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| {{Infobox number
| | Wilber Berryhill is what his spouse enjoys to contact him and he completely enjoys this title. She is truly fond of caving but she doesn't have the time recently. He works as a bookkeeper. Some time in the past she selected to live in Alaska and her mothers and fathers reside nearby.<br><br>my weblog clairvoyants ([http://olpsn.com/groups/follow-this-excellent-article-about-hobbies-to-assist-you-to/members/ olpsn.com]) |
| | number = 108
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| | divisor = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 27, 36, 54, 108
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| }}
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| '''108''' ('''one hundred [and] eight''') is the [[natural number]] following [[107 (number)|107]] and preceding [[109 (number)|109]].
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| == In mathematics ==
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| 108 (or nine [[dozen]]) is an [[abundant number]] and a [[semiperfect number]]. It is a [[Tetranacci numbers|tetranacci number]].
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| 108 is the [[hyperfactorial]] of [[3 (number)|3]] since it is of the form <math>1^1 \cdot 2^2 \cdot 3^3</math>.
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| 108 is divisible by the value of its [[Euler's totient function|φ function]], which is 36. 108 is also divisible by the total number of its divisors (12), hence it is a [[refactorable number]].
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| In [[Euclidean space]], the interior angles of a regular [[pentagon]] measure 108 degrees each.
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| There are 108 free [[polyomino]]es of order 7.
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| In [[base 10]], it is a [[Harshad number]] and a [[self number]].
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| The equation <math>2\sin\left(\frac{108^\circ}{2}\right) = \phi </math> results in the [[golden ratio]].
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| == Religion and the arts ==
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| The number 108 is considered sacred by several Eastern religions, such as [[Hinduism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Jainism]], connected [[yoga]] and [[dharma]] based practices. The individual digits comprising 108; 1, 0, and 8 represent one thing, nothing, and everything (infinity), representing the belief of the ultimate reality of the universe as being (paradoxically) simultaneously [[Monism|one]], [[Śūnyatā|emptiness]], and [[infinity|infinite]].{{dubious|date=July 2012}}
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| === Hinduism ===
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| Mukhya Shivaganas are 108 in number and hence all Shaiva sects majorly [[Lingayat]]s use 108 [[rudraksha]] beaded lace for japa. Also they recite supreme lord [[Shiva]]'s 108(AshtaaShatanaamaavaLi) names daily during their morning Shivapuja.<br/>
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| In [[Gaudiya Vaishnavism]], there are 108 [[gopi]]s of [[Vrindavan]]. Recital of these names, often accompanied by the counting of a 108-beaded [[Japa Mala|mala]], is considered sacred and often done during religious ceremonies. The recital is called namajapa. Accordingly, a [[japa]] mala usually has beads for 108 repetitions of a [[mantra]].
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| Srivaishnavism has 108 Divya Kshetras of Lord Vishnu, called as 108 DivyaDesam.
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| The well known bas-relief carving at the famous [[Angkor Wat]] temple in Cambodia relates the Hindu story of a serpent being pulled back and forth by 108 gods and asuras (demons), 54 gods pulling one way, and 54 asuras pulling the other, to churn the [[ocean of milk]] in order to produce the elixir of immortality. According to the Oriental Architecture site there are 5 monumental guardian gates to the fortified temple city of Angkor Thom.<ref>http://www.orientalarchitecture.com/cambodia/angkor/angkorthom.php</ref> In front of each gate stand giant statues of 54 gods (to the left of the causeway) and 54 demons (to the right of the causeway) which represent the churning of the ocean.
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| === Buddhism ===
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| Likewise, [[Tibetan Buddhist]] malas or rosaries (Tib. ཕྲེང་བ Wyl. phreng ba, "Trengwa") are usually 108 beads;<ref>Chapter 5 of 'Generating the Deity' ISBN 1-55939-055-7</ref> sometimes 111 including the [[guru]] bead(s), reflecting the words of the [[Buddha]] called in [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] the [[Kangyur]] (Wylie: Bka'-'gyur) in 108 volumes.
