Wind chill

The end of the book of Acts (folio 76r) from the Codex Alexandrinus, which has a mostly Byzantine text-type during the Gospels and is largely Alexandrian throughout the rest of the New Testament

The Alexandrian text-type (also called Neutral or Egyptian), associated with Alexandria, is one of several text-types used in New Testament textual criticism to describe and group the textual character of biblical manuscripts. The Alexandrian text-type is the form of the Greek New Testament that predominates in the earliest surviving documents, as well as the text-type used in Egyptian Coptic manuscripts. In later manuscripts (from the 9th century onwards), the Byzantine text-type became far more common and remains as the standard text in the Greek Orthodox church and also underlies most Protestant translations of the Reformation era. Most modern New Testaments are based on what is called "reasoned eclecticism" (such as that of the Nestle-Aland 27, the basis of virtually all modern translations) in formulating a Greek text; this invariably results in a text that is strongly Alexandrian in character. Some modern translations break from strict adherence to the critical Alexandrian text and adopt some readings from the traditional Byzantine text-type and other textual traditions; A small minority of modern translations still maintain a close adherence to the traditional text while noting major variants, namely, the New King James Version.

Manuscripts of the Alexandrian text-type

Up until the 9th century, Greek texts were written entirely in upper case letters, referred to as Uncials. During the 9th and 10th centuries, the new lower-case writing hand of Minuscules came gradually to replace the older style. Most Greek Uncial manuscripts were recopied in this period and their parchment leaves typically scraped clean for re-use. Consequently, surviving Greek New Testament manuscripts from before the 9th century are relatively rare; but nine — over half of the total that survive — witness a more or less pure Alexandrian text. These include the oldest near-complete manuscripts of the New Testament Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209 and Codex Sinaiticus (believed to date from the early 4th century CE).

A number of substantial papyrus manuscripts of portions of the New Testament survive from earlier still, and those that can be ascribed a text-type — such as ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁶⁶ and ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁷⁵ from the early 3rd century — also tend to witness to the Alexandrian text.

The earliest translation of the New Testament into an Egyptian Coptic version — the Sahidic of the late 2nd century — uses the Alexandrian text as a Greek base; although other 2nd and 3rd century translations — into Old Latin and Syriac tend rather to conform to the Western text-type. Although the overwhelming majority of later minuscule manuscripts conform to the Byzantine text-type; detailed study has, from time to time, identified individual minuscules that transmit the alternative Alexandrian text. Around 17 such manuscripts have been discovered so far — consequently the Alexandrian text-type is witnessed by around 30 surviving manuscripts — by no means all of which are associated with Egypt, although that area is where Alexandrian witnesses are most prevalent.

It was used by Clement, Athanasius, and Cyril of Alexandria.

List of notable manuscripts represented Alexandrian text-type:

Sign	Name	Date	Content
${\mathfrak {P}}$46	Chester Beatty II	c. 200	Pauline Epistles
${\mathfrak {P}}$66	Bodmer II	c. 200	Gospels
${\mathfrak {P}}$72	Bodmer VII/VIII	3rd/4th	1-2 Peter; Jude
${\mathfrak {P}}$75	Bodmer XIV-XV	3rd	fragments of Luke — John
א	Codex Sinaiticus	330-360	NT
B	Codex Vaticanus Graecus 1209	325-350	Matt. — Hbr 9, 14
A	Codex Alexandrinus	c. 400	(except Gospels)
C	Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus	5th	(except Gospels)
Q	Codex Guelferbytanus B	5th	fragments Luke — John
T	Codex Borgianus	5th	fragments Luke — John
I	Codex Freerianus	5th	Pauline epistles
Z	Codex Dublinensis	6th	fragments of Matt.
L	Codex Regius	8th	Gospels
W	Codex Washingtonianus	5th	Luke 1:1–8:12; J 5:12–21:25
057	Uncial 057	4/5th	Acts 3:5–6,10-12
0220	Uncial 0220	6th	NT (except Rev.)
33	Minuscule 33	9th	Romans
81	Minuscule 81	1044	Acts, Paul
892	Minuscule 892	9th	Gospels

