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In the history of [[science]], '''''vis viva''''' (from the [[Latin]] for ''living force'') is an [[obsolete scientific theory]] that served as an elementary and limited early formulation of the principle of [[conservation of energy]].  It was the first [known] description of what we now call [[kinetic energy]] or of energy related to sensible motions.
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Proposed by [[Gottfried Leibniz]] over the period 1676–1689, the theory was controversial as it seemed to oppose the theory of [[conservation of momentum]] advocated by Sir [[Isaac Newton]] and [[René Descartes]]. The two theories are now understood to be complementary.
 
The theory was eventually absorbed into the modern theory of [[energy]] though the term still survives in the context of [[celestial mechanics]] through the [[Vis-viva equation|''vis viva'' equation]].
 
==History==
 
Although [[ancient]] [[philosopher]]s as far back as [[Thales|Thales of Miletus]] had inklings of the law of conservation of energy{{Citation needed|date=January 2011}}, it was the [[Germany|German]] [[Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz]] during 1676–1689 who first attempted a mathematical formulation. Leibniz noticed that in many mechanical systems (of several [[mass]]es, ''m<sub>i</sub>'' each with [[velocity]] ''v<sub>i</sub>'') the quantity:
 
:<math>\sum_{i} m_i v_i^2</math>
 
was conserved. He called this quantity the ''vis viva'' or ''living force'' of the system. The principle, it is now realised, represents an accurate statement of the conservation of [[kinetic energy]] in [[elastic collision]]s, and is a consequence of the [[conservation of momentum]]. However, many [[physicist]]s at the time were unaware of this connection and, instead, were influenced by the prestige of Sir [[Isaac Newton]] in [[England]] and of [[René Descartes]] in [[France]], both of whom had set great store by the [[conservation of momentum]] as a guiding principle. Thus the [[momentum]]:
 
:<math>\,\!\sum_{i} m_i \mathbf{v}_i</math>
 
was held by the rival camp to be the conserved ''vis viva''. It was largely [[engineer]]s such as [[John Smeaton]], [[Peter Ewart]], [[Karl Holtzmann]], [[Gustave-Adolphe Hirn]] and [[Marc Séguin]] who objected that conservation of momentum alone was not adequate for practical calculation and who made use of Leibniz's principle. The principle was also championed by some [[chemist]]s such as [[William Hyde Wollaston]].
 
The French mathematician [[Émilie du Châtelet]], who had a sound grasp of Newtonian mechanics, developed Leibniz's concept and, combining it with the observations of [[Willem 's Gravesande]], showed that ''vis viva'' was dependent on the square of the velocities.
 
Members of the academic establishment such as [[John Playfair]] were quick to point out that kinetic energy is clearly not conserved. This is obvious to a modern analysis based on the [[second law of thermodynamics]] but in the 18th and 19th centuries, the fate of the lost energy was still unknown. Gradually it came to be suspected that the [[heat]] inevitably generated by motion was another form of ''vis viva''. In 1783, [[Antoine Lavoisier]] and [[Pierre-Simon Laplace]] reviewed the two competing theories of ''vis viva'' and [[caloric theory]].{{ref|LL}} [[Benjamin Thompson|Count Rumford]]'s 1798 observations of heat generation during the [[Boring (manufacturing)|boring]] of [[cannon]]s added more weight to the view that mechanical motion could be converted into heat. ''Vis viva'' now started to be known as ''energy'', after the term was first used in that sense by [[Thomas Young (scientist)|Thomas Young]] in 1807.
 
[[File:Bernoulli-vis-viva-with-0.5-multiplier-1736 (1741).gif|thumb|An excerpt from [[Daniel Bernoulli|D.Bernoulli's]] article, published in 1741,<ref>{{cite journal|author=Bernoulli D.|title=De legibus quibusdam mechanicis…|url=http://gidropraktikum.narod.ru/jet.htm|journal=Commentarii Academiae scientiarum imperialis Petropolitanae|year=1741 (1736)|volume=8|pages=99–127}}</ref> with the definition of vis viva with 1/2 multiplier.]]
The recalibration of ''vis viva'' to include the coefficient of a half, namely:
 
:<math>\frac {1} {2}\sum_{i} m_i v_i^2</math>
 
was largely the result of the work of [[Gaspard-Gustave Coriolis]] and [[Jean-Victor Poncelet]] over the period 1819–1839, although present-day definition can occasionally be found earlier (e.g., in [[Daniel Bernoulli]] texts).
 
The former called the ''quantité de travail'' (quantity of work) and the latter, ''travail mécanique'' (mechanical work) and both championed its use in engineering calculation.
 
==See also==
*[[Conservation of energy#History|Conservation of energy: Historical development]]
*[[Vis-viva equation]]
 
==References==
<references />
* George E. Smith, [http://ptonline.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=PHTOAD000059000010000031000001&idtype=cvips  "The Vis Viva Dispute: A Controversy at the Dawn of Dynamics"], ''Physics Today'' '''59''' (October 2006) Issue 10 pp 31–36. [http://ptonline.aip.org/getpdf/servlet/GetPDFServlet?filetype=pdf&id=PHTOAD000059000010000031000001&idtype=cvips  ] (see also [http://www.physicstoday.org/vol-59/iss-12/p16.html erratum])
 
{{Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Vis Viva}}
[[Category:Natural philosophy]]
[[Category:Obsolete scientific theories]]
[[Category:Mechanics]]
[[Category:Thermodynamics]]
[[Category:Gottfried Leibniz]]
[[Category:History of thermodynamics]]

Revision as of 16:46, 25 February 2014

Take heart in knowing that 85% of those individuals diagnosed with some form of infertility are able to conceive. Symptoms of infertility in individuals whose age is more than 35 years old are very common compared to those who are still in their prime years of life. Other symptoms of allergic reaction include difficulty breathing, swelling of the lips, face, mouth, and tongue. The patient will have to wait for some time, to experience positive results. Men who have erection problems frequently encounter this during gender.

Not only that, the process of cell repair can also be done well ( the regenerate ) , that old cells replaced with better ones. Did you know that you can naturally cure your impotence with NO side-effects from impotence medication. A large number of thousand older men are suffering from this term. Tadalafil is the particular generic name in this product. Because of it they have to feel shame somehow but they have nothing to worry now as they can Buy Viagra and get relief from their worries.

In most cases the cause for male impotence is a physical problem. Therefore, if you are considering boosting your testosterone either by using a natural testosterone supplement or by visiting your doctor for testosterone injections or creams, you should look online to get a feel for what products are working for other men. This herbal supplement is also found to be as a best cure for treating low libido problems. If these key treatments do not assist you, your specialist may recommend you impotence drugs such as Viagra, Cialis and Levitra. a) Transconjunctival Blepharoplasty ' This type of eyelid surgery is done on the inside of the lower lid b) Laser Upper Eyelid Surgery ' This surgery uses laser and seals the blood vessels as it makes contact which leads to less bleeding and swelling.

Men will typically need more zinc than females to provide enough zinc content to seminal fluids, but neither should ever go overboard. His partner also supports this action, which also helps in getting his sex life back on track. Thanks to the Internet, women can find a plethora of information to help them understand and learn more about different types of breast enlargement methods. But if you want a proper medicine and confirm antidote just for this dysfunction, then you really should buy tadalafil. There are also drugs associated with causing impotence such as marijuana, heroin, cocaine and prescription ulcer medications such as Cimetidine (Tagamet), hypertension medicines such as beta-blockers and diuretics.

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