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| [[Zen]] priests wear [[juzu]] (a ring of prayer beads) around their wrists, which consists of 108 beads.<ref name=Goodin/>
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| [[File:Japa mala (prayer beads) of Tulasi wood with 108 beads - 20040101-02.jpg|thumb|250px|[[Japa mala]], or ''japa beads'', made from [[tulasi]] wood, consisting of 108 beads plus the head bead.]]
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| The [[Lankavatara Sutra]] has a section where the Bodhisattva Mahamati asks Buddha 108 questions<ref>''The Lankavatara Sutra'' translated by Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki, Chapter Two, Section II,[http://lirs.ru/do/lanka_eng/lanka-nondiacritical.htm]</ref> and another section where Buddha lists 108 statements of negation in the form of "A statement concerning X is not statement concerning X".<ref>''The Lankavatara Sutra'' translated by Daisetz Teitaro Suzuki, Chapter Two, Section III,[http://lirs.ru/do/lanka_eng/lanka-nondiacritical.htm]</ref> In a footnote, D.T. Suzuki explains that the Sanskrit word translated as "statement" is ''pada'' which can also mean "foot-step" or "a position." This confusion over the word "pada" explains why some have mistakenly held that the reference to 108 statements in the Lankavatara refer to the 108 steps that many temples have.<ref name=Jyotpaul>[http://www.tempewingchun.com/docs/108_steps.pdf 108 STEPS: The Sino-Indian Connection in the Martial Arts by Joyotpaul Chaudhuri....]
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| </ref>
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| In some schools of [[Buddhism]] it is believed that there are 108 feelings. According to [[Henepola Gunaratana|Bhante Gunaratana]]<ref>Bhante Gunaratana, Four Foundations of Mindfulness in Plain English 2012, Wisdom Publications page 86</ref> this number is reached by multiplying the senses smell, touch, taste, hearing, sight, and consciousness by whether they are painful, pleasant or neutral, and then again by whether these are internally generated or externally occurring, and yet again by past, present and future, finally we get 108 feelings. 6 × 3 × 2 × 3 = 108. In [[Japan]], at the end of the year, a bell is chimed 108 times in Buddhist temples to finish the old year and welcome the new one. Each ring represents one of 108 earthly temptations a person must overcome to achieve [[nirvana]].
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| === In Jewish culture and numerology ===
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| Jews often give gifts and charitable donations in multiples of the number 18, associated with the Hebrew word 'chai(חי)', meaning 'alive', 'living', or 'life'. ''See [[Chai (symbol)]].'' The number 108 is both a multiple of 18 (6 times 18) and it contains the numbers 1 and 8 that comprise the number 18.
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| === Pop culture ===
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| The number 108 is one of many numeric motifs in the American television programme ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'', which includes some references to Buddhism. For example, the sum of "the numbers" (4, 8, 15, 16, 23, and 42) is 108, and "the numbers" must be entered into a computer every 108 minutes. 108 is also the number of days "the Oceanic 6" have spent on the island. And Jacob tells Hurley to rotate the mirror in the lighthouse to a heading of 108°. In the TV show ''[[Once Upon a Time (TV series)|Once Upon a Time]]'', from the same creators of Lost, the [[Queen (Snow White)|The Evil Queen]]/Regina Mills's house number in Storybrooke is 108.
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| The number is promenient in Anime. The number 108 also appears in Crying Freeman as the sinister society of 108 Dragons, and Devil Hunter Yohko is the 108th generation demon slayer in her family, in Sekirei there are 108 beings called Sekirei which bond with humans, and in Sands of Destruction there are 108 laws of robotics in clock town.
