Viscosity index: Difference between revisions

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Viscosity Index is used in all lubrication industries, not just automotive. It's used to help characterize viscosity changes in relation to temperature easily. Source: Tribology Engineer
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The '''basic accounting equation''', also called the balance sheet equation, represents the relationship between the [[asset]]s, [[liability (accounting)|liabilities]], and [[Equity (finance)|owner's equity]] of a business. It is the foundation for the [[double-entry bookkeeping system]]. For each transaction, the total debits equal the total credits. It can be expressed as
<br><br>It is very common to have a dental emergency -- a fractured tooth, an abscess, or severe pain when chewing. Over-the-counter pain medication is just masking the problem. Seeing an emergency dentist is critical to getting the source of the problem diagnosed and corrected as soon as possible.<br><br>Here are some common dental emergencies:<br>Toothache: The most common dental emergency. This generally means a badly decayed tooth. As the pain affects the tooth's nerve, treatment involves gently removing any debris lodged in the cavity being careful not to poke deep as this will cause severe pain if the nerve is touched. Next rinse vigorously with warm water. Then soak a small piece of cotton in oil of cloves and insert it in the cavity. This will give temporary relief until a dentist can be reached.<br><br>At times the pain may have a more obscure location such as decay under an old filling. As this can be only corrected by a dentist there are two things you can do to help the pain. Administer a pain pill (aspirin or some other analgesic) internally or dissolve a tablet in a half glass (4 oz) of warm water holding it in the mouth for several minutes before spitting it out. DO NOT PLACE A WHOLE TABLET OR ANY PART OF IT IN THE TOOTH OR AGAINST THE SOFT GUM TISSUE AS IT WILL RESULT IN A NASTY BURN.<br><br>Swollen Jaw: This may be caused by several conditions the most probable being an abscessed tooth. In any case the treatment should be to reduce pain and swelling. An ice pack held on the outside of the jaw, (ten minutes on and ten minutes off) will take care of both. If this does not control the pain, an analgesic tablet can be given every four hours.<br><br>Other Oral Injuries: Broken teeth, cut lips, bitten tongue or lips if severe means a trip to a dentist as soon as possible. In the mean time rinse the mouth with warm water and place cold compression the face opposite the injury. If there is a lot of bleeding, apply direct pressure to the bleeding area. If bleeding does not stop get patient to the emergency room of a hospital as stitches may be necessary.<br><br>Prolonged Bleeding Following Extraction: Place a gauze pad or better still a moistened tea bag over the socket and have the patient bite down gently on it for 30 to 45 minutes. The tannic acid in the tea seeps into the tissues and often helps stop the bleeding. If bleeding continues after two hours, call the dentist or take patient to the emergency room of the nearest hospital.<br><br>Broken Jaw: If you suspect the patient's jaw is broken, bring the upper and lower teeth together. Put a necktie, handkerchief or towel under the chin, tying it over the head to immobilize the jaw until you can get the patient to a dentist or the emergency room of a hospital.<br><br>Painful Erupting Tooth: In young children teething pain can come from a loose baby tooth or from an erupting permanent tooth. Some relief can be given by crushing a little ice and wrapping it in gauze or a clean piece of cloth and putting it directly on the tooth or gum tissue where it hurts. The numbing effect of the cold, along with an appropriate dose of aspirin, usually provides temporary relief.<br><br>In young adults, an erupting 3rd molar (Wisdom tooth), especially if it is impacted, can cause the jaw to swell and be quite painful. Often the gum around the tooth will show signs of infection. Temporary relief can be had by giving aspirin or some other painkiller and by dissolving an aspirin in half a glass of warm water and holding this solution in the mouth over the sore gum. AGAIN DO NOT PLACE A TABLET DIRECTLY OVER THE GUM OR CHEEK OR USE THE ASPIRIN SOLUTION ANY STRONGER THAN RECOMMENDED TO PREVENT BURNING THE TISSUE. The swelling of the jaw can be reduced by using an ice pack on the outside of the face at intervals of ten minutes on and ten minutes off.<br><br>If you liked this article and you would certainly like to receive more information regarding [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90z1mmiwNS8 dentist DC] kindly check out our own page.
 
