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[[File:Laufwellenreaktor.gif|thumb|Numeric simulation of a TWR. Red: uranium-238, light green: plutonium-239, black: fission products. Intensity of blue color between the tiles indicates neutron density]]


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A '''traveling-wave reactor''' (TWR) is a type of [[nuclear reactor]] that nuclear engineers anticipate can convert [[fertile material]] into usable fuel through [[nuclear transmutation]] in tandem with the burnup of fissile material. TWRs differ from other kinds of [[neutron temperature|fast-neutron]] and [[breeder reactor]]s in their ability to use fuel efficiently without [[uranium enrichment]] or [[nuclear reprocessing|reprocessing]], instead directly using [[depleted uranium]], [[natural uranium]], [[thorium]], [[spent nuclear fuel|spent fuel]] removed from [[light water reactor]]s, or some combination of these materials.
 
The name refers to the fact that fission does not occur throughout the entire TWR core, but remains confined to a boundary zone that slowly advances through the core over time. TWRs could theoretically run, self-sustained, for decades without refueling or removing any spent fuel from the reactor.
 
==History==
Traveling-wave reactors were first proposed in the 1950s and have been studied intermittently since that time. The concept of a reactor that could breed its own fuel inside the reactor core was initially proposed and studied in 1958 by Saveli Feinberg, who called it a "breed-and-burn" reactor.<ref>S. M. Feinberg, "Discussion Comment", Rec. of Proc. Session B-10, ICPUAE, United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland (1958).</ref> Michael Driscoll published further research on the concept in 1979,<ref>M. J. Driscoll, B. Atefi, D. D. Lanning, "An Evaluation of the Breed/Burn Fast Reactor Concept", MITNE-229 (Dec. 1979).</ref> as did Lev Feoktistov in 1988,<ref>L. P. Feoktistov, "An analysis of a concept of a physically safe reactor", Preprint IAE-4605/4, in Russian, (1988).</ref> Edward Teller/Lowell Wood in 1995,<ref>E. Teller, M. Ishikawa, and L. Wood, "Completely Automated Nuclear Reactors for Long-Term Operation" (Part I), ''Proc. of the Frontiers in Physics Symposium'', American Physical Society and the American Association of Physics Teachers Texas Meeting, Lubbock, Texas, United States (1995); Edward Teller, Muriel Ishikawa, Lowell Wood, Roderick Hyde, John Nuckolls, "Completely Automated Nuclear Reactors for Long-Term Operation II : Toward A Concept-Level Point-Design Of A High-Temperature, Gas-Cooled Central Power Station System" (Part II), Proc. Int. Conf. Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems, ICENES'96, Obninsk, Russia (1996) UCRL-JC-122708-RT2.</ref> Hugo van Dam in 2000,<ref>H. van Dam, "The Self-stabilizing Criticality Wave Reactor", ''Proc. Of the Tenth International Conference on Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems (ICENES 2000)'', p. 188, NRG, Petten, Netherlands (2000).</ref> and Hiroshi Sekimoto in 2001.<ref>H. Sekimoto, K. Ryu, and Y. Yoshimura, "CANDLE: The New Burnup Strategy", ''Nuclear Science and Engineering'', 139, 1–12 (2001).</ref>
 
Since 2001, the Travelling wave reactor was systematically discussed in INES 1, in 2004, INES-2 in 2006 and INES 3 in 2010 meetings in Japan, and was called "CANDLE" Reactor an abbreviation from Constant Axial shape of Neutron flux, nuclides densities and power shape During Life of Energy production reactor, as proposed by Sekimoto in 2001 and 2005, published in Progress in Nuclear Energy.
In 2010 Popa-Simil publishes in INES-3 proceeding the paper "advanced Nuclear Reactor from Fiction to Reality", where he discuses the case of micho-hetero-structures improved Travelling Wave Reactor, further detailed in Plutonium Futures meeting,in 2010 the paper "Plutonium Breeding In Micro-Hetero Structures Enhances the Fuel Cycle", describing a TWR with deep burnout enhanced by plutonium fuel channels, and multiple fuel flow.
 
