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| {{about|the shape|the cough tablets|Throat lozenge|the heraldic element|Lozenge (heraldry)}}
| | 48 year-old Complementary Health Specialist Timothy from Fenelon Falls, loves to spend time parachuting, diet and kids. Recently took some time to visit San Cristóbal de La Laguna. |
| {{redirect|◊||Diamond (disambiguation)}}
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| [[File:Rhombus.png|thumb|Lozenge]]
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| {{Punctuation marks|◊}}
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| A '''lozenge''' ('''◊'''), often referred to as a '''diamond''', is a form of [[rhombus]]. The definition of lozenge is not strictly fixed, and it is sometimes used simply as a synonym (from the [[French language|French]] ''losange'') for rhombus. Most often, though, lozenge refers to a thin rhombus—a rhombus with acute angles of 45°.<ref name="Mathworld">[http://mathworld.wolfram.com/Lozenge.html Definition of lozenge at Mathworld web site]</ref> The lozenge shape is often used in [[parquetry]] and as [[decorative art|decoration]] on [[ceramics (art)|ceramics]], [[Silver (household)|silverware]] and [[textile]]s. It also features in [[heraldry]] and [[Suit (cards)|playing cards]].
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| ==Symbolism==
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| [[File:Moforlogiaagrária.jpg|thumb|left|Sown fields in an [[open field system]] of farming.]]
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| The lozenge motif dates as far back as the [[Neolithic]] and [[Paleolithic art|Paleolithic]] period in [[Eastern Europe]] and represents a [[sown]] [[Field (agriculture)|field]] and female [[fertility]].<ref>{{cite book | first=Linda | last=Welters | title=Folk dress in Europe and Anatolia: beliefs about protection and fertility | publisher = Berg |year= 1999 | pages = 16–21 | isbn = 1-85973-282-8 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=35oIbNIIn-8C&pg=PA16&lpg=PA16&dq=lozenge+in+Ukrainian+embroidery#v=onepage&q=lozenge%20in%20Ukrainian%20embroidery&f=false}}</ref> The ancient lozenge pattern often shows up in [[Diamond vault]] architecture, in traditional dress patterns of [[Slavic peoples]], and in traditional [[Ukrainian embroidery]]. The lozenge pattern also appears extensively in [[Celtic art]], art from the [[Ottoman Empire]], and ancient [[Phrygia]]n art.<ref>{{cite book | first=Gilbert | last=Sams | title=The early Phrygian pottery | publisher = Science Press |year= 1994 | pages = 151 | isbn = 0924171189 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=KhBQCbBi-64C&pg=PA151&dq=lozenge#v=onepage&q=lozenge&f=false}}</ref>
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| The lozenge symbolism is one of the main female symbols in [[Berber people|Berber]] carpets.<ref>Berber Carpets of Morocco: The Symbols Origin and Meaning, by [[Bruno Barbatti]], ACR Edition, ISBN 978-2-86770-184-9.</ref>
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| Common Berber jewelry from the [[Aurès Mountains]] or [[Kabylie]] in Algeria also uses this pattern as a female fertility sign.
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| In 1658, the English philosopher [[Sir Thomas Browne]] published ''[[The Garden of Cyrus]]'' subtitled ''The Quincunciall Lozenge, or Network Plantations of the Ancients'' where he outlined the [[mysticism|mystical]] interconnection of [[art]], [[nature]] and the [[Universe]]. He suggested that ancient plantations used the [[quincunx]] pattern that revealed the "mystical mathematics of the city of Heaven"<ref>{{cite book | first=Charles | last=Moore | title=The Poetics of Gardens | publisher = The MIT Press |year= 1988 | pages = 161 | isbn = 0262631539 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=wnKiKy9_2u4C&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=quincuncial+lozenge#v=onepage&q=quincuncial%20lozenge&f=false}}</ref> and proof of the wisdom of [[God]].
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| Lozenges appear as [[symbols]] in [[Classical element|ancient classic element systems]], in [[amulets]], and in [[religious symbolism]]. In a [[Suit (cards)|suit]] of [[playing cards]], ''diamonds'' is in the shape of a lozenge.
