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{{ infobox programming language
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| name                  = Modelica
| logo                  =[[Image:Modelica.png|300px]]
| paradigm              = [[Declarative programming|declarative language]]
| year                  = 1997
| designer              =
| developer              =
| latest_release_version = 3.3
| latest_release_date    = May 9, 2012<ref name="3.3spec">{{cite web
| url=http://www.modelica.org/documents/ModelicaSpec33.pdf
| title=Modelica Language Specification, Version 3.3
| publisher=Modelica Association
| date=2012-05-09
| accessdate=}}</ref>
| latest_preview_version =
| latest_preview_date    =
| typing                =
| implementations        = [[AMESim]], CATIA Systems, CyModelica, [[Dymola]], [[JModelica.org]], [[MapleSim]], [[Wolfram SystemModeler]], OpenModelica, [[Scicos]], [[SimulationX]], Vertex, [[Xcos]]
| influenced_by          =
| influenced            =
| operating_system      = [[Cross-platform]]
| license                = [http://www.modelica.org/licenses/ModelicaLicense2/ Modelica License Version 2]
| website                = [http://www.modelica.org/ www.modelica.org]
}}


'''Modelica''' is an [[object-oriented]], [[Declarative programming|declarative]], multi-domain [[modeling language]] for [[Component-based software engineering|component-oriented]] modeling of complex systems, e.g., systems containing mechanical, electrical, electronic, hydraulic, thermal, control, electric power or process-oriented subcomponents.
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The free Modelica language<ref name="3.3spec">[http://www.modelica.org/documents/ModelicaSpec33.pdf Modelica language specification, vers. 3.3]</ref>
 
is developed by the non-profit Modelica Association.<ref>[http://www.modelica.org/ Homepage of the Modelica Association]</ref> The Modelica Association also develops the free Modelica Standard Library<ref>The Modelica Standard Library is [https://www.modelica.org/libraries available for download here]</ref> that contains about 1360 generic model components and 1280 functions in various domains, as of version 3.2.1.
  <li>[http://bbs.lmzol.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=4751762 http://bbs.lmzol.com/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=4751762]</li>
 
 
==Characteristics==
  <li>[http://www.phanelle.fr/stephlm/spiplm/spip.php?article38 http://www.phanelle.fr/stephlm/spiplm/spip.php?article38]</li>
While Modelica resembles [[object-oriented]] [[programming languages]], such as [[C++]] or [[Java (programming language)|Java]], it differs in two important respects. First, Modelica is a ''modeling'' language rather than a conventional ''programming'' language. Modelica classes are not compiled in the usual sense, but they are translated into objects which are then exercised by a simulation engine. The simulation engine is not specified by the language, although certain required capabilities are outlined.
 
 
  <li>[http://emr4u.net/index.php?option=com_blog&view=blog http://emr4u.net/index.php?option=com_blog&view=blog]</li>
Second, although classes may contain [[algorithm]]ic components similar to statements or blocks in programming languages, their primary content is a set of ''[[equations]]''. In contrast to a typical assignment statement, such as
    
: <code>x := 2 + y;</code>
  <li>[http://www.imodium.es/node/548669 http://www.imodium.es/node/548669]</li>
where the left-hand side of the statement is assigned a value calculated from the expression on the right-hand side, an equation may have expressions on both its right- and left-hand sides, for example,
 
: <code>x + y = 3 * z;</code>
  </ul>
Equations do not describe assignment but ''equality''. In Modelica terms, equations have no pre-defined ''[[Causal system|causality]]''. The simulation engine may (and usually must) manipulate the equations symbolically to determine their order of execution and which components in the equation are inputs and which are outputs.
 