In 2010 a group from Terra Power applies for the patent EP 2324480 A1 following WO2010019199A1 "Heat pipe nuclear fission deflagration wave reactor cooling" where in order to be accepted calls the traveling or singular wave "deflagration" as is mooving with about 1-4 inch per year, and introduces the heat pipe cooling already applied in space reactors built at LANL and INL since 2000, or even earlier, using the flaws and weaknesses of USPTO.
No TWR has yet been constructed, but in 2006, [[Intellectual Ventures]] launched a subsidiary named [[TerraPower, LLC]] to model and commercialize a working design of such a reactor, which has since come to be called a "traveling-wave reactor". TerraPower has developed TWR designs for low- to medium- (300 MWe) as well as high-power (~1000 MWe) generation facilities.<ref>K. Weaver, C. Ahlfeld, J. Gilleland, C. Whitmer and G. Zimmerman, "Extending the Nuclear Fuel Cycle with Traveling-Wave Reactors", Paper 9294, ''Proceedings of Global 2009'', Paris, France, September 6–11, (2009).</ref> [[Bill Gates]] featured TerraPower in his 2010 [[TED (conference)|TED]] talk.<ref>{{cite video
|url=http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/eng/bill_gates.html|title=Innovating to zero!
|people=[[Bill Gates]]
|accessdate=2010-07-13
|publisher=[[TED (conference)|TED]]
}}</ref>
 
==Reactor physics==
Papers and presentations on the TerraPower TWR<ref>R. Michal and E. M. Blake, "John Gilleland: On the traveling-wave reactor", ''Nuclear News'', p. 30–32, September (2009).</ref><ref name="Wald">{{Cite journal | last = Wald | first = M. | title = 10 Emerging Technologies of 2009: Traveling-Wave Reactor | publisher = MIT Technology Review | date = 2009-March/April}}</ref><ref name="Gilleland">{{Cite conference | author = [http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/Gilleland-bio Gilleland, John] | title = TerraPower, LLC Nuclear Initiative | publisher = University of California at Berkeley, Spring Colloquium | date = 2009-04-20 | url = http://www.nuc.berkeley.edu/node/1077 | accessdate = October 2009}}</ref> describe a pool-type reactor cooled by liquid sodium. The reactor is fueled primarily by depleted uranium-238 "fertile fuel", but requires a small amount of enriched uranium-235 or other "fissile fuel" to initiate [[nuclear fission|fission]]. Some of the fast-spectrum neutrons produced by fission are absorbed by neutron capture in adjacent fertile fuel (i.e. the non-fissile depleted uranium), which is "bred" into [[plutonium]] by the nuclear reaction:
 
:<math>\mathrm{^{238}_{\ 92}U + \,^{1}_{0}n \;\rightarrow\; ^{239}_{\ 92}U \;\rightarrow\; ^{239}_{\ 93}Np + \beta \;\rightarrow\; ^{239}_{\ 94}Pu + \beta}</math>
 
Initially, the core is loaded with fertile material, with a few rods of fissile fuel concentrated in the central region. After the reactor is started, four zones form within the core: the depleted zone, which contains mostly fission products and leftover fuel; the fission zone, where fission of bred fuel takes place; the breeding zone, where fissile material is created by neutron capture; and the fresh zone, which contains unreacted [[fertile material]]. The energy-generating fission zone steadily advances through the core, effectively consuming fertile material in front of it and leaving spent fuel behind. Meanwhile, the heat released by fission is absorbed by the molten sodium and subsequently transferred into a closed-cycle aqueous loop, where electric power is generated by steam turbines.<ref name="Wald"/>
 
==Fuel==
Unlike light-water reactors (LWRs), TWRs use only a small amount (~10%) of enriched uranium-235 or other fissile fuel to initiate the nuclear reaction. The remainder of the fuel consists of natural or depleted uranium-238, which can generate power continuously for 40 years or more and remains sealed in the reactor vessel during that time.<ref name="Gilleland"/> TWRs require substantially less fuel per kilowatt-hour of electricity than do LWRs, owing to TWRs' higher fuel burnup, energy density and thermal efficiency. A TWR also accomplishes most of its reprocessing "on the fly"{{cn|date=November 2011}} within the reactor core. Spent fuel can subsequently be recycled after simple "melt refining", without the chemical separation of plutonium that is required by other kinds of breeder reactors. These features greatly reduce fuel and waste volumes while enhancing proliferation resistance.<ref name="Wald"/>
 