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| === Ancient artifacts ===
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| The pre-historic monument [[Stonehenge]] is about 108 feet in diameter. <ref>http://www.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://stonehenge.zorger.com/stonehenge_images/Stonehenge_Original_birds_eye_view.png&imgrefurl=http://stonehenge.zorger.com/&usg=__rQyBtjRPL3wp8Tmpmn9oUzHX0jo=&h=769&w=746&sz=11&hl=en&start=0&sig2=Gf7yoIkBoLyi0REkbSWkBg&zoom=1&tbnid=FJz73_nILoA5CM:&tbnh=150&tbnw=146&ei=y3xETZ27HZGEhQf9ram3AQ&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dstonehenge%2Babove%26um%3D1%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DN%26biw%3D1680%26bih%3D959%26tbs%3Disch:1&um=1&itbs=1&iact=rc&dur=246&oei=y3xETZ27HZGEhQf9ram3AQ&esq=1&page=1&ndsp=35&ved=1t:429,r:7,s:0&tx=47&ty=78</ref>{{elucidate|date=November 2012}}
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| === Other references ===
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| In the neo-[[Gnostic]] teachings of [[Samael Aun Weor]], an individual has 108 chances (lifetimes) to eliminate his egos and transcend the material world before "devolving" and having the egos forcefully removed in the [[Hell|infradimensions]].<ref name="psu-soter">{{cite book | author=Samael Aun Weor | title=The Pistis Sophia Unveiled | origyear=1983 | year=2005 | isbn=0-9745916-8-8 | publisher=Glorian Publishing |pages=211–214}}</ref>
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| == Martial arts ==
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| Many East Asian martial arts trace their roots back to Buddhism, specifically, to the Buddhist Shaolin Temple. Because of their ties to Buddhism, 108 has become an important symbolic number in a number of martial arts styles.
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| *According to [[Marmam|Marma Adi]] and [[Ayurveda]], there are 108 pressure points in the body, where consciousness and flesh intersect to give life to the living being.<ref name=Gautier>A Western Journalist on India: The Ferengi's Columns By [[François Gautier]]. pg 158. ISBN 81-241-0795-5</ref>
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| *The Chinese school of martial arts agrees with the [[South Indian]] school of martial arts on the principle of 108 pressure points.<ref>{{cite book|last=Subramaniam Phd.|first=P., (general editors) Dr. Shu Hikosaka, Asst. Prof. Norinaga Shimizu, & Dr. G. John Samuel, (translator) Dr. M. Radhika|title=Varma Cuttiram வர்ம சுத்திரம்: A Tamil Text on Martial Art from Palm-Leaf Manuscript|year=1994|publisher=Institute of Asian Studies|location=Madras|pages=90 & 91}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Reid Phd.|first=Howard, Michael Croucher|title=The Way of the Warrior: The Paradox of the Martial Arts|year=1991|publisher=Outlook Press|location=New York|isbn=0-87951-433-7|pages=58–85}}</ref>
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| *108 number figures prominently in the symbolism associated with [[karate]], particularly the [[Gōjū-ryū]] discipline. The ultimate Gōjū-ryū kata, ''Suparinpei'', literally translates to 108. ''Suparinpei'' is the [[Chinese language|Chinese]] pronunciation of the number 108, while ''gojūshi'' of Gojūshiho is the Japanese pronunciation of the number 54. The other Gōjū-ryū ''kata'', ''Sanseru'' (meaning "36") and ''Seipai'' ("18") are factors of the number 108.<ref name=Goodin>[http://www.seinenkai.com/articles/108.html Hyaku Hachi No Bonno: The Influence of The 108 Defilements and Other Buddhist Concepts on Karate Thought and Practice By Charles C. Goodin. The article has appeared in Issue #7, Winter 1996-97 of Furyu: The Budo Journal.]</ref>
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| *The 108 moves of the Yang Taijiquan long form and 108 moves in the [[Wing Chun]] wooden dummy form, taught by [[Yip Man]], are noted in this regard.<ref name=Jyotpaul/>
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| *Paek Pal Ki Hyung, the 7th form taught in the art of [[Kuk Sool Won]], translates literally to "108 technique" form. It is also frequently referred to as the "eliminate 108 torments" form. Each motion corresponds with one of the 108 Buddhist torments or defilements.
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| ==In literature==
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| * In [[Homer]]'s ''[[Odyssey]]'', the number of suitors coveting [[Penelope]], wife of [[Odysseus]].
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| * There are [[108 Stars of Destiny|108 outlaws]] in the Chinese classic ''[[Water Margin|Water Margin/Outlaws of the Marsh]]'' by [[Shi Nai'an]] and [[Luo Guanzhong]].
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| * There are 108 love sonnets in ''Astrophil and Stella'', the first English sonnet sequence by [[Sir Philip Sidney]].