Other manuscripts

Papyri: ${\mathfrak {P}}$¹, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁴, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁵, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁶, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁸, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁹, ${\mathfrak {P}}$¹⁰, ${\mathfrak {P}}$¹¹, ${\mathfrak {P}}$¹², ${\mathfrak {P}}$¹³, ${\mathfrak {P}}$¹⁴, ${\mathfrak {P}}$¹⁵, ${\mathfrak {P}}$¹⁶, ${\mathfrak {P}}$¹⁷, ${\mathfrak {P}}$¹⁸, ${\mathfrak {P}}$¹⁹, ${\mathfrak {P}}$²⁰, ${\mathfrak {P}}$²², ${\mathfrak {P}}$²³, ${\mathfrak {P}}$²⁴, ${\mathfrak {P}}$²⁶, ${\mathfrak {P}}$²⁷, ${\mathfrak {P}}$²⁸, ${\mathfrak {P}}$²⁹, ${\mathfrak {P}}$³⁰, ${\mathfrak {P}}$³¹, ${\mathfrak {P}}$³², ${\mathfrak {P}}$³³, ${\mathfrak {P}}$³⁴, ${\mathfrak {P}}$³⁵, ${\mathfrak {P}}$³⁷, ${\mathfrak {P}}$³⁹, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁴⁰, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁴³, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁴⁴, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁴⁵, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁴⁷, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁴⁹, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁵¹, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁵³, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁵⁵, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁵⁶, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁵⁷, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁶¹, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁶², ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁶⁴, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁶⁵, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁷⁰, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁷¹, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁷², ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁷⁴, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁷⁷, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁷⁸, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁷⁹, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁸⁰ (?), ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁸¹, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁸², ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁸⁵ (?), ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁸⁶, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁸⁷, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁹⁰, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁹¹, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁹², ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁹⁵, ${\mathfrak {P}}$¹⁰⁰, ${\mathfrak {P}}$¹⁰⁴, ${\mathfrak {P}}$¹⁰⁶, ${\mathfrak {P}}$¹⁰⁷, ${\mathfrak {P}}$¹⁰⁸, ${\mathfrak {P}}$¹¹⁰, ${\mathfrak {P}}$¹¹¹, ${\mathfrak {P}}$¹¹⁵, ${\mathfrak {P}}$¹²².

Uncials: Codex Coislinianus, Porphyrianus (except Acts, Rev), Dublinensis, Sangallensis (only in Mark), Zacynthius, Athous Lavrensis (in Mark and Cath. epistles), Vaticanus 2061, 059, 068, 071, 073, 076, 077, 081, 083, 085, 087, 088, 089, 091, 093 (except Acts), 094, 096, 098, 0101, 0102, 0108, 0111, 0114, 0129, 0142, 0155, 0156, 0162, 0167, 0172, 0173, 0175, 0181, 0183, 0184, 0185, 0189, 0201, 0204, 0205, 0207, 0223, 0225, 0232, 0234, 0240, 0243, 0244, 0245, 0247, 0254, 0270, 0271, 0274.

Minuscules: 20, 94, 104 (Epistles), 157, 164, 215, 241, 254, 322, 323, 326, 376, 383, 442, 579 (except Matthew), 614, 718, 850, 1006, 1175, 1241 (except Acts), 1243, 1292 (Cath.), 1342 (Mark), 1506 (Paul), 1611, 1739, 1841, 1852, 1908, 2040, 2053, 2062, 2298, 2344 (CE, Rev), 2351, 2427, 2464.

According to the present critics codices ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁷⁵ and B are the best Alexandrian witnesses, which present the pure Alexandrian text. All other witnesses are classified according to whether they preserve the excellent ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁷⁵-B line of text. With the primary Alexandrian witnesses are included ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁶⁶ and citations of Origen. With the secondary witnesses are included manuscripts C, L. 33, and the writings of Didymus the Blind.