Depleted uranium is widely available as a feedstock. Stockpiles in the United States currently contain approximately 700,000 metric tons of depleted uranium, which is left as a byproduct of the [[nuclear enrichment|enrichment]] process.<ref>United States Department of Energy, [http://web.ead.anl.gov/uranium/mgmtuses/storage/index.cfm "Depleted UF<sub>6</sub> Inventory and Storage Locations"].  Accessed October 2009.</ref> TerraPower has estimated that the [[Paducah Gaseous Diffusion Plant|Paducah enrichment facility]] stockpile alone represents an energy resource equivalent to $100 trillion worth of electricity.<ref name="Gilleland"/> TerraPower has also estimated that wide deployment of TWRs could enable projected global stockpiles of depleted uranium to sustain 80% of the world's population at U.S. per capita energy usages for over a millennium.<ref>L. Wood, T. Ellis, N. Myhrvold and R. Petroski, "Exploring The Italian Navigator's New World: Toward Economic, Full-Scale, Low Carbon, Conveniently-Available, Proliferation-Robust, Renewable Energy Resources", 42nd Session of the Erice International Seminars on Planetary Emergencies, Erice, Italy, 19024 August (2009).</ref>
 
In principle, TWRs are capable of burning spent fuel from LWRs, which is currently discarded as radioactive waste. Spent LWR fuel is mostly depleted uranium and, in a TWR fast-neutron spectrum, the neutron absorption cross-section of fission products is several orders of magnitude smaller than in a LWR thermal-neutron spectrum. While such an approach could actually bring about an overall reduction in nuclear waste stockpiles, additional technical development would be required to realize this capability.
 
TWRs are also capable, in principle, of reusing their own fuel. In any given cycle of operation, only 20–35% of the fuel gets converted to an unusable form; the remaining metal constitutes usable fissile material. Recast and reclad into new driver pellets without chemical separations, this recycled fuel can be used to initiate fission in subsequent cycles of operation, thus displacing the need to enrich uranium altogether.
 
==Traveling wave vs. standing wave==
The breed-burn wave in [[TerraPower]]'s TWR design does not move from one end of the reactor to the other<ref name="Ellis">{{Cite conference | author = T. Ellis, R. Petroski, P. Hejzlar, G. Zimmerman, D. McAlees, C. Whitmer, N. Touran, J. Hejzlar, K. Weaver, J. Walter, J. McWhirter, C. Alhfeld, T. Burke, A. Odedra, R. Hyde, J. Gilleland, Y. Ishikawa, L. Wood, N. Myrvold, W. Gates III | title = Traveling-Wave Reactors: A Truly Sustainable and Full-Scale Resource for Global Energy Needs | publisher = American Nuclear Society, Summer Meeting | date = 2010-06-14 | url = http://terrapower.com/uploads/docs/ICAPP_2010_Paper_10189.pdf | accessdate = October 2013}}</ref> but gradually from the inside out. Moreover, as the fuel's composition changes through nuclear transmutation, fuel rods are continually reshuffled within the core to optimize the neutron flux and fuel usage at any given point in time. Thus, instead of letting the wave propagate through the fuel, the fuel itself is moved through a largely stationary burn wave. This is contrary to many media reports,<ref name="nyt1">{{Cite news | author = M. Wald| title = Developer of Novel Reactor Wins $35 Million Infusion | newspaper = The New York Times | date = 2010-06-14 | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/15/business/energy-environment/15nuke.html | accessdate = June 15, 2010}}</ref> which have popularized the concept as a candle-like reactor with a burn region that moves down a stick of fuel. By replacing a static core configuration with an actively managed "standing wave" or "[[soliton]]", however, TerraPower's design avoids the problem of cooling a highly variable burn region. Under this scenario, the reconfiguration of fuel rods is accomplished remotely by robotic devices; the containment vessel remains closed during the procedure, and there is no associated downtime.
 
