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| {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2013}}
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| {{Other people|Robert Rosen}}
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| {{Infobox scientist
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| |name = Robert Rosen
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| |birth_date = {{Birth date|df=yes|1934|6|27}}
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| |birth_place = [[Brooklyn]], [[New York]], [[United States]]
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| |death_date = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1998|12|28|1934|6|27}}
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| |death_place = [[Rochester, New York]], [[United States]]
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| |residence = [[United States]]
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| |citizenship = [[United States|American]]
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| |nationality = [[United States]]
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| |fields = [[Mathematical biology]], [[Quantum biology|Quantum genetics]], [[Biophysics]]
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| |alma_mater = [[University of Chicago]]
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| |academic_advisors = [[Nicolas Rashevsky]]
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| |workplaces = [[University at Buffalo, The State University of New York|State University of New York at Buffalo]]<br>[[Dalhousie University]]
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| |footnotes = [http://www.people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/bobrosen.gif Dr. Robert Rosen's photo]
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| }}
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| '''Robert Rosen''' (June 27, 1934 – December 28, 1998) was an [[United States|American]] theoretical [[biologist]] and Professor of [[Biophysics]] at [[Dalhousie University]].<ref>{{Cite journal
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| | last1 = Rosen | first1 = Robert
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| | doi = 10.1007/s10516-006-0001-6
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| | title = Autobiographical Reminiscences of Robert Rosen
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| | journal = Axiomathes
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| | volume = 16
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| | number = 1-2
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| | pages = 1–23
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| |date=March 2006
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| | quote = Complex Systems Biology and Life’s Logic in memory of Robert Rosen
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| }}<!-- Robert Rosen about his own educational background, his philosophy of science, and his general point of view. --></ref>
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| ==Career==
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| Rosen was born on June 27, 1934 in [[Brownsville, Brooklyn|Brownsville]] (a section of [[Brooklyn]]), in [[New York City]]. He studied biology, mathematics, physics, philosophy, and history; particularly, the history of science. In 1959 he obtained a PhD in [[relational biology]], a specialization within the broader field of [[Mathematical Biology]], under the guidance of Professor [[Nicolas Rashevsky]] at the [[University of Chicago]]. He remained at the University of Chicago until 1964,<ref name="rosen-enterprises1">[http://www.rosen-enterprises.com/RobertRosen/rrosenautobio.html "Autobiographical Reminiscences of Robert Rosen"].</ref> later moving to the University of Buffalo (now known as the [[State University of New York]] (SUNY)) at [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] on a full associate professorship, while holding a joint appointment at the [[Center for Theoretical Biology]].
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| His year-long sabbatical in 1970 as a Visiting Fellow at Robert Hutchins' [[Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions]] in [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]], California was seminal, leading to the conception and development of what he later called [[Anticipatory system|Anticipatory Systems]] Theory, itself a corollary of his larger theoretical work on relational complexity. In 1975, he left SUNY at Buffalo and accepted a position at [[Dalhousie University]], in [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]], [[Nova Scotia]], as a [[Killam Research Professor]] in the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, where he remained until he took early retirement in 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://communications.medicine.dal.ca/connection/feb1999/rosen.htm |title=In Memory of Dr. Robert Rosen |date=February 1999 |deadurl=no |accessdate=14 November 2013}}</ref> He is survived by his wife, a daughter, Judith Rosen, and two sons.
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| He served as president of the [[Society for General Systems Research]], (now known as ISSS), in 1980-81.