Characteristics of the Alexandrian text-type

All extant manuscripts of all text-types are at least 85% identical and most of the variations are not translatable into English, such as word order or spelling. When compared to witnesses of the Western text-type, Alexandrian readings tend to be shorter; and are commonly regarded as having a lower tendency to expand or paraphrase. Some of the manuscripts representing the Alexandrian text-type have the Byzantine corrections made by later hands (Papyrus 66, Codex Sinaiticus, Codex Ephraemi, Codex Regius, and Codex Sangallensis). When compared to witnesses of the Byzantine text type, Alexandrian manuscripts tend:

• to have a larger number of abrupt readings — such as the shorter ending of the Gospel of Mark, which finishes in the Alexandrian text at Mark 16:8 (".. for they were afraid.") omitting verses Mark 16:9-20; Matthew 16:2b–3, John 5:4; John 7:53-8:11;

• Omitted verses: Matt 12:47; 17:21; 18:11; Mark 9:44.46; 11:26; 15:28; Luke 17:36; Acts 8:37; 15:34; 24:7; 28:29.

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  The Singapore Property Awards recognise excellence in actual estate development initiatives or individual properties in terms of design, aesthetics, functionality, contribution to the constructed atmosphere and neighborhood at massive. It represents an outstanding achievement which developers, professionals and property house owners aspire to achieve. It bestows upon the winner the correct to use the coveted award emblem recognised extensively throughout the FIABCI network.
  
  ADRIA NON-PUBLIC CONDOMINIUM CONDOMINIUM DERBYSHIRE HIGHWAY, THOMSON ROAD, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT eleven) AMBER RESIDENCES (PREPARED HOUSES) PRIVATE CONDOMINIUM RESIDENCE AMBER STREET, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 15) ARC AT TAMPINES GOVERNMENT CONDOMINIUM APARTMENT TAMPINES AVENUE 8, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 18) ARDMORE RESIDENCE NON-PUBLIC CONDOMINIUM CONDO ARDMORE PARK, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 10) ARISTO @ AMBER , THE PRIVATE CONDOMINIUM CONDOMINIUM AMBER STREET, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 15) ASPEN LINQ NON-PUBLIC CONDOMINIUM RESIDENCE INSTITUTION HILL, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 09) BARTLEY RESIDENCES NON-PUBLIC CONDOMINIUM HOUSE BARTLEY HIGHWAY, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 19) BEACON HEIGHTS PERSONAL CONDOMINIUM CONDO MAR THOMA STREET, SINGAPORE (DISTRCT 12) title searches and authorized requisitions on the property; and
  
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  As a public-listed company and a pioneer in the improvement of landed properties in Singapore, we have now been constructing some of Singapore's nicely-recognized, established residential estates for over 50 years. Our many developments in Singapore are an affidavit of our steady want to create not just high quality houses however communities for you and your family members Hotel Properties Limited (HPL) was listed on the Inventory Trade of Singapore in 1982. Beginning with simply the Hilton Lodge in Singapore, HPL has expanded rapidly through the years. As we speak HPL has pursuits in 19 resorts with almost 4000 rooms in 8 countries. An Choice or Settlement/Contract for the Buy of a Home or Flat will be formedin many ways e.g. A gaggle of persons, whether in partnership or otherwise
  
  Certainly one of Asia's premier property firms, Keppel Land is recognised for its sterling portfolio of award-profitable residential developments and funding-grade business properties as well as excessive requirements of company governance and transparency. Keppel Land is without doubt one of the largest listed property corporations by total assets on the Singapore Change. The Group's total assets amounted to about $13.eight billion as at 31 March 2014. Additionally it is a component of a number of stock indices including the FTSE ST Real Property Index, FTSE ST China Prime Index, FTSE All-World Index, FTSE Asia Pacific ex-Japan Index, FTSE EPRA/NAREIT World Real Estate Index and EPRA/NAREIT Index. WOODSVALE PERSONAL CONDOMINIUM CONDOMINIUM WOODSVALE CLOSE, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT thirteen) Industrial
  
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  The Singapore Property Awards recognise excellence in actual estate development initiatives or individual properties in terms of design, aesthetics, functionality, contribution to the constructed atmosphere and neighborhood at massive. It represents an outstanding achievement which developers, professionals and property house owners aspire to achieve. It bestows upon the winner the correct to use the coveted award emblem recognised extensively throughout the FIABCI network.
  