==History==
The Modelica design effort was initiated in September 1996 by Hilding Elmqvist.
The goal was to develop an object-oriented language for modeling
of technical systems in order to reuse and exchange dynamic system models in
a standardized format. Modelica 1.0 is based on the
[[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] thesis<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.control.lth.se/database/publications/article.pike?action=fulltext&artkey=elm78dis
| title=A Structured Model Language for Large Continuous Systems.}}</ref>
of Hilding Elmqvist and on the experience with
the modeling languages Allan,<ref>Jeandel A., Boudaud F.: [https://www.modelica.org/publications/papers/p303.pdf ''Physical System Modelling Languages: from ALLAN to Modelica''], Building Simulation'97, IBPSA Conference, Prague, September 8–10, 1997.</ref>
[[Dymola]], NMF{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}
ObjectMath{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}},
Omola,<ref>S.E. Mattsson, M. Andersson and K.J..Aström: Object-oriented modeling and simulation. In: Linkens, ed., CAD for Control Systems (Marcel Dekker, 1993) pp. 31-69.</ref>
SIDOPS+{{Citation needed|date=April 2010}}, and
Smile.<ref>Ernst T., Jähnichen S., Klose M.:
[https://www.modelica.org/publications/papers/imacs97.pdf ''Object-Oriented Physical Systems Modeling, Modelica, and the Smile/M Simulation Environment'']. 15th IMACS World Congress on Scientific Computation, Modelling and Applied Mathematics, Berlin, August 24–29, 1997.</ref>
Hilding Elmqvist is the key architect of Modelica, but
many other people have contributed as well (see appendix E in
<ref name="3.3spec"/>).
In September 1997, version 1.0 of the Modelica specification was released which was the
basis for a prototype implementation within the commercial Dymola software system.
In year 2000, the non-profit Modelica Association was formed to manage the
continually evolving Modelica language and the
development of the free Modelica Standard Library. In the same year, the usage
of Modelica in industrial applications started.
 
This table presents the timeline of the Modelica specification history:<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.modelica.org/news_items/documents
| title=Documents
| publisher=Modelica Association
| accessdate=2009-10-11}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!width=30| Release
!width=110| Release Date
!width=550| Highlights
|-
|1.0||1997, September||First version to model continuous dynamic systems.
|-
|1.1||1998, December||Language elements to model discrete systems (pre, when)
|-
|1.2||1999, June||Interface to C and Fortran, inner/outer for global variables, refined semantics of event handling
|-
|1.3||1999, December||Improved semantics for inner/outer connections, protected elements, array expressions.
|-
|1.4||2000, December||Removed declare-before-use rule, refined package concept, refined when-clause
|-
|2.0||2002, July||Initialization of models, standardization of graphical appearance, functions with mixed positional and named arguments, record constructor, enumerations
|-
|2.1||2004, March||Overdetermined connector to model 3-dim. mechanical systems, enhanced redeclaration of submodels, array and array indices of enumerations
|-
|2.2||2005, February||Expandable connector to model signal buses, conditional component declarations, arrays with dynamic size changes in functions
|-
|3.0||2007, September||Clean-up version: specification newly written, type system and graphical appearance refined, language flaws fixed, balanced model concept to detect model errors in a much better way
|-
|3.1||2009, May||Stream connector to handle bi-directional flow of fluid, operator overloading, mapping model parts to execution environments (for use in [[embedded systems]])
|-
|3.2||2010, March||Improved initialization with homotopy method, functions as formal inputs to functions, [[Unicode]] support, access control to protect [[Intellectual property|IP]], improved support of object libraries
|-
|3.3||2012, May||Added language elements to describe periodic and non-periodic synchronous controllers based on clocked equations, as well as synchronous state machines.
|}
 
==Implementations==
Commercial front-ends for Modelica include [[AMESim]] from the French company Imagine SA (now part of [[LMS International]]), [[Dymola]] from the Swedish company Dynasim AB (now part of [[Dassault Systemes]]), CyModelica<ref>{{cite web | url=http://cydesign.com/cymodelica | title=CyModelica product page}}</ref> from the American company [[CyDesign Labs]], [[Wolfram SystemModeler]] (formerly ''MathModelica'') from the Swedish company Wolfram MathCore AB (now part of [[Wolfram Research]]), [[SimulationX]] from the German company ITI GmbH, [[MapleSim]] from the Canadian company [[Waterloo Maple|Maplesoft]],<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.maplesoft.com/products/maplesim/modelica.aspx
| publisher=[[Waterloo Maple|Maplesoft]]
| title=Supports Modelica standard
| accessdate=2009-10-11}}</ref> and
CATIA Systems
<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.3ds.com/products/v6/v6-plm/portfolio//?no_cache=1&did=75
| publisher=[[Dassault Systemes]]
| title=Modelica in CATIA (module: CATIA Systems Dynamic Behavior)}}</ref><ref>[http://www.3ds.com/cn/news-events/press-room/release/1220/1/ Announcement of DS' acquisition of Dynasim]</ref> from [[Dassault Systemes]] ([[CATIA]] is one of the major [[CAD]] systems).
 
