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== | {{about|the use of ''period number'' in fluid dynamics|the rows in the periodic table|period (periodic table)}} | ||
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| The Keulegan–Carpenter number is important for the computation of the [[ocean surface wave|wave]] forces on [[oil platform|offshore platforms]]. | |||
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In [[fluid dynamics]], the '''Keulegan–Carpenter number''', also called the '''period number''', is a [[dimensionless quantity]] describing the relative importance of the [[drag force]]s over [[inertia]] forces for bluff objects in an [[oscillation|oscillatory]] [[fluid flow]]. Or similarly, for objects that oscillate in a fluid at rest. For small Keulegan–Carpenter number inertia dominates, while for large numbers the ([[turbulence]]) drag forces are important. | |||
The | The Keulegan–Carpenter number ''K<sub>C</sub>'' is defined as:<ref name=DeDa232>Dean & Dalrymple (1991), p. 232.</ref> | ||
= | :<math>K_C = \frac{V\,T}{L},</math> | ||
where: | |||
*''V'' is the [[amplitude]] of the [[flow velocity]] oscillation (or the amplitude of the object's velocity, in case of an oscillating object), | |||
*''T'' is the [[Periodic function|period]] of the oscillation, and | |||
*''L'' is a characteristic length scale of the object, for instance the [[diameter]] for a [[Cylinder (geometry)|cylinder]] under [[wave loading]]. | |||
The Keulegan–Carpenter number is named after Garbis H. Keulegan (1890–1989) and Lloyd H. Carpenter. | |||
A closely related parameter, also often used for [[sediment transport]] under [[water waves]], is the '''displacement parameter''' ''δ'':<ref name=DeDa232/> | |||
:<math>\delta = \frac{A}{L},</math> | |||
with ''A'' the excursion amplitude of fluid particles in oscillatory flow. For [[sinusoidal]] motion of the fluid, ''A'' is related to ''V'' and ''T'' as ''A = VT/(2π)'', and: | |||
:<math>K_C = 2\pi\, \delta.\,</math> | |||
The Keulegan–Carpenter number can be directly related to the [[Navier–Stokes equations]], by looking at [[scale analysis (mathematics)|characteristic scales]] for the [[acceleration]] terms: | |||
*convective acceleration: <math>(\mathbf{u}\cdot\nabla)\mathbf{u} \sim \frac{V^2}{L},</math> | |||
*local acceleration: <math>\frac{\partial \mathbf{u}}{\partial t} \sim \frac{V}{T}.</math> | |||
Dividing these two acceleration scales gives the Keulegan–Carpenter number. | |||
A somewhat similar parameter is the [[Strouhal number]], in form equal to the [[reciprocal (mathematics)|reciprocal]] of the Keulegan–Carpenter number. The Strouhal number gives the [[vortex shedding]] [[frequency]] resulting from placing an object in a steady flow, so it describes the flow unsteadiness as a result of an instability of the flow downstream of the object. Conversely, the Keulegan–Carpenter number is related to the oscillation frequency of an unsteady flow into which the object is placed. | |||
==See also== | |||
*[[Morison equation]] | |||
==Notes== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
==References== | |||
*{{citation| title=Forces on cylinders and plates in an oscillating fluid | first1=G. H. | last1=Keulegan | first2=L. H. |last2=Carpenter | year=1958 | journal=Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards | volume=60 | issue=5 | pages=423–440 | url=http://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/ref/collection/p13011coll6/id/109840 }} | |||
*{{citation | title=Water wave mechanics for engineers and scientists | first1=R.G. | last1=Dean | first2=R.A. | last2=Dalrymple | year=1991 | series=Advanced Series on Ocean Engineering | volume=2 | publisher=World Scientific, Singapore | isbn=978-981-02-0420-4 }} | |||
{{NonDimFluMech}} | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Keulegan-Carpenter number}} | |||
[[Category:Dimensionless numbers of fluid mechanics]] | |||
[[Category:Fluid dynamics]] | |||
[[Category:Water waves]] | |||
Revision as of 08:25, 25 September 2013
29 yr old Orthopaedic Surgeon Grippo from Saint-Paul, spends time with interests including model railways, top property developers in singapore developers in singapore and dolls. Finished a cruise ship experience that included passing by Runic Stones and Church.
| File:Oseberg A - Waves I.jpg |
| File:Oseberg A - Waves II.jpg |
| The Keulegan–Carpenter number is important for the computation of the wave forces on offshore platforms. |
In fluid dynamics, the Keulegan–Carpenter number, also called the period number, is a dimensionless quantity describing the relative importance of the drag forces over inertia forces for bluff objects in an oscillatory fluid flow. Or similarly, for objects that oscillate in a fluid at rest. For small Keulegan–Carpenter number inertia dominates, while for large numbers the (turbulence) drag forces are important.
The Keulegan–Carpenter number KC is defined as:[1]
where:
- V is the amplitude of the flow velocity oscillation (or the amplitude of the object's velocity, in case of an oscillating object),
- T is the period of the oscillation, and
- L is a characteristic length scale of the object, for instance the diameter for a cylinder under wave loading.
The Keulegan–Carpenter number is named after Garbis H. Keulegan (1890–1989) and Lloyd H. Carpenter.
A closely related parameter, also often used for sediment transport under water waves, is the displacement parameter δ:[1]
with A the excursion amplitude of fluid particles in oscillatory flow. For sinusoidal motion of the fluid, A is related to V and T as A = VT/(2π), and:
The Keulegan–Carpenter number can be directly related to the Navier–Stokes equations, by looking at characteristic scales for the acceleration terms:
Dividing these two acceleration scales gives the Keulegan–Carpenter number.
A somewhat similar parameter is the Strouhal number, in form equal to the reciprocal of the Keulegan–Carpenter number. The Strouhal number gives the vortex shedding frequency resulting from placing an object in a steady flow, so it describes the flow unsteadiness as a result of an instability of the flow downstream of the object. Conversely, the Keulegan–Carpenter number is related to the oscillation frequency of an unsteady flow into which the object is placed.
See also
Notes
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References
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Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010