  ADRIA NON-PUBLIC CONDOMINIUM CONDOMINIUM DERBYSHIRE HIGHWAY, THOMSON ROAD, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT eleven) AMBER RESIDENCES (PREPARED HOUSES) PRIVATE CONDOMINIUM RESIDENCE AMBER STREET, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 15) ARC AT TAMPINES GOVERNMENT CONDOMINIUM APARTMENT TAMPINES AVENUE 8, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 18) ARDMORE RESIDENCE NON-PUBLIC CONDOMINIUM CONDO ARDMORE PARK, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 10) ARISTO @ AMBER , THE PRIVATE CONDOMINIUM CONDOMINIUM AMBER STREET, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 15) ASPEN LINQ NON-PUBLIC CONDOMINIUM RESIDENCE INSTITUTION HILL, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 09) BARTLEY RESIDENCES NON-PUBLIC CONDOMINIUM HOUSE BARTLEY HIGHWAY, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 19) BEACON HEIGHTS PERSONAL CONDOMINIUM CONDO MAR THOMA STREET, SINGAPORE (DISTRCT 12) title searches and authorized requisitions on the property; and
  
  Hongkong Land is a number one property funding, administration and growth group with a serious portfolio in Hong Kong and different property pursuits in Asia. As considered one of Singapore's largest property gamers, Singapore Land (SingLand) is synonymous with premier property developments in both prime and suburban areas. YHS made its first foray into property improvement with Tivoli Gardens, a 59-unit landed estate in District 19. This was adopted by the launch of The Sterling, a freehold condominium in Bukit Timah, and landed projects resembling Tai Keng Villas, Parry Inexperienced, Chuan Villas and Princeton Vale. Its newest growth is JARDIN, an exclusive property nestled alongside Bukit Timah/Dunearn Highway Learn More Can Singapore safely deflate its property market?
  
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  As a public-listed company and a pioneer in the improvement of landed properties in Singapore, we have now been constructing some of Singapore's nicely-recognized, established residential estates for over 50 years. Our many developments in Singapore are an affidavit of our steady want to create not just high quality houses however communities for you and your family members Hotel Properties Limited (HPL) was listed on the Inventory Trade of Singapore in 1982. Beginning with simply the Hilton Lodge in Singapore, HPL has expanded rapidly through the years. As we speak HPL has pursuits in 19 resorts with almost 4000 rooms in 8 countries. An Choice or Settlement/Contract for the Buy of a Home or Flat will be formedin many ways e.g. A gaggle of persons, whether in partnership or otherwise
  
  Certainly one of Asia's premier property firms, Keppel Land is recognised for its sterling portfolio of award-profitable residential developments and funding-grade business properties as well as excessive requirements of company governance and transparency. Keppel Land is without doubt one of the largest listed property corporations by total assets on the Singapore Change. The Group's total assets amounted to about $13.eight billion as at 31 March 2014. Additionally it is a component of a number of stock indices including the FTSE ST Real Property Index, FTSE ST China Prime Index, FTSE All-World Index, FTSE Asia Pacific ex-Japan Index, FTSE EPRA/NAREIT World Real Estate Index and EPRA/NAREIT Index. WOODSVALE PERSONAL CONDOMINIUM CONDOMINIUM WOODSVALE CLOSE, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT thirteen) Industrial
  
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  The Singapore Property Awards recognise excellence in actual estate development initiatives or individual properties in terms of design, aesthetics, functionality, contribution to the constructed atmosphere and neighborhood at massive. It represents an outstanding achievement which developers, professionals and property house owners aspire to achieve. It bestows upon the winner the correct to use the coveted award emblem recognised extensively throughout the FIABCI network.
  
  ADRIA NON-PUBLIC CONDOMINIUM CONDOMINIUM DERBYSHIRE HIGHWAY, THOMSON ROAD, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT eleven) AMBER RESIDENCES (PREPARED HOUSES) PRIVATE CONDOMINIUM RESIDENCE AMBER STREET, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 15) ARC AT TAMPINES GOVERNMENT CONDOMINIUM APARTMENT TAMPINES AVENUE 8, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 18) ARDMORE RESIDENCE NON-PUBLIC CONDOMINIUM CONDO ARDMORE PARK, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 10) ARISTO @ AMBER , THE PRIVATE CONDOMINIUM CONDOMINIUM AMBER STREET, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 15) ASPEN LINQ NON-PUBLIC CONDOMINIUM RESIDENCE INSTITUTION HILL, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 09) BARTLEY RESIDENCES NON-PUBLIC CONDOMINIUM HOUSE BARTLEY HIGHWAY, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 19) BEACON HEIGHTS PERSONAL CONDOMINIUM CONDO MAR THOMA STREET, SINGAPORE (DISTRCT 12) title searches and authorized requisitions on the property; and
  
