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An '''optical medium''' is material through which [[electromagnetic wave]]s propagate.  It is a form of [[transmission medium]].  The  [[permittivity]] and [[Permeability (electromagnetism)|permeability]] of the medium define how electromagnetic waves propagate in it.  The medium has an ''[[intrinsic impedance]]'', given by
::<math>\eta = {E_x \over H_y}</math>
where <math>E_x</math> and <math>H_y</math> are the [[electric field]] and [[magnetic field]], respectively.
In a region with no [[electrical conductivity]], the expression simplifies to:


::<math>\eta = \sqrt{\mu \over \varepsilon}\ .</math>


For example, in [[free space]] the intrinsic impedance is called the [[characteristic impedance of vacuum]], denoted ''Z''<sub>0</sub>, and
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::<math>Z_0 = \sqrt{\mu_0 \over \varepsilon_0}\ .</math>
 
Waves propagate through a medium with velocity <math>c_w = \nu \lambda </math>, where <math>\nu</math>  is the [[frequency]] and <math>\lambda</math> is the [[wavelength]] of the electromagnetic waves. This equation also may be put in the form
:<math> c_w = {\omega \over k}\ ,</math>
where <math>\omega</math> is the [[angular frequency]] of the wave and <math>k</math> is the [[wavenumber]] of the wave. In [[electrical engineering]], the symbol <math>\beta</math>, called the ''[[phase constant]]'', is often used instead of <math>k</math>.
 
The propagation velocity of electromagnetic waves in [[free space]], an idealized standard reference state (like [[absolute zero]] for temperature), is conventionally denoted by ''c''<sub>0</sub>:<ref>With [[ISO 31-5]], [[NIST]] and the [[BIPM]] have adopted the notation ''c''<sub>0</sub>.</ref>
:<math>c_0 = {1 \over \sqrt{\varepsilon_0 \mu_0}}\ ,</math>
:where <math>\varepsilon_0</math> is the [[electric constant]] and <math>~ \mu_0 \ </math> is the [[magnetic constant]].
 
For a general introduction, see Serway<ref name=Serway>
{{cite book
|author=Raymond Serway & Jewett J
|title=Physics for scientists and engineers
|edition=6th Edition
|year= 2003
|publisher=Thomson-Brooks/Cole
|location=Belmont CA
|isbn=0-534-40842-7
|url=http://worldcat.org/isbn/0-534-40842-7}}
</ref> For a discussion of man-made media, see Joannopoulus.<ref name=Joannopoulos>
{{cite book
|author=John D Joannopouluos, Johnson SG, Winn JN & Meade RD
|title=Photonic crystals : molding the flow of light
|edition=2nd Edition
|year= 2008
|publisher=Princeton University Press
|location=Princeton NJ
|isbn=978-0-691-12456-8
|url=http://ab-initio.mit.edu/book/}}
</ref>
==Notes and references==
 
{{Reflist}}
 
==See also==
*[[Čerenkov radiation]]
*[[Electromagnetic spectrum]]
*[[Electromagnetic radiation]]
*[[Optics]]
*[[SI units]]
*[[Free space]]
*[[Metamaterial]]
*[[Photonic crystal]]
*[[Photonic crystal fiber]]
 
 
 
[[Category:Optics|Medium]]
[[Category:Electric and magnetic fields in matter|Medium]]

Revision as of 05:12, 26 February 2014


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