[[JModelica.org]]<ref>{{cite web
| url=http://www.jmodelica.org
| title = The JModelica.org project}}</ref> is an extensible Modelica-based open source platform for optimization, simulation and analysis of complex dynamic systems. The main objective of the project is to create an industrially viable open source platform for simulation optimization of Modelica models, while offering a flexible platform serving as a virtual lab for algorithm development and research.
 
OpenModelica<ref>[http://www.openmodelica.org OpenModelica project]</ref> is an open-source Modelica-based modeling and simulation environment intended for industrial and academic usage. Its long-term development is supported by a non-profit organization – the Open Source Modelica Consortium (OSMC). The goal with the OpenModelica effort is to create a comprehensive Open Source Modelica modeling,<ref>
Adrian Pop, David Akhvlediani, Peter Fritzson [http://www.actapress.com/Abstract.aspx?paperId=32114''Integrated UML and Modelica System Modeling with ModelicaML in Eclipse''],  In Proceedings of the 11th IASTED International Conference on Software Engineering and Applications (SEA 2007), Cambridge, MA, USA
</ref> compilation and simulation environment based on free software distributed in binary and source code form for research,<ref>
Håkan Lundvall and Peter Fritzson [http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-75416-9_49''Automatic Parallelization of Object Oriented Models Executed with Inline Solvers''],  In Proceedings of EuroPvm/Parsim, Springer Verlag LNCS, Volume 4757, 2007. See also http://pvmmpi07.lri.fr/parsim07.html. Paris, France.
</ref>  teaching,<ref>
Anders Fernström, Ingemar Axelsson, Peter Fritzson, Anders Sandholm, Adrian Pop [http://www.modelica.org/publications/papers/2006-03-10-Fernstrom-etal-TeachingWorkshop-NotebookTeaching.pdf''OMNotebook - Interactive WYSIWYG Book Software for Teaching Programming''],  In Proc. of the Workshop on Developing Computer Science Education - How Can It Be Done?, 2006. Linköping University, Dept. Computer & Inf. Science, Linköping, Sweden
</ref> and industrial usage.
 
The free simulation environment [[Scicos]] uses a subset of Modelica for component modeling. Support for a larger part of the Modelica language is currently under development.
Nevertheless, there is still some incompatibility and diverging interpretation between all the different tools concerning the Modelica language.<ref>Jörg Frochte [http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp11063812''Modelica Simulator Compatibility - Today and in Future''], The 8th International Modelica Conference, March 20th-22nd, Technical University, Dresden, Germany</ref>
 
==Examples==
The following code fragment shows a very simple example of a first order system
(<math>\dot x = - c \cdot x</math>):
 
<pre>
model FirstOrder
  parameter Real c=1 "Time constant";
  Real x "An unknown";
equation
  der(x) = -c*x "A first order differential equation";
end FirstOrder;
</pre>
 
Interesting things to note about this example are the 'parameter' qualifier, which indicates that a given variable is time-invariant and the 'der' operator, which represents (symbolically) the time derivative of a variable. Also worth noting are the documentation strings that can be associated with declarations and equations.
 