  Hongkong Land is a number one property funding, administration and growth group with a serious portfolio in Hong Kong and different property pursuits in Asia. As considered one of Singapore's largest property gamers, Singapore Land (SingLand) is synonymous with premier property developments in both prime and suburban areas. YHS made its first foray into property improvement with Tivoli Gardens, a 59-unit landed estate in District 19. This was adopted by the launch of The Sterling, a freehold condominium in Bukit Timah, and landed projects resembling Tai Keng Villas, Parry Inexperienced, Chuan Villas and Princeton Vale. Its newest growth is JARDIN, an exclusive property nestled alongside Bukit Timah/Dunearn Highway Learn More Can Singapore safely deflate its property market?
  
  GPS Funding Sales operates like an entrepreneur group drawing on wealth of experiences with in depth insight locally and having a global perspective. We are in a position to provide investment methods that tailor-made to the clients profile. Our purchasers starting from Wealth Fund managers, Multinational Companies, Small Medium Enterprise companies, Property Developers and Ultra Networth Individual. En-bloc Sales Department Sustainability, property growth, sustainability initiatives, tripple backside line, measuring sustainability, reporting, metrics and benchmarks When you've loved what you've got read thus far why not sign up for our FREE property alert and online journal PropertyWire Confidential. District 23, ninety nine years Leasehold condominium BUILD TO ALTER (left) instead of PROPERTY builders did not have the simplest year, what with the cooling measures imposed in January and the loan curbs in June, but some still managed to do effectively while others made their first foray abroad.
  
  As a public-listed company and a pioneer in the improvement of landed properties in Singapore, we have now been constructing some of Singapore's nicely-recognized, established residential estates for over 50 years. Our many developments in Singapore are an affidavit of our steady want to create not just high quality houses however communities for you and your family members Hotel Properties Limited (HPL) was listed on the Inventory Trade of Singapore in 1982. Beginning with simply the Hilton Lodge in Singapore, HPL has expanded rapidly through the years. As we speak HPL has pursuits in 19 resorts with almost 4000 rooms in 8 countries. An Choice or Settlement/Contract for the Buy of a Home or Flat will be formedin many ways e.g. A gaggle of persons, whether in partnership or otherwise
  
  Certainly one of Asia's premier property firms, Keppel Land is recognised for its sterling portfolio of award-profitable residential developments and funding-grade business properties as well as excessive requirements of company governance and transparency. Keppel Land is without doubt one of the largest listed property corporations by total assets on the Singapore Change. The Group's total assets amounted to about $13.eight billion as at 31 March 2014. Additionally it is a component of a number of stock indices including the FTSE ST Real Property Index, FTSE ST China Prime Index, FTSE All-World Index, FTSE Asia Pacific ex-Japan Index, FTSE EPRA/NAREIT World Real Estate Index and EPRA/NAREIT Index. WOODSVALE PERSONAL CONDOMINIUM CONDOMINIUM WOODSVALE CLOSE, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT thirteen) Industrial
  
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  The Singapore Property Awards recognise excellence in actual estate development initiatives or individual properties in terms of design, aesthetics, functionality, contribution to the constructed atmosphere and neighborhood at massive. It represents an outstanding achievement which developers, professionals and property house owners aspire to achieve. It bestows upon the winner the correct to use the coveted award emblem recognised extensively throughout the FIABCI network.
  