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| ==Encodings==
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| In [[Unicode]], the lozenge is encoded in multiple variants:
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| * {{unichar|2311|SQUARE LOZENGE|html=}}
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| * {{unichar|25CA|Lozenge|nlink=|html=}}<ref>http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U25A0.pdf</ref>
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| * {{unichar|2662|WHITE DIAMOND SUIT|nlink=♢|html=}}
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| * {{unichar|2666|BLACK DIAMOND SUIT|nlink=♦|html=}}
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| * {{unichar|27E0|LOZENGE DIVIDED BY HORIZONTAL RULE|nlink=⟠|html=}}
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| * {{unichar|29EB|BLACK LOZENGE|html=}}
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| * {{unichar|2B27|WHITE MEDIUM LOZENGE|html=}}
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| * {{unichar|2B28|BLACK MEDIUM LOZENGE|html=}}
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| * {{unichar|2B2A|WHITE SMALL LOZENGE|html=}}
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| * {{unichar|2B2B|BLACK SMALL LOZENGE|html=}}
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| In IBM 026 [[punched card]] code it is ⌑ (12-8-4),<ref>http://www.columbia.edu/cu/computinghistory/026.html</ref> [[DOS]] [[code page 437]] (at character code 4)<ref>{{cite book | first=Esko | last=Valtanen | title=DOS-OPAS | publisher = Teknolit |year= 1990 | pages = 649 | isbn = 952-90-1220-9}}</ref> and [[Mac-Roman]].<br/>
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| The [[LaTeX]] command for the lozenge is <code>\lozenge</code>.
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| ==Applications==
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| ===Modal logic===
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| In [[modal logic]], the lozenge expresses that there is "possibility." For example, the expression <math>\lozenge P</math> expresses that it is possible that <math>P</math> is true.
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| ===Mathematics===
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| In [[axiomatic set theory]], the lozenge refers to the principles known collectively as [[diamondsuit]].
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| ===Camouflage===
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| [[File:Fokker D VII.jpg|thumb|250px|A [[Fokker D.VII]] shows a four-color ''Lozenge-Tarnung'' (lozenge camouflage)]]
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| {{Main|Lozenge camouflage}}
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| During the [[World War I|First World War]], the [[Germany|Germans]] developed ''Lozenge-Tarnung'' ([[lozenge camouflage]]).<ref>http://www.wwiaviation.com/lozenge.html</ref> This camouflage was made up of colored [[polygon]]s of four or five colors. The repeating patterns often used irregular four-, five- and six-sided polygons, but some contained regular rhombi or hexagons. Because painting such a pattern was very time consuming, and the paint added considerably to the weight of the aircraft, the pattern was printed on fabric. This pre-printed fabric was used from 1916 until the end of the war, in various forms and colours.
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| ===Heraldry===
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| {{main|Lozenge (heraldry)}}
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| The lozenge in [[heraldry]] is a diamond-shaped [[charge (heraldry)|charge]], usually somewhat narrower than it is tall. A '''mascle''' is a voided lozenge—that is, a lozenge with a lozenge-shaped hole in the middle—and the rarer '''rustre''' is a lozenge containing a circular hole. A field covered in a pattern of lozenges is described as '''lozengy'''; a similar field of mascles is '''masculy'''.
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| ===Cough tablets===
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| {{main|Throat lozenge}}
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| Cough tablets have taken the name lozenge, based on their original shape. According to the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' the first use of this sense was in 1530.
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| In Finland, the lozenge is associated with [[salmiak]], through Apteekin Salmiakki. Thus, the lozenge is commonly called ''salmiakkikuvio'' "salmiak shape". The pattern is often used even if the candy is not actually lozenge-shaped.
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| ===U.S. Military===
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| To implement 10 U.S.C 773, the Secretary of the Navy has prescribed the
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| following distinctive mark for wear by members of military societies which
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| are composed entirely of honorably discharged officers and enlisted
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| personnel, or by the instructors and members of duly organized cadet corps.
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|
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| The distinctive mark will be a diamond, 3-1/2 inches long by two
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| inches wide, of any cloth material. A white distinctive mark will be worn on
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| blue, green, or khaki clothing; and a blue distinctive mark will be worn on
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| white clothing.
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|
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| The distinctive mark will be worn on all outer clothing on the right
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| sleeve, at the point of the shoulder, the upper tip of the diamond to be 1/4
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| inch below the shoulder seam.
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| The lozenge is also used in the U.S. [[United States Army|Army]], [[United States Marine Corps|Marine Corps]], and [[United States Air Force|Air Force]] on the insignia of their respective [[First Sergeant]]s.
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| They are also used in the [[Junior Reserve Officers' Training Corps|Junior ROTC]] and the Cadet Program in the [[Civil Air Patrol]], for Cadet Officers corresponding to the military pay grades of O-4 to O-6 (C/Major, C/Lieutenant Colonel, and C/Colonel).
