work|work]]. | |||
[[Power (physics)|Power]] is defined formally as units of [[energy]] per unit [[time]]. In [[SI]] units: | |||
:<math>\text{watt} = \frac{\text{joule}}{\text{second}} = \frac{\text{newton}\times\text{meter}}{\text{second}}</math> | |||
Since the development of [[technology]], [[Transmission (mechanics)|transmission]] and storage systems have been of immense interest to technologists and [[technology]] users. | |||
== Electrical power == | |||
{{main|electric power transmission}} | |||
[[File:Electric transmission lines.jpg|thumb|Electric power transmission with overhead line.]] | |||
With the widespread establishment of [[electrical grid]]s, power transmission is usually associated most with [[electric power transmission]]. [[Alternating current]] is normally preferred as its voltage may be easily stepped up by a [[transformer]] in order to minimize [[electrical resistance|resistive]] loss in the [[Conductor (material)|conductors]] used to transmit power over great distances; another set of transformers is required to step it back down to safer or more usable voltage levels at destination. | |||
[[File:HV Cable.jpg|thumb|left|Electric power transmission with underground cable. Here (1) is the conductor for heavy currents and (3) the insulation for high voltages. {{details|high-voltage cable}}]] | |||
Power transmission is usually performed with [[Overhead power line|overhead line]]s as this is the most economical way to do so. Underground transmission by [[high voltage cable]]s is chosen in crowded urban areas and in [[High-voltage direct current|high-voltage direct-current]] (HVDC) submarine connections. | |||
===Wireless transmission=== | |||
Power might also be transmitted by changing [[electromagnetic field]]s or by [[radio waves]]; [[microwave]] energy may be carried efficiently over short distances by a [[waveguide]]. | |||
== Mechanical power == | |||
[[Image:Gears large.jpg|thumb|Mechanical power transmission]] | |||
{{main|transmission (mechanics)}} | |||
Electrical power transmission has replaced mechanical power transmission in all but the very shortest distances. From the 16th century through the [[industrial revolution]] to the end of the 19th century mechanical power transmission was the norm. The oldest long-distance power transmission technology involved systems of push-rods (''stängenkunst'' or ''feldstängen'') connecting waterwheels to distant mine-drainage and brine-well pumps.<ref>Dianne Newell, [http://www.jstor.org/pss/124651 Technological Innovation and Persistence in the Ontario Oilfields: Some Evidence from Industrial Archaeology], ''World Archaeology 15,'' 2, Industrial Archaeology (Oct., 1983), pp. 184-195</ref> A surviving example from 1780 exists at [[Bad Kösen]] that transmits power approximately 200 meters from a waterwheel to a salt well, and from there, an additional 150 meters to a brine evaporator.<ref>Michael Pfefferkorn, [http://www.untertage.com/cms/content/view/59/2/ Der Solschacht von Bad Kösen und sein Feldgestänge], Grubenarchäologischen Gesellschaft, 2004.</ref> This technology survived into the 21st century in a handful of oilfields in the US, transmitting power from a central pumping engine to the numerous pump-jacks in the oil field.<ref>Kieth Kinney, [http://web.archive.org/web/20110711163322/http://www.herculesengines.com/FlatRock/ The last two oil leases in Illinois using a central power and rod lines -- Powered by 35 H.P. Superior Oil Field Engines, Flat Rock, Illinois], 2003</ref> | |||
Factories were fitted with overhead [[line shaft]]s providing [[rotary power]]. Short line-shaft systems were described by [[Georg Agricola|Agricola]], connecting a waterwheel to numerous ore-processing machines.<ref>Georgius Agricola, [[De re metallica]], 1556. See {{cite web|url=http://www.btinternet.com/~stephen.henley/agricola/book8/book8-22.jpg|title=book 8 figure 22|archiveurl=http://archive.is/m4xF|archivedate=2012-06-30}}{{dead link|date=November 2012|bot=Legobot}}</ref> While the machines described by Agricola used geared connections from the shafts to the machinery, by the 19th century, [[belt (mechanical)|drivebelts]] would become the norm for linking individual machines to the line shafts. One mid 19th century factory had 1,948 feet of line shafting with 541 pulleys.<ref>[http://books.google.com/books?id=I-0RAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA164 The United States Magazine of Science, Art, Manufactures, Agriculture, Commerce and Trade], Vol. 2, 1856, page 164.</ref> | |||
Mechanical power may be transmitted directly using a solid structure such as a [[driveshaft]]; [[Transmission (mechanics)|transmission]] [[gear]]s can adjust the amount of [[torque]] or [[force]] vs. [[speed]] in much the same way an electrical transformer adjusts [[voltage]] vs [[current (electricity)|current]]. | |||
[[Hydraulic]] systems use liquid under pressure to transmit power; [[canal]]s and [[hydroelectric]] [[power generation]] facilities harness natural water power to lift [[ship]]s or generate electricity. Pumping water or pushing mass uphill with ([[windmill]] pumps) is one possible means of energy storage. [[London]] had a [[hydraulic network]] powered by five [[pumping station]]s operated by the [[London Hydraulic Power Company]], with a total effect of 5 MW. | |||
[[Pneumatic]] systems use gasses under pressure to transmit power; [[Pneumatics|compressed air]] is commonly used to operate [[pneumatic]] [[tool]]s in [[factories]] and [[repair]] garages. A pneumatic wrench (for instance) is used to remove and install automotive tires far more quickly than could be done with standard manual hand tools. | |||
A pneumatic system was proposed by proponents of [[Thomas Edison|Edison's]] [[direct current]] as the basis of the power grid. Compressed air generated at [[Niagara Falls]] would drive far away generators of DC power. The [[War of Currents]] ended with [[alternating current]] (AC) as the only means of long distance power transmission. | |||
==Chemicals and fuels== | |||
Power (and energy) may be transmitted by physically transporting [[chemical]] or [[nuclear power|nuclear]] [[fuel]]s. Possible artificial fuels include [[radioactive isotope]]s, [[Methanol|wood alcohol]], [[Ethanol|grain alcohol]], [[methane]], [[synthetic gas]], [[hydrogen]] gas (H<sub>2</sub>), [[cryogenic]] [[gas]], and [[liquefied natural gas]] (LNG). | |||
==See also== | |||
{{portal|energy}} | |||
*[[Distributed generation]] | |||
*[[List of energy storage projects]] | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
[[Category:Electric power transmission]] | |||
[[Category:Mechanical power control]] | |||
[[Category:Mechanical power transmission| ]] |
Revision as of 00:58, 28 January 2014
Power transmission is the movement of energy from its place of generation to a location where it is applied to performing useful work.