  ADRIA NON-PUBLIC CONDOMINIUM CONDOMINIUM DERBYSHIRE HIGHWAY, THOMSON ROAD, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT eleven) AMBER RESIDENCES (PREPARED HOUSES) PRIVATE CONDOMINIUM RESIDENCE AMBER STREET, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 15) ARC AT TAMPINES GOVERNMENT CONDOMINIUM APARTMENT TAMPINES AVENUE 8, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 18) ARDMORE RESIDENCE NON-PUBLIC CONDOMINIUM CONDO ARDMORE PARK, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 10) ARISTO @ AMBER , THE PRIVATE CONDOMINIUM CONDOMINIUM AMBER STREET, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 15) ASPEN LINQ NON-PUBLIC CONDOMINIUM RESIDENCE INSTITUTION HILL, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 09) BARTLEY RESIDENCES NON-PUBLIC CONDOMINIUM HOUSE BARTLEY HIGHWAY, SINGAPORE (DISTRICT 19) BEACON HEIGHTS PERSONAL CONDOMINIUM CONDO MAR THOMA STREET, SINGAPORE (DISTRCT 12) title searches and authorized requisitions on the property; and
  
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  Hongkong Land is a number one property funding, administration and growth group with a serious portfolio in Hong Kong and different property pursuits in Asia. As considered one of Singapore's largest property gamers, Singapore Land (SingLand) is synonymous with premier property developments in both prime and suburban areas. YHS made its first foray into property improvement with Tivoli Gardens, a 59-unit landed estate in District 19. This was adopted by the launch of The Sterling, a freehold condominium in Bukit Timah, and landed projects resembling Tai Keng Villas, Parry Inexperienced, Chuan Villas and Princeton Vale. Its newest growth is JARDIN, an exclusive property nestled alongside Bukit Timah/Dunearn Highway Learn More Can Singapore safely deflate its property market?
  
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• to display more variations between parallel synoptic passages — as in the Lukan version of the Lord's Prayer (Luke 11:2), which in the Alexandrian text opens "Father.. ", whereas the Byzantine text reads (as in the parallel Matthew 6:9) "Our Father in heaven.. ";

• to have a higher proportion of "difficult" readings — as in Matthew 24:36 which reads in the Alexandrian text "But of that day and hour no one knows, not even the angels of heaven, nor the Son, but the Father only"; whereas the Byzantine text omits the phrase "nor the Son", thereby avoiding the implication that Jesus lacked full divine foreknowledge. Another difficult reading: Luke 4:44.

The above comparisons are tendencies, rather than consistent differences. Hence there are a number of passages in the Gospel of Luke where the Western text-type witnesses a shorter text — the Western non-interpolations. Also there are a number of readings where the Byzantine text displays variation between synoptic passages, that is not found in either the Western or Alexandrian texts — as in the rendering into Greek of the Aramaic last words of Jesus, which are reported in the Byzantine text as "Eloi, Eloi.." in Mark 15:34, but as "Eli, Eli.." in Matthew 27:46.

Peculiar readings

In Gospel of Matthew 27:49 was added this text: "The other took a spear and pierced His side, and immediately water and blood came out" (see: John 19:34). We can find this textual variant in codices: Sinaiticus, Vaticanus, Regius, and several other witnesses of Alexandrian text-type. Probably this text was added in a result of fighting with Docetism.

Mark 5:9

λεγιων ονομα μοι — א B C L Δ

απεκριτη — D

απεκριθη λεγων — E 565 700

λεγεων — A W Θ f¹ f¹³ Byz

Mark 6:22

• θυγατρος αυτου Ηρωδιαδος — א B D L Δ 565
• θυγατρος αυτης της Ηρωδιαδος — A C K Θ Π
• θυγατρος αυτης Ηρωδιαδος — W f¹³ 28 33 700 892 1009 1010 1071 1079 1195 1216 1230 1241 1242 Byz it vg
• θυγατρος της Ηρωδιαδος — f¹ it^{aur, b, c, f} syr cop goth arm eth geo

Luke 1:76 — προ προσωπου ] ενωπιον

Luke 9:35

• εκλελεγμενος — א B Ξ 892 1241
• εκλεκτος — Θ f¹ 1365
• αγαπητος — A C K P W X Δ Π f¹³ 28 33 565 700 Byz
• αγαπητος εν ο ευδοκησα — C³ D Ψ ℓ 19 ℓ 31 ℓ 47 ℓ 48 ℓ 49