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| == Research ==
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| Rosen's research was concerned with the most fundamental aspects of biology, specifically the questions "What is life?" and "Why are living organisms alive?". A few of the major themes in his work were:
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| * developing a specific definition of [[complexity]] that is based on relations and, by extension, principles of organization
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| * developing [[Complex system biology|Complex Systems Biology]] from the point of view of Relational Biology as well as Quantum Genetics
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| * developing a rigorous theoretical foundation for living organisms as "anticipatory systems"
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| Rosen believed that the contemporary model of physics - which he thought to be based on an outdated [[Cartesian physics|Cartesian]] and [[Classical mechanics|Newtonian]] world of mechanisms - was inadequate to explain or describe the behavior of biological systems; that is, one could not properly answer the fundamental question "''What is life?''" from within a scientific foundation that is entirely [[reductionism|reductionistic]]. Approaching organisms with what he considered to be excessively reductionistic scientific methods and practices sacrifices the whole in order to study the parts. The whole, according to Rosen, could not be recaptured once the biological [[organization]] had been destroyed. By proposing a sound theoretical foundation via relational complexity for studying biological organisation, Rosen held that, rather than biology being a mere subset of the already known physics, it might turn out to provide profound lessons for physics, and also for science in general.<ref>{{Wayback |url=http://www.panmere.com/rosen/rosensum.htm |title=Robert Rosen -- Complexity & Life |date=20080315012840}}</ref>
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| === Relational biology ===
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| Rosen's work proposed a methodology that he called ''Relational Biology'' which needs to be developed in addition to the current reductionistic approaches to science by [[molecular biology|molecular biologists]]. ''Relational'' is a term he correctly attributes to [[Nicolas Rashevsky]] who published several papers on the importance of set-theoretical relations<ref>[http://planetphysics.org/encyclopedia/RelationTheory.html Jon Awbrey ''Relation theory'' (the logical approach to relation theory)]</ref> in biology prior to Rosen's first reports on this subject. Rosen's relational approach to Biology is an extension and amplification of Nicolas Rashevsky's treatment of [[n-ary relation]]s in, and among, [[organismic set]]s that he developed over two decades as a representation of both biological and social "organisms".
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| Rosen’s [[mathematical biology|relational biology]] maintains that organisms, and indeed all systems, have a distinct quality called ''[[organization]]'' which is not part of the language of reductionism, as for example in [[molecular biology]], although it is increasingly employed in [[systems biology]]. It has to do with more than purely structural or material aspects. For example, organization includes all relations between material parts, relations between the effects of interactions of the material parts, and relations with time and environment, to name a few. Many people sum up this aspect of [[complex systems]]<ref>{{Cite journal
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| | last1 = Baianu | first1 = I. C.
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| | doi = 10.1007/s10516-005-4204-z
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| | title = Robert Rosen's Work and Complex Systems Biology
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| | journal = Axiomathes
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| | volume = 16
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| |number = 1-2
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| | pages = 25–34
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| |date=March 2006
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| | quote = Complex Systems Biology and Life’s Logic in memory of Robert Rosen
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| }}</ref> by saying that ''the whole is more than the sum of the parts''. Relations between parts and between the effects of interactions must be considered as additional 'relational' parts, in some sense.
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| Rosen said that [[organization]] must be independent from the material particles which seemingly constitute a [[living system]]. As he put it:
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| {{quote | The human body completely changes the matter it is made of roughly every 8 weeks, through [[metabolism]], replication and repair. Yet, you're still you --with all your memories, your personality... If science insists on chasing particles, they will follow them right through an [[organism]] and miss the organism entirely.
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| |Robert Rosen|(as told to his daughter, Ms. Judith Rosen<ref name="rosen-enterprises1"/>)}}
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| Rosen's abstract relational biology approach focuses on a definition of living organisms, and all [[complex system]]s, in terms of their internal ''organization'' as [[Open system (systems theory)|open system]]s that cannot be reduced to their interacting components because of the multiple relations between metabolic, replication and repair components that govern the organism's complex biodynamics.
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| He deliberately chose the `simplest' [[graph (mathematics)|graph]]s and categories for his representations of Metabolism-Repair Systems in small categories of sets endowed only with the discrete topology of sets, envisaging this choice as the most general and less restrictive. It turns out however that the categories of <math>(M{,}R)</math>-systems {{clarify|date=September 2013}} are [[Cartesian closed]],<ref>[http://www.people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/PPRISS3.html Donald C. Mikulecky Robert Rosen: The well posed question and its answer - Why are organisms different from machines?]</ref> and may be considered in a very strict mathematical sense as subcategories of the [[category (mathematics)|category]] of sequential machines or [[automata]]: a somewhat ironical vindication of the French philosopher [[Descartes]]' supposition that all animals are only elaborate machines or ''mechanisms''. The latter, mechanistic view prevails even today in most of general biology, but no longer in [[sociology]] and [[psychology]] where reductionist approaches have failed and fallen out of favour since the early 1970s. | |
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| === Complexity and complex scientific models ===
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| The clarification of the distinction between simple and [[complex system|complex scientific models]] became in later years a major goal of Rosen's published reports. Rosen maintained that modeling is at the very essence of science and thought. His book ''Anticipatory Systems'' {{citation needed|date=September 2013}} describes, in detail, what he termed the ''modeling relation''. He showed the deep differences between a true modeling relation and a [[simulation]], the latter not based on such a modeling relation.