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| == In sports ==
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| 108 is the number that the Belgian cyclist [[Wouter Weylandt]] wore when he crashed fatally in the [[2011 Giro d'Italia|Giro d'Italia]] on May 9, 2011. As a tribute, many supporters held replicas of his race number by the side of the road [[2011 Giro d'Italia, Stage 1 to Stage 11#Stage 4|the next day]]. The organization of the Giro d'Italia decided not to issue race number 108 in future editions, to commemorate him.
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| == In other fields ==
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| * An official Major League Baseball [[baseball]] has 108 stitches.<ref>[http://www.rawlingsgear.com/baseball/baseball-balls/romlb.html Official Major League Baseball by Rawlings]</ref>
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| * In the [[manga]] and [[anime]] series ''Shikabane Hime Aka'' and ''Shikabane Hime Kuro'' ([[Corpse Princess]]), the shikabane himes must hunt 108 evil undead corpses to ascend to heaven.
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| * In the manga and anime series ''One Piece'' the supernova "Mad Monk" Urouge has a bounty 108,000,000 berri.
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| * In Sekirei there are 108 Sekirei released into the world.
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| * 108 is the [[atomic number]] of [[hassium]].
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| * The number of [[Mbit/s]] of a non-standard extension of [[IEEE 802.11g]] wireless network using [[channel bonding]].
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| * There are [[108 Stars of Destiny (Suikoden)|108 Stars of Destiny]] to collect in the [[Suikoden]] video game series. The Stars of Destiny are based on outlaws from the classical [[Chinese language|Chinese]] novel, ''[[Water Margin]]'', by [[Shi Nai'an]] and [[Luo Guanzhong]].
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| * In the video game Legend of Dragoon for PlayStation, there are 108 species; the 108th of which is the God of destruction. Its soul returns to the world every 108 years to find a host.
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| * 108 is the name of a community of and for open source developers, created by [[Red Hat]].<ref>[http://opensource.sys-con.com/read/291318.htm Red Hat Announces First Red Hat Developer Day In India @ ENTERPRISE OPEN SOURCE MAGAZINE<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
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| * There are 108 cards in a deck of [[Uno (card game)|UNO]] cards.
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| * There are 108 Code Crowns in ''[[Digimon Fusion]]''.
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| * A vault in Fallout 3 full of Gary clones.
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| * In [[Batman: Arkham City]], there are 108 medals for each Batman and Catwoman to collect in the 12 campaigns of the Riddler's Revenge.
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| * 108 degrees Fahrenheit is the internal temperature at which the [[human body]]'s vital organs begin to fail from overheating.
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| * In the TV show ''[[Lost (TV series)|Lost]]'', the main characters must enter the numbers 4 8 15 16 23 42 into a mysterious computer every 108 minutes.
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| * In India, 108 ([[1-0-8]]) is the toll-free [[emergency telephone number]].
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| * In the movie ''[[Jab Tak Hai Jaan]]'' the protagonist's last bomb diffused is number 108.
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| == See also ==
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| * [[List of highways numbered 108]]
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| == Notes ==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| 9. '108' in the anime series 'Tokko' is the number of pieces in the Box of Dirge Chinese puzzle box created by alchemy as a doorway between the world of demons and this one. The puzzle box was used in all of the Hellraiser films but there was no reference to its number of shards.
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| == References ==
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| * Wells, D. ''[[The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting Numbers]]'' London: Penguin Group. (1987): 134
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| == External links ==
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| {{Commons category|108 (number)}}
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| * [http://www.hknet.org.nz/108meaning.html The Significance of the number 108]
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| * [http://www.swamij.com/108.htm Meaning of 108 beads on a mala]
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| * [http://koenraadelst.bharatvani.org/articles/misc/why108.html Article on the symbolism of the number 108]
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| * [http://metaphysicalsf.com/?p=180 Our Sun, Planet Earth and the Hoary 108] - (domain is closed)
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| * [http://metaphysicalsf.com/?p=226 The Mystical 108 in the Bible, Eastern Religions and the TV Show LOST] - (domain is closed)
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| * [http://www.salagram.net/108meaning.html The spiritual meaning of 108]
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| {{Integers|1}}
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| {{DEFAULTSORT:108 (Number)}}
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| [[Category:Integers]]
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