Acts 27:41

υπο της βιας — א, A, B, arm, geo

υπο των κυματων — Ψ (ℓ 1441 των κυματων with obeli and omitted υπο)

υπο της βιας των κυματων — ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁷⁴, C, P, 049, 056, 0142, (א^c 104 απο), 33, 81, 88, 181, 326, 330, 436, 451, 614, (629 των ανεμων), 630, 945, 1241, 1505, 1739, 1877, 2127, 2412, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect, syr^{p, h}, cop, eth^pp

1 Corinthians 2:1

μυστηριον – ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁴⁶, א, Α, C, 88, 436, it^a,r, syr^p, cop^bo

μαρτυριον – B D G P Ψ 33 81 104 181 326 330 451 614 629 630 1241 1739 1877 1881 1962 1984 2127 2492 2495 Byz Lect it vg syr^h cop^sa arm eth

1 Corinthians 2:4

πειθοις σοφιας λογοις (plausible words of wisdom) – (א λογος) B (D^gr 33 πιθοις) D^c 181 1739 1877 1881 it^r1 vg^ww eth

πειθοις σοφιας (plausible wisdom) – ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁴⁶ G^gr

πειθοι σοφιας (plausible wisdom) – 35 it^f,g

πειθοις ανθρωπινης σοφιας λογοις – C Ψ (A P 326 330 πιθοις) 81 88 104 436 451 614 629 1241 1984 2127 2492 Byz vg^cl syr^h cop^bo

1 Corinthians 7:5

τη προσευχη (prayer) – ${\mathfrak {P}}$¹¹, ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁴⁶, א*, A, B, C, D, F, G, P, Ψ, 6, 33, 81, 104, 181, 629, 630, 1739, 1877, 1881, 1962, it vg, cop, arm, eth

τη νηστεια και τη προσευχη (fasting and prayer) – א^c, K, L, 88, 326, 436, 614, 1241, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect, syr^p,h, goth

τη προσευχη και νηστεια (prayer and fasting) – 330, 451, John of Damascus

1 Corinthians 7:14

αδελφω – ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁴⁶, א*, A, B, C, D, F, G, P, Ψ, 33, 181, 1739, 1877, 1962, d, e, f, g, cop

ανδρι – א^c, D^c, K, L, 81, 88, 104, 326, 330, 436, 451, 614, 630, 1241, 1881, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect, syr^h, goth, arm, eth

1 Corinthians 9:20

μη ων αυτος υπο νομον – א*, A, B, C, D, F, G, P, 33, 104, 181, 436, 629, 630, 1739, 1877, 2127, 2495, it, vg, cop, goth, arm

1 Corinthians 11:24

υμων — ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁴⁶, א*, A, B, C*, 33, 1739, arm

υμων κλωμενον — א^c, C³, D^{b, c}, G, K, Ψ, 81, 88, 104, 181, 326, 330, 436, 451, 614, 629, 630, 1241, 1739^mg, 1877, 1881, 1962, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect

υμων διδομενον — c, dem, f, t, x, z^c, vg (tradetur), cop, eth

1 Corinthians 15:47

δευτερος ανθρωπος — א*, B, C, D, F, G, 0243, 33, 1739, it, vg, cop^bo eth

δευτερος ανθρωπος ο κυριος — א^c, A, D^c, K, P, Ψ, 81, 104, 181, 326, 330, 436, 451, 614, 629, 1241, 1739^mg, 1877, 1881, 1984, 1985, 2127, 2492, 2495, Byz, Lect

Evaluations of text-types

Most textual critics of the New Testament favor the Alexandrian text-type as the closest representative of the autographs for many reasons. One reason is that Alexandrian manuscripts are the oldest we have found, and some of the earliest church fathers used readings found in the Alexandrian text. Another is that the Alexandrian readings are adjudged more often to be the ones that can best explain the origin of all the variant readings found in other text-types.

Nevertheless, there are some dissenting voices to this general consensus. A few textual critics, especially those in France, argue that the Western text-type, an old text from which the Old Latin versions of the New Testament are derived, is closer to the originals.

