Whittaker–Shannon interpolation formula: Difference between revisions

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{{refimprove|date=March 2011}}
{{Infobox scientist
|name              = William Sealy Gosset
|image            = William Sealy Gosset.jpg
|image_size      = 240px
|caption          = ''Student'' in 1908
|birth_date        = {{Birth date|1876|06|13}}
|birth_place      = [[Canterbury]], [[Kent]], [[England]]
|death_date        = {{death date and age|1937|10|16|1876|06|13}}
|death_place      = [[Beaconsfield]], [[Buckinghamshire]], [[England]]
|residence        =
|citizenship      =
|nationality      =
|ethnicity        =
|field            =
|work_institutions =
|alma_mater        =
|doctoral_advisor  =
|academic_advisors =  
|doctoral_students =
|known_for        = [[Student's t-distribution]]
|author_abbrev_bot =
|author_abbrev_zoo =
|influences        =
|influenced        =
|prizes            =
|religion          =
|footnotes        =
|signature        =
}}


'''William Sealy Gosset''' (June 13, 1876 – October 16, 1937) was a [[statistician]]. He published under the pen name '''Student''', and developed the [[Student's t-distribution]].
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</ul>


==Life and career==
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Born in [[Canterbury, England]] to Agnes Sealy Vidal and Colonel Frederic Gosset, Gosset attended [[Winchester College]] before reading [[chemistry]] and [[mathematics]] at [[New College, Oxford]].  Upon graduating in 1899, he joined the brewery of [[Arthur Guinness]] & Son in [[Dublin, Ireland]].


As an employee of [[Guinness]], a progressive agro-chemical business, Gosset applied his statistical knowledge — both in the brewery and on the farm — to the selection of the best yielding varieties of [[barley]]. Gosset acquired that knowledge by study, by trial and error, and by spending two terms in 1906 – 07 in the biometrical laboratory of [[Karl Pearson]]. Gosset and Pearson had a good relationship. Pearson helped Gosset with the mathematics of his papers, including the 1908 papers, but had little appreciation of their importance. The papers addressed the brewer's concern with small samples; biometricians like Pearson, on the other hand, typically had hundreds of observations and saw no urgency in developing small-sample methods.
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Another researcher at Guinness had previously published a paper containing trade secrets of the Guinness brewery. To prevent further disclosure of confidential information, Guinness prohibited its employees from publishing any papers regardless of the contained information. However, after pleading with the brewery and explaining that his mathematical and philosophical conclusions were of no possible practical use to competing brewers, he was allowed to publish them, but under a pseudonym ("Student"), to avoid difficulties with the rest of the staff.<ref>{{vcite journal |journal=[[Journal of the American Statistical Association]] |year=1930 |volume=25 |pages=186–190 |title=British Statistics and Statisticians Today |author=[[Harold Hotelling|Hotelling, H.]] |jstor=2277631 }}</ref> Thus his most noteworthy achievement is now called  Student's, rather than Gosset's, [[Student's t-distribution|t-distribution]].
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Gosset had almost all his papers including ''The probable error of a mean'' published in Pearson's journal ''[[Biometrika]]'' under the pseudonym ''Student''. It was, however, not Pearson but [[Ronald A. Fisher]] who appreciated the importance of Gosset's small-sample work, after Gosset had written to him to say ''I am sending you a copy of Student's Tables as you are the only man that's ever likely to use them!''. Fisher believed that Gosset had effected a "logical revolution". Fisher introduced a new form of Student's statistic, denoted ''t'', in terms of which Gosset's statistic was <math>z=\frac{t}{\sqrt{n-1}}</math>. The ''t''-form was adopted because it fit in with Fisher's theory of [[degrees of freedom (statistics)|degrees of freedom]]. Fisher was also responsible for applications of the ''t''-distribution to [[regression analysis]].
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Although introduced by others, [[Studentized residual]]s are named in Student's honor because, like the problem that led to Student's t-distribution, the idea of adjusting for estimated standard deviations is central to that concept.
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Gosset's interest in the cultivation of barley led him to speculate that the [[design of experiments]] should aim not only at improving the average yield but also at breeding varieties whose yield was insensitive to variation in soil and climate, i.e. robust. This principle only appeared in the later thought of Ronald Fisher, and then in the work of [[Genichi Taguchi]] during the 1950s.
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In 1935, Gosset left [[Dublin]] to take up the position of Head Brewer, in charge of the scientific side of production, at a new [[Guinness]] brewery at [[Park Royal]] in northwestern London. He died two years later in [[Beaconsfield]], [[England]], of a heart attack.
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Gosset was a friend of both Pearson and Fisher, a noteworthy achievement, for each had a massive ego and a loathing for the other.{{Citation needed|date=October 2008}} He was a modest man who once cut short an admirer with the comment that "Fisher would have discovered it all anyway."
</ul>
 