Power is defined formally as units of energy per unit time. In SI units:
Since the development of technology, transmission and storage systems have been of immense interest to technologists and technology users.
Electrical power
Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church.
With the widespread establishment of electrical grids, power transmission is usually associated most with electric power transmission. Alternating current is normally preferred as its voltage may be easily stepped up by a transformer in order to minimize resistive loss in the conductors used to transmit power over great distances; another set of transformers is required to step it back down to safer or more usable voltage levels at destination.
Power transmission is usually performed with overhead lines as this is the most economical way to do so. Underground transmission by high voltage cables is chosen in crowded urban areas and in high-voltage direct-current (HVDC) submarine connections.
Wireless transmission
Power might also be transmitted by changing electromagnetic fields or by radio waves; microwave energy may be carried efficiently over short distances by a waveguide.
Mechanical power
Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church.
Electrical power transmission has replaced mechanical power transmission in all but the very shortest distances. From the 16th century through the industrial revolution to the end of the 19th century mechanical power transmission was the norm. The oldest long-distance power transmission technology involved systems of push-rods (stängenkunst or feldstängen) connecting waterwheels to distant mine-drainage and brine-well pumps.[1] A surviving example from 1780 exists at Bad Kösen that transmits power approximately 200 meters from a waterwheel to a salt well, and from there, an additional 150 meters to a brine evaporator.[2] This technology survived into the 21st century in a handful of oilfields in the US, transmitting power from a central pumping engine to the numerous pump-jacks in the oil field.[3]
Factories were fitted with overhead line shafts providing rotary power. Short line-shaft systems were described by Agricola, connecting a waterwheel to numerous ore-processing machines.[4] While the machines described by Agricola used geared connections from the shafts to the machinery, by the 19th century, drivebelts would become the norm for linking individual machines to the line shafts. One mid 19th century factory had 1,948 feet of line shafting with 541 pulleys.[5]
Mechanical power may be transmitted directly using a solid structure such as a driveshaft; transmission gears can adjust the amount of torque or force vs. speed in much the same way an electrical transformer adjusts voltage vs current.
Hydraulic systems use liquid under pressure to transmit power; canals and hydroelectric power generation facilities harness natural water power to lift ships or generate electricity. Pumping water or pushing mass uphill with (windmill pumps) is one possible means of energy storage. London had a hydraulic network powered by five pumping stations operated by the London Hydraulic Power Company, with a total effect of 5 MW.
Pneumatic systems use gasses under pressure to transmit power; compressed air is commonly used to operate pneumatic tools in factories and repair garages. A pneumatic wrench (for instance) is used to remove and install automotive tires far more quickly than could be done with standard manual hand tools.
A pneumatic system was proposed by proponents of Edison's direct current as the basis of the power grid. Compressed air generated at Niagara Falls would drive far away generators of DC power. The War of Currents ended with alternating current (AC) as the only means of long distance power transmission.
Chemicals and fuels
Power (and energy) may be transmitted by physically transporting chemical or nuclear fuels. Possible artificial fuels include radioactive isotopes, wood alcohol, grain alcohol, methane, synthetic gas, hydrogen gas (H2), cryogenic gas, and liquefied natural gas (LNG).
See also
Sportspersons Hyslop from Nicolet, usually spends time with pastimes for example martial arts, property developers condominium in singapore singapore and hot rods. Maintains a trip site and has lots to write about after touring Gulf of Porto: Calanche of Piana.
References
43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.
- ↑ Dianne Newell, Technological Innovation and Persistence in the Ontario Oilfields: Some Evidence from Industrial Archaeology, World Archaeology 15, 2, Industrial Archaeology (Oct., 1983), pp. 184-195
- ↑ Michael Pfefferkorn, Der Solschacht von Bad Kösen und sein Feldgestänge, Grubenarchäologischen Gesellschaft, 2004.
- ↑ Kieth Kinney, The last two oil leases in Illinois using a central power and rod lines -- Powered by 35 H.P. Superior Oil Field Engines, Flat Rock, Illinois, 2003
- ↑ Georgius Agricola, De re metallica, 1556. See Template:Cite webTemplate:Dead link
- ↑ The United States Magazine of Science, Art, Manufactures, Agriculture, Commerce and Trade, Vol. 2, 1856, page 164.