The main application area of Modelica is the modeling of physical systems. The most basic structuring concepts are shown at hand of simple examples from the electrical domain:
 
===Built-in and user derived types===
 
Modelica has the four built-in types Real, Integer, Boolean, String. Typically, user-defined types are derived, to associate physical quantity, unit, nominal values, and other attributes:
 
<pre>
type Voltage = Real(quantity="ElectricalPotential", unit="V");
type Current = Real(quantity="ElectricalCurrent", unit="A");
  ...
</pre>
 
===Connectors describing physical interaction===
 
The interaction of a component to other components is defined by physical ports, called '''connectors''', e.g., an electrical pin is defined as:
 
<pre>
connector Pin "Electrical pin"
  Voltage      v "Potential at the pin";
  flow Current i "Current flowing into the component";
end Pin;
</pre>
 
When drawing connection lines between ports, the meaning is that corresponding connector variables without the "flow" prefix are identical (here: "v") and that corresponding connector variables with the "flow" prefix (here: "i") are defined by a zero-sum equation (the sum of all corresponding "flow" variables is zero). The motivation is to automatically fulfill the relevant balance equations at the infinitesimally small connection point.
 
===Basic model components===
 
A basic model component is defined by a '''model''' and contains equations that describe the relationship between the connector variables in a declarative form (i.e., without specifying the calculation order):
 
<pre>
model Capacitor
  parameter Capacitance C;
  Voltage u "Voltage drop between pin_p and pin_n";
  Pin pin_p, pin_n;
equation
            0 = pin_p.i + pin_n.i;
            u = pin_p.v - pin_n.v;
  C * der(u) = pin_p.i;
end Capacitor;
</pre>
 
The goal is that a connected set of model components leads to a set of differential, algebraic and discrete equations where the number of unknowns and the number of equations is identical. In Modelica, this is achieved by requiring so called '''balanced models'''. This means that when "using" a model (making a model instance), all missing equations must be provided. From this requirement and the possibilities to provide missing equations for a model instance, e.g., by connecting connectors, Modelica requires in its simplest form that:
 
<blockquote>
Number of model equations = Number of unknowns - number of flow variables - number of inputs
</blockquote>
 
The Capacitor model above is '''balanced''', since
 
<pre>
number of equations =  5 (number of unknowns:
                          pin_p.v, pin_p.i, pin_n.v, pin_n.i, u)
                      - 2 (number of flow variables: pin_p.i, pin_n.i)
                    =  3.
</pre>
 
===Hierarchical models===
 
A hierarchical model is built-up from basic models, by instantiating basic models, providing suitable values for the model parameters, and by connecting model connectors. A typical example is the following electrical circuit:
 
<pre>
model Circuit
  Capacitor C1(C=1e-4) "A Capacitor instance from the model above";
  Capacitor C2(C=1e-5) "A Capacitor instance from the model above";
    ...
equation
  connect(C1.pin_p, C2.pin_n);
  ...
end Circuit;
</pre>
 
Via the language element '''annotation(...),''' definitions can be added to a model that do not have an influence on a simulation. Annotations are used to define graphical layout, documentation and version information. A basic set of graphical annotations is standardized to ensure that the graphical appearance and layout of models in different Modelica tools is the same.
 
==Applications==
Modelica is designed to be domain neutral and, as a result, is used in a wide variety of applications, such as fluid systems (for example, steam power generation, hydraulics, etc.), automotive applications (especially powertrain) and mechanical systems (for example, multi-body systems, mechatronics, etc.).
 