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| ===Finnish Defence Forces===
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| In [[Finnish military ranks]], the lozenge is found in the insignia of conscript officer students (one lozenge) and conscript officer cadets (two lozenges).
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| ===Transportation===
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| [[File:Bicycle lane sign.svg|thumb|left|[[Bicycle lane]] sign]]
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| The lozenge (technically a mascle) can be used on public roadways in the United States and Canada to mark a specific lane for a particular use. The lane will usually be painted with a lozenge at a regular interval, and signage will be installed to indicate the restrictions on using the lane. This marking is most often used to denote [[high-occupancy vehicle lane]]s or [[bus lane]]s, with accompanying signage reading "◊ HOV LANE" or "◊ BUS LANE" and giving the requirements for a vehicle to be accepted. Prior to 17 January 2006, lozenges could also be used to mark bicycle-only lanes, often in conjunction with a bicycle icon.<ref>[http://mutcd.fhwa.dot.gov/kno-compliance.htm "Phase-In Compliance Periods, Section 9B.04 Bicycle Lane Signs"] Retrieved on 2009-01-17.</ref> In New Zealand and Japan, a lozenge marked in white paint on the road indicates an upcoming uncontrolled pedestrian crossing.
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| {{-}}
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| ==Imagery==
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| <gallery>
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| Image:Museum of Anatolian Civilizations068.jpg|Phrygian art, 7th Century BC
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| Image:MotherGoddessFertility.JPG|[[Cucuteni-Trypillian culture|Cucuteni-Trypillian]] figurine with sown field pattern
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| Image:Lozenge.jpg|[[Bush Barrow]] Lozenge [[British Bronze Age]]
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| Image:Antique oushak carpet with a pale red and green tone.jpg|[[Ushak carpet]], [[Ottoman Empire]]
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| Image:Yantprapidta.JPG|[[Khatha]], sacred [[Yantra]] amulet from [[Thailand]]
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| Image:Ashthalakshmi - Star of Laxmi.svg|[[Hindu]] [[Star of Lakshmi]]
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| Image:ROUB EL HIZB 06DE.svg|[[Muslim]] [[Rub el Hizb]]
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| Image:2152085cab.png|[[Magic squares]] were used as [[amulets]]
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| Image:Talis02.png|[[Grimoire]] manuscripts originated in [[Mesopotamia]]
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| Image:Qur'an 4475.jpg|[[Arabic]] manuscript [[China]], 16th Century
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| Image:Carolus Magnus denarus Tarvisii.jpg|[[Charlemagne]] coins, [[French denier|denier]] or denaro ca. 771-793
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| Image:Dish with floral lozenge from the Belitung shipwreck, ArtScience Museum, Singapore - 20110618.jpg|[[Belitung shipwreck]], [[Tang Dynasty]] ca.825
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| Image:Berezhany- (267).jpg|Traditional sown field pattern of [[Western Ukraine]]
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| Image:Armenian rug-9 Kazak.jpg|[[Armenia]]n tapestry
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| Image:RR 02.png|[[Rongorongo]] [[proto-writing]], possible [[lunar calendar]] calculating device
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| Image:Epigonation (1911).jpg|[[Epigonation]] in [[Eastern Christianity]]
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| Image:Four elements representation.svg|[[Greece|Greek]] [[Classical element]]s
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| Image:COAabbess.png|In [[Ecclesiastical heraldry]] [[Lozenge (heraldry)|lozenge shape]] is reserved for females
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| Image:WASPbadge.jpg|[[Women Airforce Service Pilots Badge]]
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| Image:Flag of Belarus.svg|National flag of [[Belarus]] with sown field pattern
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| Image:Arms of Catherine Middleton.svg|[[Coat of arms]] [[Lozenge (heraldry)|lozenge shape]] is reserved for females
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| Image:White d a.svg|[[Ace of diamonds]]
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| Image:Peterpaul sfbgewoelbe.JPG|[[Diamond vault]] in German architecture
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| Image:Ledringhem-runes.jpg|''Rune''-shaped designs (five-lozenges cross and heart) on the gable of [[Ledringhem]]'s church
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| </gallery>
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| ==See also==
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| {{Wiktionary|lozenge}}
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| * [[Petrosomatoglyph]] Lozenges as symbols in prehistory.
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| * [[Píča]] is a similar symbol.
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| * [[Throat lozenge]]
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| [[Category:Quadrilaterals]]
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| [[Category:Logic symbols]]
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48 year-old Complementary Health Specialist Timothy from Fenelon Falls, loves to spend time parachuting, diet and kids. Recently took some time to visit San Cristóbal de La Laguna.