Hydroxylamine oxidase: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 03:56, 2 March 2013

Kovats retention index (shorter Kovats index, retention index; plural retention indices) is a concept used in gas chromatography to convert retention times into system-independent constants. The index is named after the Hungarian-born Swiss chemist Ervin Kováts, who outlined this concept during the 1950s while performing research into the composition of the essential oils.^[1][broken_link]

The retention index of a certain chemical compound is its retention time normalised to the retention times of adjacently eluting n-alkanes. While retention times vary with the individual chromatographic system (e.g. with regards to column length, film thickness, diameter, carrier gas velocity and pressure, and void time), the derived retention indices are quite independent of these parameters and allow comparing values measured by different analytical laboratories under varying conditions. Tables of retention indices can help identify components by comparing experimentally found retention indices with known values.^[2] ^[3] ^[4]

Expression

The method takes advantage of the linear relationship between the values of $l o g ({t_{r}}^{'})$ and the number of carbon atoms in a molecule. The value of Kovats index is usually represented by I in mathematical expressions. Its applicability is restricted to organic compounds. For isothermal chromatography, the Kovats index is given by the equation

$I = 100 \times [n + (N - n) \frac{l o g ({t_{r^{'} (u n k n o w n)}}^{'}) - l o g ({t_{r^{'} (n)}}^{'})}{l o g ({t_{r^{'} (N)}}^{'}) - l o g ({t_{r^{'} (n)}}^{'})}]$

Where:

$I =$ Kovats retention index,
$n =$ the number of carbon atoms in the smaller n-alkane,
$N =$ the number of carbon atoms in the larger n-alkane,
${t_{r}}^{'} =$ the adjusted retention time.

For temperature programmed chromatography, the Kovats index is given by the equation

$I = 100 \times [n + (N - n) \frac{t_{r (u n k n o w n)} - t_{r (n)}}{t_{r (N)} - t_{r (n)}}]$

Where:

$I =$ Kovats retention index,
$n =$ the number of carbon atoms in the smaller n-alkane,
$N =$ the number of carbon atoms in the larger n-alkane,
$t_{r} =$ the retention time.

References

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Template:Chromatography

Template:Analytical-chemistry-stub

↑ Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, KOVATS Ervin, Prof. Hon.
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↑ Template:GoldBookRef
↑ Retention index guide

[1] Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, KOVATS Ervin, Prof. Hon.

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In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

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[3] Template:GoldBookRef

[MassFinder-4] Retention index guide

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

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+'''Kovats retention index''' (shorter '''Kovats index''', '''retention index'''; plural '''retention indices''') is a concept used in [[gas chromatography]] to convert [[retention time]]s into system-independent constants. The index is named after the Hungarian-born Swiss chemist [[Ervin Kováts]], who outlined this concept during the 1950s while performing research into the composition of the [[essential oils]].<ref>[http://isic.epfl.ch/page-24928.html Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, KOVATS Ervin, Prof. Hon.]</ref>[broken_link]
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+The retention index of a certain chemical compound is its retention time normalised to the retention times of adjacently eluting n-alkanes. While retention times vary with the individual [[chromatography|chromatographic]] system (e.g. with regards to column length, film thickness, diameter, carrier gas velocity and pressure, and void time), the derived retention indices are quite independent of these parameters and allow comparing values measured by different [[Analytical_chemistry|analytical laboratories]] under varying conditions. Tables of retention indices can help identify components by comparing experimentally found retention indices with known values.<ref name=Kovats1958>{{cite journal | last = Kovats | first =  E. | title = Gas-chromatographische Charakterisierung organischer Verbindungen. Teil 1: Retentionsindices aliphatischer Halogenide, Alkohole, Aldehyde und Ketone | volume = 41 | pages = 1915–32 | year = 1958 | journal = [[Helv. Chim. Acta]] | doi = 10.1002/hlca.19580410703 | issue = 7}}</ref> <ref>{{GoldBookRef |title = retention index,  '''I''' in column chromatography |file = R05360}}</ref> <ref name=MassFinder>[http://massfinder.com/wiki/Retention_index_guide Retention index guide]</ref>
+==Expression==
+The method takes advantage of the linear relationship between the values of <math>log (t_r')</math> and the number of [[carbon]] atoms in a [[molecule]]. The value of Kovats index is usually represented by ''I'' in [[mathematical]] expressions. Its applicability is restricted to [[organic compound]]s. For isothermal chromatography, the Kovats index is given by the equation
+<math>I = 100 \times \left [ n + ( N - n ) \frac{log (t_{r (unknown)} ') - log (t_{r (n)} ')}{log (t_{r (N)} ') - log (t_{r (n)} ')} \right ] </math>
+Where:
+<math>I =</math> Kovats retention index,<br />
+<math>n =</math> the number of carbon atoms in the smaller n-[[alkane]],<br />
+<math>N =</math> the number of carbon atoms in the larger n-alkane,<br />
+<math>t_r' =</math> the adjusted retention time.
+For temperature programmed chromatography, the Kovats index is given by the equation
+<math>I = 100 \times \left [ n + ( N - n ) \frac{t_{r (unknown)}  - t_{r (n)} }{t_{r (N)}  - t_{r (n)} } \right ] </math>
+Where:
+<math>I =</math> Kovats retention index,<br />
+<math>n =</math> the number of carbon atoms in the smaller n-[[alkane]],<br />
+<math>N =</math> the number of carbon atoms in the larger n-alkane,<br />
+<math>t_r =</math> the retention time.
+==References==
+{{Reflist}}
+[[Category:Chromatography]]
+[[Category:Analytical chemistry]]
+[[Category:Hungarian inventions]]
+[[Category:Hungarian inventors]]
+[[Category:Hungarian scientists]]
+{{chromatography}}
+{{analytical-chemistry-stub}}

Hydroxylamine oxidase: Difference between revisions

Latest revision as of 03:56, 2 March 2013

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