==Concept criticism==
[[Kirk Sorensen]] of [[Flibe Energy]] has criticized the TWR as "a particularly difficult implementation" of the [[fast breeder reactor]], which he characterizes as "already hard to build in the first place." As well, he has emphasized the enormous difficulties and risks associated with the eventual [[nuclear decommissioning]] of a TWR reactor.<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?&v=P9M__yYbsZ4#t=01h00m25s THORIUM REMIX 2011] (YouTube video; comments begin about 1:00:25)</ref> Dr. Robert Hargraves, who is on the Flibe Energy Board of Advisors,<ref>[http://flibe-energy.com/company/boa/ Board of Advisors :: Flibe Energy]</ref> lauded the goal of addressing [[energy poverty]] globally with the TWR, but briefly highlighted that its projected [[Cost of electricity by source|cost of energy production]], "competitive with [conventional] nuclear power", wasn't as low as [[fossil fuel]]s (e.g. coal).<ref>[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Aeejr4M_gxI#t=29m30s IThEO 2011 - New York - The Way Forward] "Closing panel from [http://itheo.org/thorium-energy-conference-2011 IThEO 2011], International Thorium Energy Organisations annual conference which was held in New York" in October 2011. (YouTube video; Hargraves' comments begin about 29:30)</ref>
 
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
 
== External links ==
* [http://intellectualventureslab.com/?page_id=532 "TerraPower Reactors Approach the Nuclear Ideal"] by [[Intellectual Ventures]] Lab.
* [http://earth2tech.com/2010/02/15/terrapower-how-the-travelling-wave-nuclear-reactor-works/ TerraPower: How The Traveling Wave Nuclear Reactor Works], inc 4 diagrams from IV.
* [http://www.terrapower.com/ Terrapower.com company website]
 
{{Nuclear fission reactors}}
 
[[Category:Nuclear power reactor types]]

Revision as of 01:57, 17 September 2013

File:Laufwellenreaktor.gif
Numeric simulation of a TWR. Red: uranium-238, light green: plutonium-239, black: fission products. Intensity of blue color between the tiles indicates neutron density

A traveling-wave reactor (TWR) is a type of nuclear reactor that nuclear engineers anticipate can convert fertile material into usable fuel through nuclear transmutation in tandem with the burnup of fissile material. TWRs differ from other kinds of fast-neutron and breeder reactors in their ability to use fuel efficiently without uranium enrichment or reprocessing, instead directly using depleted uranium, natural uranium, thorium, spent fuel removed from light water reactors, or some combination of these materials.

The name refers to the fact that fission does not occur throughout the entire TWR core, but remains confined to a boundary zone that slowly advances through the core over time. TWRs could theoretically run, self-sustained, for decades without refueling or removing any spent fuel from the reactor.

History

Traveling-wave reactors were first proposed in the 1950s and have been studied intermittently since that time. The concept of a reactor that could breed its own fuel inside the reactor core was initially proposed and studied in 1958 by Saveli Feinberg, who called it a "breed-and-burn" reactor.[1] Michael Driscoll published further research on the concept in 1979,[2] as did Lev Feoktistov in 1988,[3] Edward Teller/Lowell Wood in 1995,[4] Hugo van Dam in 2000,[5] and Hiroshi Sekimoto in 2001.[6]

Since 2001, the Travelling wave reactor was systematically discussed in INES 1, in 2004, INES-2 in 2006 and INES 3 in 2010 meetings in Japan, and was called "CANDLE" Reactor an abbreviation from Constant Axial shape of Neutron flux, nuclides densities and power shape During Life of Energy production reactor, as proposed by Sekimoto in 2001 and 2005, published in Progress in Nuclear Energy. In 2010 Popa-Simil publishes in INES-3 proceeding the paper "advanced Nuclear Reactor from Fiction to Reality", where he discuses the case of micho-hetero-structures improved Travelling Wave Reactor, further detailed in Plutonium Futures meeting,in 2010 the paper "Plutonium Breeding In Micro-Hetero Structures Enhances the Fuel Cycle", describing a TWR with deep burnout enhanced by plutonium fuel channels, and multiple fuel flow.