:<math> \text{Assets} = \text{Liabilities} + \text{Capital} </math> <ref name="meigs">Meigs and Meigs. ''Financial Accounting, Fourth Edition''. McGraw-Hill, 1983. pp.19-20.</ref>
:<math> a = l + c </math>
 
In a corporation, [[Capital (economics)|capital]] represents the stockholders' equity. Since every business transaction affects at least two of a company’s accounts, the accounting equation will always be “in balance,” meaning the left side should always equal the right side. Thus, the accounting formula essentially shows that what the firm owns (its assets) is purchased by either what it owes (its liabilities) or by what its owners invest (its shareholders equity or capital).
 
==In practice==
For example: A student buys a [[computer]] for $945. This student borrowed $500 from his friend and spent another $445 earned from his part-time job. Now his [[asset]]s are worth $945, [[liability (accounting)|liabilities]] are $500, and equity $445.
 
The formula can be rewritten:
 
:'''Assets''' - '''Liabilities''' = (Shareholders' or Owners' '''Equity''')<ref name="meigs"/>
 
Now it shows owners' interest is equal to [[property]] (assets) minus [[debts]] (liabilities). Since in a corporation owners are [[shareholders]], owner's interest is called [[shareholders' equity]].
Every [[accounting]] [[Financial transaction|transaction]] affects at least one element of the equation, but always balances. Simplest transactions also include:<ref>[http://www.accountingcoach.com/online-accounting-course/14Xpg01.html Accounting equation explanation with examples], accountingcoach.com.</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable"
! width="12.5%"            |Transaction<br />Number
! width="12.5%" colspan="2" | Assets
! width="12.5%" colspan="2" | Liabilities
! width="12.5%" colspan="2" | Shareholder's<br />Equity
! width="50%"              | Explanation
|-
| align="center" | 1
| style="border-right: none" |  + || style="border-left: none" align="right" |  6,000
| style="border-right: none" |    || style="border-left: none" align="right" |
| style="border-right: none" |  + || style="border-left: none" align="right" |  6,000
| Issuing [[stock]]s for cash or other assets
|-
| align="center" | 2
| style="border-right: none" |  + || style="border-left: none" align="right" | 10,000
| style="border-right: none" |  + || style="border-left: none" align="right" | 10,000
| style="border-right: none" |    || style="border-left: none" align="right" |
| Buying assets by borrowing money (taking a loan from a bank or simply buying on credit)
|-
| align="center" | 3
| style="border-right: none" |  − || style="border-left: none" align="right" |    900
| style="border-right: none" |  − || style="border-left: none" align="right" |    900
| style="border-right: none" |    || style="border-left: none" align="right" |
| Selling assets for cash to pay off liabilities: both assets and liabilities are reduced
|-
| align="center" | 4
| style="border-right: none" |  + || style="border-left: none" align="right" |  1,000
| style="border-right: none" |  + || style="border-left: none" align="right" |    400
| style="border-right: none" |  + || style="border-left: none" align="right" |    600
| Buying assets by paying cash by shareholder's money (600) and by borrowing money (400)
|-
| align="center" | 5
| style="border-right: none" |  + || style="border-left: none" align="right" |    700
| style="border-right: none" |    || style="border-left: none" align="right" |
| style="border-right: none" |  + || style="border-left: none" align="right" |    700
| Earning revenues
|-
| align="center" | 6
| style="border-right: none" |  − || style="border-left: none" align="right" |    200
| style="border-right: none" |    || style="border-left: none" align="right" |
| style="border-right: none" |  − || style="border-left: none" align="right" |    200
| Paying expenses (e.g. rent or professional fees) or dividends
|-
| align="center" | 7
| style="border-right: none" |    || style="border-left: none" align="right" |
| style="border-right: none" |  + || style="border-left: none" align="right" | 100
| style="border-right: none" |  − || style="border-left: none" align="right" | 100
| Recording expenses, but not paying them at the moment
|-
| align="center" | 8
| style="border-right: none" |  − || style="border-left: none" align="right" | 500
| style="border-right: none" |  − || style="border-left: none" align="right" | 500
| style="border-right: none" |    || style="border-left: none" align="right" |
| Paying a debt that you owe
|-
 