In the United States, some critics have a dissenting view that prefers the Byzantine text-type, such as Maurice Arthur Robinson and William Grover Pierpont. They assert that Egypt, almost alone, offers optimal climatic conditions favoring preservation of ancient manuscripts while, on the other hand, the papyri used in the east (Asia Minor and Greece) would not have survived due to the unfavourable climatic conditions. So, it is not surprising that if we were to find ancient Biblical manuscripts, they would come mostly from the Alexandrian geographical area and not from the Byzantine geographical area. The argument for the authoritative nature of the latter is that the much greater number of Byzantine manuscripts copied in later centuries, in detriment to the Alexandrian manuscripts, indicates a superior understanding by scribes of those being closer to the autographs. Eldon Jay Epp argued that the manuscripts circulated in the Roman world and many documents from other parts of the Roman Empire were found in Egypt since the late 19th century.

Alexandrian popular proponents counter that the Byzantine church was dominated by Arianism (which is in opposition to mainstream Trinitarian Christological dogma) around the time that we first see evidence of the Byzantine text emerging. However, most scholars generally agree that there is no evidence of systematic theological alteration in any of the text types.

The evidence of the papyri suggests that — in Egypt at least — very different manuscript readings co-existed in the same area in the early Christian period. So, whereas the early 3rd century papyrus P⁷⁵ witnesses a text in Luke and John that is very close to that found a century later in the Codex Vaticanus, the nearly contemporary P⁶⁶ has a much freer text of John; with many unique variants; and others that are now considered distinctive to the Western and Byzantine text-types, albeit that the bulk of readings are Alexandrian. Most modern text critics therefore do not regard any one text-type as deriving in direct succession from autograph manuscripts, but rather, as the fruit of local exercises to compile the best New Testament text from a manuscript tradition that already displayed wide variations.

History of research

Griesbach produced a list of nine manuscripts which represent the Alexandrian text: C, L, K, 1, 13, 33, 69, 106, and 118. Codex Vaticanus was not on this list. In 1796 in second edition of his Greek New Testament Griesbach added Codex Vaticanus as witness to the Alexandrian text in Mark, Luke, and John. He still thought that the first half of Matthew represents the Western text-type.

Johann Leonhard Hug (1765–1846) suggested that the Alexandrian recension was to be dated about the middle of the 3rd century, and it was the purification of a wild text, which was similar to the text of Codex Bezae. In result of this recension interpolations were removed and some grammar refinements were made. The result was the text of the codices B, C, L, and the text of Athanasius and Cyril of Alexandria.

Starting with Karl Lachmann (1850), manuscripts of the Alexandrian text-type have been the most influential in modern, critical editions of the Greek New Testament, achieving widespread acceptance in the text of Westcott & Hort (1881), and culminating in the United Bible Society 4th edition and Nestle-Aland 27th edition of the New Testament.

Until the publication of the Introduction of Westcott and Hort in 1881 remained opinion that the Alexandrian text is represented by codices B, C, L. The Alexandrian text is one of the three ante-Nicene texts of the New Testament (Neutral and Western). The text of the Codex Vaticanus stays in closest affinity to the Neutral Text.

After discovering the manuscripts ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁶⁶ ${\mathfrak {P}}$⁷⁵ the Neutral text and Alexandrian text were unified.

See also

• Differences between codices Sinaiticus and Vaticanus
• Categories of New Testament manuscripts
• Byzantine text-type
• Caesarean text-type
• Western text-type

References

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Further reading

• Bruce M. Metzger & Bart D. Ehrman, The Text of the New Testament: Its Transmission, Corruption and Restoration, Oxford University Press, 2005, pp. 277–278.
• Bruce M. Metzger, A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament: A Companion Volume to the United Bible Societies' Greek New Testament, 1994, United Bible Societies, London & New York, pp. 5*, 15*.
• Carlo Maria Martini, La Parola di Dio Alle Origini della Chiesa, (Rome: Bibl. Inst. Pr. 1980), pp. 153–180.
• Gordon D. Fee, P⁷⁵, P⁶⁶, and Origen: The Myth of Early Textual Recension in Alexandria, in: Studies in the Theory and Method of New Testament Textual Criticism, vol. 45, Wm. Eerdmans 1993, pp. 247–273.