In 2010 a group from Terra Power applies for the patent EP 2324480 A1 following WO2010019199A1 "Heat pipe nuclear fission deflagration wave reactor cooling" where in order to be accepted calls the traveling or singular wave "deflagration" as is mooving with about 1-4 inch per year, and introduces the heat pipe cooling already applied in space reactors built at LANL and INL since 2000, or even earlier, using the flaws and weaknesses of USPTO. No TWR has yet been constructed, but in 2006, Intellectual Ventures launched a subsidiary named TerraPower, LLC to model and commercialize a working design of such a reactor, which has since come to be called a "traveling-wave reactor". TerraPower has developed TWR designs for low- to medium- (300 MWe) as well as high-power (~1000 MWe) generation facilities.[7] Bill Gates featured TerraPower in his 2010 TED talk.[8]

Reactor physics

Papers and presentations on the TerraPower TWR[9][10][11] describe a pool-type reactor cooled by liquid sodium. The reactor is fueled primarily by depleted uranium-238 "fertile fuel", but requires a small amount of enriched uranium-235 or other "fissile fuel" to initiate fission. Some of the fast-spectrum neutrons produced by fission are absorbed by neutron capture in adjacent fertile fuel (i.e. the non-fissile depleted uranium), which is "bred" into plutonium by the nuclear reaction:

23892U+01n→92239U→93239Np+β→94239Pu+β

Initially, the core is loaded with fertile material, with a few rods of fissile fuel concentrated in the central region. After the reactor is started, four zones form within the core: the depleted zone, which contains mostly fission products and leftover fuel; the fission zone, where fission of bred fuel takes place; the breeding zone, where fissile material is created by neutron capture; and the fresh zone, which contains unreacted fertile material. The energy-generating fission zone steadily advances through the core, effectively consuming fertile material in front of it and leaving spent fuel behind. Meanwhile, the heat released by fission is absorbed by the molten sodium and subsequently transferred into a closed-cycle aqueous loop, where electric power is generated by steam turbines.[10]

Fuel

Unlike light-water reactors (LWRs), TWRs use only a small amount (~10%) of enriched uranium-235 or other fissile fuel to initiate the nuclear reaction. The remainder of the fuel consists of natural or depleted uranium-238, which can generate power continuously for 40 years or more and remains sealed in the reactor vessel during that time.[11] TWRs require substantially less fuel per kilowatt-hour of electricity than do LWRs, owing to TWRs' higher fuel burnup, energy density and thermal efficiency. A TWR also accomplishes most of its reprocessing "on the fly"Template:Cn within the reactor core. Spent fuel can subsequently be recycled after simple "melt refining", without the chemical separation of plutonium that is required by other kinds of breeder reactors. These features greatly reduce fuel and waste volumes while enhancing proliferation resistance.[10]

Depleted uranium is widely available as a feedstock. Stockpiles in the United States currently contain approximately 700,000 metric tons of depleted uranium, which is left as a byproduct of the enrichment process.[12] TerraPower has estimated that the Paducah enrichment facility stockpile alone represents an energy resource equivalent to $100 trillion worth of electricity.[11] TerraPower has also estimated that wide deployment of TWRs could enable projected global stockpiles of depleted uranium to sustain 80% of the world's population at U.S. per capita energy usages for over a millennium.[13]

In principle, TWRs are capable of burning spent fuel from LWRs, which is currently discarded as radioactive waste. Spent LWR fuel is mostly depleted uranium and, in a TWR fast-neutron spectrum, the neutron absorption cross-section of fission products is several orders of magnitude smaller than in a LWR thermal-neutron spectrum. While such an approach could actually bring about an overall reduction in nuclear waste stockpiles, additional technical development would be required to realize this capability.

TWRs are also capable, in principle, of reusing their own fuel. In any given cycle of operation, only 20–35% of the fuel gets converted to an unusable form; the remaining metal constitutes usable fissile material. Recast and reclad into new driver pellets without chemical separations, this recycled fuel can be used to initiate fission in subsequent cycles of operation, thus displacing the need to enrich uranium altogether.

Traveling wave vs. standing wave

The breed-burn wave in TerraPower's TWR design does not move from one end of the reactor to the other[14] but gradually from the inside out. Moreover, as the fuel's composition changes through nuclear transmutation, fuel rods are continually reshuffled within the core to optimize the neutron flux and fuel usage at any given point in time. Thus, instead of letting the wave propagate through the fuel, the fuel itself is moved through a largely stationary burn wave. This is contrary to many media reports,[15] which have popularized the concept as a candle-like reactor with a burn region that moves down a stick of fuel. By replacing a static core configuration with an actively managed "standing wave" or "soliton", however, TerraPower's design avoids the problem of cooling a highly variable burn region. Under this scenario, the reconfiguration of fuel rods is accomplished remotely by robotic devices; the containment vessel remains closed during the procedure, and there is no associated downtime.