| align="center" | 9
| style="border-right: none" |    || style="border-left: none" align="right" |  0
| style="border-right: none" |    || style="border-left: none" align="right" |  0
| style="border-right: none" |    || style="border-left: none" align="right" |  0
| Receiving cash for sale of an asset: one asset is exchanged for another; no change in assets or  liabilities
|-
|}
 
These are some simple examples, but even the most complicated transactions can be recorded in a similar way. This equation is behind [[debit]]s, [[Credit (accounting)|credits]], and journal entries.
 
This equation is part of the transaction analysis model,<ref>Libby, Libby, and Short. ''Financial Accounting, Third Edition''. McGraw-Hill, 2001. p.120</ref> for which we also write
 
:Owners equity  = Contributed Capital + Retained Earnings
 
:Retained Earnings = Net Income − Dividends
and
:Net Income = Income − Expenses
 
The equation resulting from making these substitutions in the accounting equation may be referred to as the ''expanded'' accounting equation, because it yields the breakdown of the [[ownership equity|equity]] component of the equation.<ref>Wild.''Financial Accounting, Third Edition''.McGraw-Hill, 2005. p.13, ISBN 978-0078025389</ref>
 
==Applications==
The accounting equation is fundamental to the double-entry bookkeeping practice. Its applications in [[accountancy]] and [[economics]] are thus diverse.
 
===Financial Statements===
A company’s quarterly and annual reports are basically derived directly from the accounting equations used in bookkeeping practices. These equations, entered in a business’s general [[ledger]], will provide the material that eventually makes up the foundation of a business’s [[financial statement]]s. This includes expense reports, [[cash flow]], [[interest]] and [[loan]] payments, salaries, and company investments.
 
===Double Entry Bookkeeping System===
The accounting equation plays a significant role as the foundation of the double entry bookkeeping system. This accounting system ensures that a company’s accounts are always balanced and that all financial transactions are documented in detail. The primary aim of the double entry system is to keep track of [[debits and credits]], and ensure that the sum of these always matches up to the company assets, a calculation carried out by the accounting equation.  
 
===Income and Retained Earnings===
Use of the accounting equation is also an essential component in computing, understanding, and analyzing a firm’s [[income statement]]. This statement reflects [[profit (accounting)|profit]]s and [[Expenses|loss]]es that are themselves determined by the calculations that make up the basic accounting equation. In other words, this equation allows businesses to determine [[revenue]] as well as prepare a statement of retained earnings. This then allows them to predict future profit trends and adjust business practices accordingly. Thus, the accounting equation is an essential step in determining company profitability.
 
===Company Worth===
Since the balance sheet is founded on the principles of the accounting equation, this equation can also be said to be responsible for estimating the [[net worth]] of an entire company. The fundamental components of the accounting equation include the calculation of both company holdings and company debts; thus, it allows owners to gauge the total value of a firm’s assets.
 