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| In [[mathematical biology]] he is known as the originator of a [[Class (biology)|class]] of relational models of living [[organism]]s, called <math>(M{,}R)</math>-systems that he devised to capture the minimal capabilities that a material [[system]] would need in order to be one of the simplest ''functional organisms'' that are commonly said to be "alive". In this kind of system, <math>M</math> stands for the metabolic and <math>R</math> stands for the 'repair' subsystems of a simple organism, for example active 'repair' RNA molecules. Thus, his mode for determining or "defining" life in any given system is a functional, not material, mode; although he did consider in his 1970s published reports specific ''dynamic realizations'' of the simplest <math>(M{,}R)</math>-systems in terms of enzymes (<math>M</math>), [[RNA]] (<math>R</math>), and functional, duplicating [[DNA]] (his <math>\beta</math>-mapping).
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| He went, however, even farther in this direction by claiming that when studying a [[complex system]], one ''"can throw away the matter and study the organization order"'' to learn those things that are essential to defining in general an entire class of systems. This has been, however, taken too literally by a few of his former students who have not completely assimilated Robert Rosen's injunction of the need for a theory of ''dynamic realizations'' of such abstract components in specific molecular form in order to close the modeling loop {{clarify|date=September 2013}} for the simplest functional organisms (such as, for example, single-cell algae or [[microorganisms]]).<ref>Robert Rosen. 1970. ''Dynamical Systems Theory in Biology'', New York: Wiley Interscience.</ref> He supported this claim (that he actually attributed to [[Nicolas Rashevsky]]) based on the fact that living organisms are a class of systems with an extremely wide range of material "ingredients", different structures, different habitats, different modes of living and [[reproduction]], and yet we are somehow able to recognize them all as ''living'', or functional organisms, without being however ''[[vitalism|vitalist]]s''.
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| His approach, just like Rashevsky's latest theories of [[organismic sets]],<ref>Rashevsky, N.: 1965, "The Representation of Organisms in Terms of (logical) Predicates.", Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 27: 477-491.</ref><ref>Rashevsky, N.: 1969, "Outline of a Unified Approach to Physics, Biology and Sociology.", Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics 31: 159-198.</ref> emphasizes [[biological organization]] over [[molecular structure]] in an attempt to bypass the ''[[structure-functionality relationship]]s'' that are important to all experimental biologists, including [[physiology|physiologists]]. In contrast, a study of the specific material details of any given organism, or even of a type of organisms, will only tell us about how that type of organism "does it". Such a study doesn't approach what is common to all functional organisms, i.e. "life". Relational approaches to theoretical biology would therefore allow us to study organisms in ways that preserve those essential qualities that we are trying to learn about, and that are common only to ''functional'' organisms.
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| Robert Rosen's approach belongs conceptually to what is now known as [[Functional genomics|Functional Biology]], as well as [[Systems biology|Complex Systems Biology]], ''albeit'' in a highly abstract, mathematical form.
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| === Quantum Biochemistry and Quantum Genetics ===
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| Rosen also questioned what he believed to be many aspects of mainstream interpretations of [[biochemistry]] and [[genetics]]. He objects to the idea that functional aspects in biological systems can be investigated via a material focus. One example: Rosen disputes that the functional capability of a biologically active [[protein]] can be investigated purely using the genetically encoded sequence of [[amino acid]]s. This is because, he said, a protein must undergo a process of folding to attain its characteristic three-dimensional shape before it can become functionally active in the system. Yet, only the [[amino acid sequence]] is genetically coded. The mechanisms by which proteins fold are not completely known. He concluded, based on examples such as this, that [[phenotype]] cannot always be directly attributed to [[genotype]] and that the chemically active aspect of a biologically active protein relies on more than the sequence of amino acids, from which it was constructed: there must be some other important factors at work, that he did not however attempt to specify or pin down.