Concept criticism

Kirk Sorensen of Flibe Energy has criticized the TWR as "a particularly difficult implementation" of the fast breeder reactor, which he characterizes as "already hard to build in the first place." As well, he has emphasized the enormous difficulties and risks associated with the eventual nuclear decommissioning of a TWR reactor.[16] Dr. Robert Hargraves, who is on the Flibe Energy Board of Advisors,[17] lauded the goal of addressing energy poverty globally with the TWR, but briefly highlighted that its projected cost of energy production, "competitive with [conventional] nuclear power", wasn't as low as fossil fuels (e.g. coal).[18]

References

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External links

Template:Nuclear fission reactors

  1. ↑ S. M. Feinberg, "Discussion Comment", Rec. of Proc. Session B-10, ICPUAE, United Nations, Geneva, Switzerland (1958).
  2. ↑ M. J. Driscoll, B. Atefi, D. D. Lanning, "An Evaluation of the Breed/Burn Fast Reactor Concept", MITNE-229 (Dec. 1979).
  3. ↑ L. P. Feoktistov, "An analysis of a concept of a physically safe reactor", Preprint IAE-4605/4, in Russian, (1988).
  4. ↑ E. Teller, M. Ishikawa, and L. Wood, "Completely Automated Nuclear Reactors for Long-Term Operation" (Part I), Proc. of the Frontiers in Physics Symposium, American Physical Society and the American Association of Physics Teachers Texas Meeting, Lubbock, Texas, United States (1995); Edward Teller, Muriel Ishikawa, Lowell Wood, Roderick Hyde, John Nuckolls, "Completely Automated Nuclear Reactors for Long-Term Operation II : Toward A Concept-Level Point-Design Of A High-Temperature, Gas-Cooled Central Power Station System" (Part II), Proc. Int. Conf. Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems, ICENES'96, Obninsk, Russia (1996) UCRL-JC-122708-RT2.
  5. ↑ H. van Dam, "The Self-stabilizing Criticality Wave Reactor", Proc. Of the Tenth International Conference on Emerging Nuclear Energy Systems (ICENES 2000), p. 188, NRG, Petten, Netherlands (2000).
  6. ↑ H. Sekimoto, K. Ryu, and Y. Yoshimura, "CANDLE: The New Burnup Strategy", Nuclear Science and Engineering, 139, 1–12 (2001).
  7. ↑ K. Weaver, C. Ahlfeld, J. Gilleland, C. Whitmer and G. Zimmerman, "Extending the Nuclear Fuel Cycle with Traveling-Wave Reactors", Paper 9294, Proceedings of Global 2009, Paris, France, September 6–11, (2009).
  8. ↑ Template:Cite video
  9. ↑ R. Michal and E. M. Blake, "John Gilleland: On the traveling-wave reactor", Nuclear News, p. 30–32, September (2009).
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    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 55 years old Systems Administrator Antony from Clarence Creek, really loves learning, PC Software and aerobics. Likes to travel and was inspired after making a journey to Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace.

    You can view that web-site... ccleaner free download
  12. ↑ United States Department of Energy, "Depleted UF6 Inventory and Storage Locations". Accessed October 2009.
  13. ↑ L. Wood, T. Ellis, N. Myhrvold and R. Petroski, "Exploring The Italian Navigator's New World: Toward Economic, Full-Scale, Low Carbon, Conveniently-Available, Proliferation-Robust, Renewable Energy Resources", 42nd Session of the Erice International Seminars on Planetary Emergencies, Erice, Italy, 19024 August (2009).
  14. ↑ 55 years old Systems Administrator Antony from Clarence Creek, really loves learning, PC Software and aerobics. Likes to travel and was inspired after making a journey to Historic Ensemble of the Potala Palace.

    You can view that web-site... ccleaner free download
  15. ↑ Template:Cite news
  16. ↑ THORIUM REMIX 2011 (YouTube video; comments begin about 1:00:25)
  17. ↑ Board of Advisors :: Flibe Energy
  18. ↑ IThEO 2011 - New York - The Way Forward "Closing panel from IThEO 2011, International Thorium Energy Organisations annual conference which was held in New York" in October 2011. (YouTube video; Hargraves' comments begin about 29:30)
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