==References==
{{Reflist}}
 
==Bibliography==
* ''The application of the law of error to the work of the Brewery'' (1904, ''Guinness'' internal note)
* {{cite journal
| title = On the error of counting with hæmacytometer
| journal = [[Biometrika]]
| volume  = 5
| issue = 3
| month = February
| pages = 351&ndash;360
| year = 1907
}}
* {{cite journal
| url = http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/student.pdf
| title = The probable error of a mean
| journal = [[Biometrika]]
| volume  = 6
| issue = 1
| month = March
| pages = 1&ndash;25
| year = 1908
| doi = 10.1093/biomet/6.1.1
}}
* {{cite journal
| title = Probable error of a correlation coefficient
| journal = [[Biometrika]]
| volume = 6
| issue = 2/3
| month = September
| pages = 302&ndash;310
| year = 1908
| doi = 10.1093/biomet/6.2-3.302
}}
* {{cite journal
| title = The distribution of the means of samples which are not drawn at random
| journal = [[Biometrika]]
| volume = 7
| issue = 1/2
| month = July&ndash;October
| pages = 210&ndash;214
| year  = 1909
| doi = 10.1093/biomet/7.1-2.210
}}
* {{cite journal
| title = An experimental determination of the probable error of Dr Spearman's correlation coefficients
| journal = [[Biometrika]]
| volume = 13
| issue = 2/3
| month = July
| pages = 263&ndash;282
| year = 1921
| doi = 10.1093/biomet/13.2-3.263
}}
* {{cite journal
| url = http://www.economics.soton.ac.uk/staff/aldrich/fisherguide/student.htm
| title = Review of Statistical Methods for Research Workers  (R. A. Fisher)
| year = 1926
| journal = [[Eugenics Review]]
| volume = 18
| pages = 148&ndash;150
}}
* {{cite journal
| url = http://cda.mrs.umn.edu/~jongmink/Stat2611/s1.pdf
| title = On Student's 1908 Article "The Probable Error of a Mean"(S.L.Zabell)
| date = March 2008
| journal = [[Journal of the American Statistical Association]]
| volume = 103| issue = 481 
| pages = 1&ndash;7
| doi = 10.1198/016214508000000030
| last1 = Zabell
| first1 = S. L
}}
 
* ''‘Student’s’ Collected Papers'' (edited by E.S. Pearson and John Wishart, with a foreword by Launce McMullen), London: Biometrika Office. (1942)
 
==Biographies==
*[[E. S. Pearson]] (1990) ''‘Student’, A Statistical Biography of William Sealy Gosset,'' Edited and Augmented by [[R. L. Plackett]] with the Assistance of [[G. A. Barnard]], Oxford: University Press.
*E. S. Pearson, "'Student' as Statistician, ''Biometrika'' Vol. 30, No. 3/4 (Jan., 1939), pp. 210-250.
 
==External links==
*[http://www.swlearning.com/quant/kohler/stat/biographical_sketches/bio12.1.html Biography by Heinz Kohler]
*[http://www.umass.edu/wsp/statistics/tales/gosset.html Tales of Statisticians by E. Bruce Brooks]
*[http://www-stat.stanford.edu/~naras/jsm/TDensity/TDensity.html Student's T Distribution]
*[http://jeff560.tripod.com/s.html Earliest known uses of some of the words of mathematics: S] under the heading of "Student's ''t''-distribution", describes briefly how Student's ''z'' became ''t''.
* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Gosset}}
 
{{Authority control|VIAF=31149170}}
 
{{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
| NAME              = Gosset, William Sealey
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = British statistician
| DATE OF BIRTH    = June 13, 1876
| PLACE OF BIRTH    = [[Canterbury]], [[Kent]], [[England]]
| DATE OF DEATH    = October 16, 1937
| PLACE OF DEATH    = [[Beaconsfield]], [[Buckinghamshire]], [[England]]
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gosset, William Sealey}}
[[Category:1876 births]]
[[Category:1937 deaths]]
[[Category:People from Canterbury]]
[[Category:People educated at Winchester College]]
[[Category:Alumni of New College, Oxford]]
[[Category:English mathematicians]]
[[Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction]]
[[Category:English statisticians]]
[[Category:20th-century mathematicians]]

Latest revision as of 12:40, 24 October 2014

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