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| Certain questions about Rosen's mathematical arguments were raised in a paper authored by Christopher Landauer and Kirstie L. Bellman which claimed that some of the mathematical formulations used by Rosen are problematic from a logical viewpoint. It is perhaps worth noting, however, that such issues were also raised long time ago by [[Bertrand Russel]] and [[Alfred North Whitehead]] in their famous ''[[Principia Mathematica]]'' in relation to [[Antinomy|antinomies]] of [[set theory]]. As Rosen's mathematical formulation in his earlier papers was also based on [[set theory]] and the [[category of sets]] such issues have naturally re-surfaced. However, these issues have now been addressed by Robert Rosen in his recent book ''Life, Itself'', published posthumously in 2000. Furthermore, such basic problems of mathematical formulations of '''<math>(M{,}R)</math>'''--systems had already been resolved by other authors as early as 1973 by utilizing the [[Yoneda lemma]] in [[category theory]], and the associated [[functor]]ial construction in categories with (mathematical) structure.<ref>I.C. Baianu: 1973, Some Algebraic Properties of '''<math>(M{,}R)</math>''' - Systems. ''Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics'' '''35''', 213-217.</ref><ref>I.C. Baianu and M. Marinescu: 1974, A Functorial Construction of '''<math>(M{,}R)</math>'''- Systems. ''Revue Roumaine de Mathematiques Pures et Appliquees'' '''19''': 388-391.</ref> Such general [[category theory|category-theoretic]] extensions of '''<math>(M{,}R)</math>'''-systems that avoid [[Paradoxes of set theory|set theory paradox]]es are based on [[William Lawvere]]'s categorical approach and its extensions to [[higher-dimensional algebra]]. The mathematical and logical extension of '' metabolic-replication systems'' to generalized '''<math>(M{,}R)</math>'''-systems, or ''G-MR'', also involved a series of acknowledged letters exchanged between Robert Rosen and the latter authors during 1967—1980s, as well as letters exchanged with Nicolas Rashevsky up to 1972.
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| ''Life, Itself'' and also his subsequent book ''Essays on Life Itself'', discuss also rather critically certain quantum genetics issues such as those introduced by Erwin Schrödinger in his famous early 1945 book [[What Is Life?]].<ref>''Note, by Judith Rosen, who owns the copyrights to her father's books:'' Some of the confusion is due to known errata introduced into the book, Life, Itself, by the publisher. For example, the diagram that refers to <math>(M{,}R)</math>-Systems has more than one error; errors which do not exist in Rosen's manuscript for the book. These errata were made known to Columbia University Press when the company switched from hardcover to paperback version of the book (in 2006) but the errors were not corrected and remain in the paperback version as well. The book ''Anticipatory Systems; Philosophical, Mathematical, and Methodological Foundations'' has the same diagram, correctly represented.</ref>
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| == See also ==
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| * [http://users.viawest.net/~keirsey/rosenbiblio.html A Bibliography of Robert Rosen's publications.]
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| * [[system theory]]
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| ** [http://pespmc1.vub.ac.be/CSTHINK.html Cybernetics and Systems Thinkers] overview by the [[Principia Cybernetica]] Web.
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| ** [[Society for General Systems Research]]
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| * [[Mathematical biology]] and [[Mathematical biology|Mathematical biophysics]]
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| ** [[Nicolas Rashevsky]]
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| ** [[Category theory]]
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| ** [[Category of sets]]
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| ** [[Society for Mathematical Biology]]
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| * [[Complex systems]]
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| ** [[systems biology|Complex Systems Biology]]
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| * [[Quantum biology]]
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| ** [[Quantum mechanics|Quantum Genetics]]
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| ** [[Quantum chemistry|Quantum Biochemistry]]
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| * [[philosophy of science]]
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| ** [[What Is Life?]]
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| ** [[Ontology]]
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| ** [[Autopoiesis]]
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| * [[What Is Life?]]
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| == Publications ==
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| Rosen has written several books and articles. A selection of his published books is as follows:
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| * 1970, ''Dynamical Systems Theory in Biology'' New York: Wiley Interscience.
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| * 1970, ''Optimality Principles'', Rosen Enterprises
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| * 1978, ''Fundamentals of Measurement and Representation of Natural Systems'', Elsevier Science Ltd,
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| * 1985, ''Anticipatory Systems: Philosophical, Mathematical and Methodological Foundations''. Pergamon Press.
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| * 1991, ''Life Itself: A Comprehensive Inquiry into the Nature, Origin, and Fabrication of Life'', Columbia University Press
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| Published posthumously:
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| * 2000, ''Essays on Life Itself'', Columbia University Press.
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| * 2003, "Anticipatory Systems; Philosophical, Mathematical, and Methodological Foundations", Rosen Enterprises
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| * 2003, ''Rosennean Complexity'', Rosen Enterprises.
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| * 2003, ''The Limits of the Limits Of Science'', Rosen Enterprises
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| * 2012, "[[Anticipatory Systems; Philosophical, Mathematical, and Methodological Foundations]], 2nd Edition, Springer
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| == Notes ==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| ==References==
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| * Baianu, I. C.: 2006, "Robert Rosen's Work and Complex Systems Biology", ''Axiomathes'' '''16'''(1-2):25-34.