In the automotive sector, many of the major automotive OEMs are using Modelica. These include Ford
<ref>Michael Tiller, Paul Bowles, Mike Dempsey [http://www.modelica.org/events/Conference2003/papers/h32_vehicle_Tiller.pdf ''Development of a Vehicle Modeling Architecture in Modelica''], 3rd International Modelica Conference</ref>
,<ref>Erik Surewaard, Eckhard Karden, Michael Tiller [http://www.modelica.org/events/Conference2003/papers/h11_Surewaard.pdf ''Advanced Electric Storage System Modeling in Modelica''], 3rd International Modelica Conference</ref><ref>Charles Newman, John Batteh, Michael Tiller [http://www.modelica.org/Conference2002/papers/p17_Newman.pdf ''Spark-Ignited Engine Cycle Simulation in Modelica''], 2nd International Modelica Conference</ref>
General Motors,<ref>E. D. Tate, Michael Sasena, Jesse Gohl, Michael Tiller [http://www.modelica.org/events/modelica2008/Proceedings/sessions/session4c4.pdf ''Model Embedded Control: A Method to Rapidly Synthesize Controllers in a Modeling Environment''], 6th International Modelica Conference</ref> Toyota,<ref>S. Soejima, T. Matsuba [http://www.modelica.org/events/Conference2002/papers/p09_Soejima.pdf ''Application of mixed mode integration and implicit inline integration at Toyota''], 2nd International Modelica Conference</ref> BMW <ref>Henrik Wigermo, Johannes von Grundherr, Thomas Christ [http://www.modelica.org/events/modelica2008/Proceedings/sessions/session4c3.pdf ''Implementation of a Modelica Online Optimization for an Operating Strategy of a Hybrid Powertrain''], 6th International Modelica Conference</ref> and Daimler.<ref>
Brückmann, Strenkert, Keller, Wiesner, Junghanns [http://www.qtronic.de/doc/DCT_2009.pdf ''Model-based Development of a Dual-Clutch Transmission using Rapid Prototyping and SiL''], International VDI Congress Transmissions in Vehicles 2009, Friedrichshafen, Germany
</ref>
Modelica is also been increasingly used for the simulation of thermo-fluid and energy systems.<ref>Michael Wetter, Christoph Haugstetter [http://simulationresearch.lbl.gov/wetter/download/WetterHaugstetter-2006.pdf ''Modelica versus TRNSYS - A Comparison Between An Equation-Based and a Procedural Modeling Language for Building Energy Simulation''], 2nd SimBuild Conference, Cambridge, MA, USA, August 2006.</ref>
 
==See also==
*[[AMESim]]
*[[AMPL]]
*[[APMonitor]]
*[[ASCEND]]
*[[Domain-Specific Modeling]] DSM
*[[Dymola]]
*[[EcosimPro| EcosimPro: Continuous and Discrete Modelling and Simulation Software]]
*[[EMSO simulator|EMSO]]
*[[General Algebraic Modeling System|GAMS]]
*[[JModelica.org]]
*[[MapleSim]]
*[[MATLAB]]
*[[SimulationX]]
*[[Wolfram SystemModeler]]
*[[Xcos|Scilab/Xcos]]
*[[Kepler_scientific_workflow_system| Kepler (Ptolemy)]]
 
==Notes==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
==External links==
*[https://www.modelica.org/documents/ModelicaSpec33.pdf Modelica 3.3 language specification]
*[https://www.modelica.org Modelica Association], the homepage of the non-profit Modelica Association (developing Modelica)
*[http://www.springer.com/east/home/generic/search/results?SGWID=5-40109-22-33373560-0 Introduction to Physical Modeling with Modelica], book by Michael Tiller
* {{cite book
  | url      = http://www.ida.liu.se/labs/pelab/modelica/OpenModelica/Documents/ModelicaBookExcerpts.pdf
   | title    = Principles of Object-Oriented Modeling and Simulation with Modelica 2.1
  | last      = Fritzson
  | first    = Peter
  |date=February 2004
  | publisher = Wiley-IEEE Press
  | location  =
  | isbn      = 978-0-471-47163-9
}}
* Commercial Modelica tools: [http://www.3ds.com/products/catia/portfolio/dymola Dymola], [http://www.lmsintl.com/imagine-amesim-1-d-multi-domain-system-simulation LMS Imagine.Lab AMESim], [http://www.cydesign.com CyModelica] [http://www.maplesoft.com/products/maplesim/index.aspx MapleSim], [http://www.wolfram.com/system-modeler/ Wolfram SystemModeler], [http://www.modelon.com/products/modelica-physical-modeling-toolbox-for-matlab/ Modelica Physical Modeling Toolbox for Matlab], [http://www.simulationx.com/ SimulationX], [http://www.deltatheta.com/products/vertex/ Vertex]
* Open source Modelica tools: [http://www.openmodelica.org/ OpenModelica] (GPL or OSMC-PL), [http://www.jmodelica.org/ JModelica.org] (GPL)
* [https://modelica.org/education/educational-material/lecture-material/english/ModelicaOverview.pdf Modelica Overview]
 
[[Category:Simulation programming languages]]
[[Category:Declarative programming languages]]
[[Category:Object-oriented programming]]

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