===Investments===
Due to its role in determining a firm’s net worth, the accounting equation is an important tool for investors looking to measure a company’s holdings and debts at any particular time, and frequent calculations can indicate how steady or erratic a business’s financial dealings might be. This provides  valuable information to [[creditor]]s or banks that might be considering a loan application or [[investment]] in the company.<ref name=equation>{{cite web|title=Accounting Equation|url=http://www.accountingequation.net/Importance-of-Accounting-Equation.html|accessdate=30 April 2013}}</ref>
 
==References==
[http://www.freembanotes.in/finance/accountancy/30-accounting-equation%20Accounting%20Equation%20FMN Accounting Equation]
{{Library resources box
|by=no
|onlinebooks=no
|others=no
|about=yes
|label=Accounting equation }}
{{Reflist}}
 
[[Category:Accounting terminology]]

Latest revision as of 18:55, 30 September 2014



It is very common to have a dental emergency -- a fractured tooth, an abscess, or severe pain when chewing. Over-the-counter pain medication is just masking the problem. Seeing an emergency dentist is critical to getting the source of the problem diagnosed and corrected as soon as possible.

Here are some common dental emergencies:
Toothache: The most common dental emergency. This generally means a badly decayed tooth. As the pain affects the tooth's nerve, treatment involves gently removing any debris lodged in the cavity being careful not to poke deep as this will cause severe pain if the nerve is touched. Next rinse vigorously with warm water. Then soak a small piece of cotton in oil of cloves and insert it in the cavity. This will give temporary relief until a dentist can be reached.

At times the pain may have a more obscure location such as decay under an old filling. As this can be only corrected by a dentist there are two things you can do to help the pain. Administer a pain pill (aspirin or some other analgesic) internally or dissolve a tablet in a half glass (4 oz) of warm water holding it in the mouth for several minutes before spitting it out. DO NOT PLACE A WHOLE TABLET OR ANY PART OF IT IN THE TOOTH OR AGAINST THE SOFT GUM TISSUE AS IT WILL RESULT IN A NASTY BURN.

Swollen Jaw: This may be caused by several conditions the most probable being an abscessed tooth. In any case the treatment should be to reduce pain and swelling. An ice pack held on the outside of the jaw, (ten minutes on and ten minutes off) will take care of both. If this does not control the pain, an analgesic tablet can be given every four hours.

Other Oral Injuries: Broken teeth, cut lips, bitten tongue or lips if severe means a trip to a dentist as soon as possible. In the mean time rinse the mouth with warm water and place cold compression the face opposite the injury. If there is a lot of bleeding, apply direct pressure to the bleeding area. If bleeding does not stop get patient to the emergency room of a hospital as stitches may be necessary.

Prolonged Bleeding Following Extraction: Place a gauze pad or better still a moistened tea bag over the socket and have the patient bite down gently on it for 30 to 45 minutes. The tannic acid in the tea seeps into the tissues and often helps stop the bleeding. If bleeding continues after two hours, call the dentist or take patient to the emergency room of the nearest hospital.

Broken Jaw: If you suspect the patient's jaw is broken, bring the upper and lower teeth together. Put a necktie, handkerchief or towel under the chin, tying it over the head to immobilize the jaw until you can get the patient to a dentist or the emergency room of a hospital.

Painful Erupting Tooth: In young children teething pain can come from a loose baby tooth or from an erupting permanent tooth. Some relief can be given by crushing a little ice and wrapping it in gauze or a clean piece of cloth and putting it directly on the tooth or gum tissue where it hurts. The numbing effect of the cold, along with an appropriate dose of aspirin, usually provides temporary relief.

In young adults, an erupting 3rd molar (Wisdom tooth), especially if it is impacted, can cause the jaw to swell and be quite painful. Often the gum around the tooth will show signs of infection. Temporary relief can be had by giving aspirin or some other painkiller and by dissolving an aspirin in half a glass of warm water and holding this solution in the mouth over the sore gum. AGAIN DO NOT PLACE A TABLET DIRECTLY OVER THE GUM OR CHEEK OR USE THE ASPIRIN SOLUTION ANY STRONGER THAN RECOMMENDED TO PREVENT BURNING THE TISSUE. The swelling of the jaw can be reduced by using an ice pack on the outside of the face at intervals of ten minutes on and ten minutes off.

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