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| * Baianu, I.C.: 1970, "Organismic Supercategories: II. On Multistable Systems.", ''Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics'', '''32''': 539-561.
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| * Elsasser, M.W.: 1981, "A Form of Logic Suited for Biology.", In: Robert, Rosen, ed., ''Progress in Theoretical Biology'', Volume '''6''', Academic Press, New York and London, pp 23–62.
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| * Rashevsky, N.: 1965, "The Representation of Organisms in Terms of (logical) Predicates.", ''Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics'' '''27''': 477-491.
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| * Rashevsky, N.: 1969, "Outline of a Unified Approach to Physics, Biology and Sociology.", ''Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics'' '''31''': 159-198.
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| * Rosen, R. 1960. "A quantum-theoretic approach to genetic problems.", ''Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics'', '''22''': 227-255.
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| * Rosen, R.: 1958a, "A Relational Theory of Biological Systems". ''Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics'' '''20''': 245-260.
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| * Rosen, R.: 1958b, "The Representation of Biological Systems from the Standpoint of the Theory of Categories.",'' Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics'' '''20''': 317-341.
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| * "''Reminiscences of Nicolas Rashevsky''". (Late) 1972. by Robert Rosen.
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| == External links ==
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| * [http://proceedings.aip.org/resource/2/apcpcs/627/1/59_1 ''Theoretical Biology: Organisms and Mechanisms''], a paper by Christopher Landauer and Kirstie L. Bellman criticising some of Rosen's mathematical formulations, followed by attempts to improve the formulations.
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| * [http://planetphysics.org/encyclopedia/RelationTheory.html Jon Awbrey "Relation theory" (the logical approach to relation theory)]
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| * [http://planetphysics.org/encyclopedia/RobertRosen.html Robert Rosen's Biography]
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| * [http://www.panmere.com/?page_id=10 Panmere website on Rosennean Complexity]: "''Judith Rosen's website provides free biographical information, discussions of her father's work, and also free reprints of Robert Rosen's work''".
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| * [http://www.panmere.com/ ''Robert Rosen: Complexity and Life''] A website exploring the work of Rosen.
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| * [http://www.people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/PPRISS3.html ''Robert Rosen: The well posed question and its answer: why are organisms different from machines?''] An essay by Donald C. Mikulecky.
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| * [http://www.people.vcu.edu/~mikuleck/Rosenreq.html Robert Rosen: June 27, 1934 — December 30, 1998] by Aloisius Louie.
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| * [http://www.rosen-enterprises.com/RobertRosen/rrosenautobio.html Autobiographical Reminiscences of Robert Rosen]
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| * [http://www.smb.org/ The Society for Mathematical Biology]
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| * [http://www.springerlink.com/content/fk37800274466085/ "Autobiographical Reminiscences of Robert Rosen", ''Axiomathes'' (2006). Volume '''16''', Numbers 1-2/ March, 2006, {{doi|10.1007/s10516-006-0001-6}}, pages 1-23]; ''Robert Rosen about his own educational background, his philosophy of science, and his general point of view.''
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| * [http://www.springerlink.com/content/n8gw445012267381/ "Robert Rosen’s Work and Complex Systems Biology." ''Axiomathes'' (2006) Volume 16, Numbers 1-2 / March, 2006 {{doi|10.1007/s10516-005-4204-z}}, pages 25-34.]- A tribute to Robert Rosen by I.C. Baianu, (Editor of Axiomathes- Special Robert Rosen and Complexity Issue in 2006), Springer: Berlin and New York.
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| * [http://www.springerlink.com/content/x513p402w52w1128/ "The Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics"]
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| {{Society for General Systems Research Presidents}}
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| {{Persondata <!-- Metadata: see [[Wikipedia:Persondata]]. -->
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| | NAME = Rosen, Robert
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| | ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
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| | SHORT DESCRIPTION = American theoretical biologist
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| | DATE OF BIRTH = June 27, 1934
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| | PLACE OF BIRTH = [[New York]], [[USA]]
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| | DATE OF DEATH = December 28, 1998
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| | PLACE OF DEATH = [[Rochester, New York]], [[United States]]
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| }}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:Rosen, Robert}}
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| [[Category:1934 births]]
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| [[Category:1998 deaths]]
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| [[Category:Dalhousie University faculty]]
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| [[Category:Systems scientists]]
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| [[Category:Theoretical biologists]]
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