Computability theory: Difference between revisions
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[[Image:Charles and Gay-Lussac's Law animated.gif|thumb|300px|An animation demonstrating the relationship between volume and temperature.]] | |||
{{Continuum mechanics}} | |||
'''Charles' law''' (also known as the '''law of volumes''') is an experimental [[gas laws|gas law]] which describes how [[gas]]es tend to expand when heated. A modern statement of Charles' law is: | |||
<blockquote> | |||
The [[volume]] of a given mass of an [[ideal gas]] is [[Proportionality_(mathematics)#Direct_proportionality|directly proportional]] to its temperature on the [[Kelvin|absolute temperature scale]] (in Kelvin) if [[pressure]] and the [[amount of substance|amount of gas]] remain constant; that is, the volume of the gas increases or decreases by the same factor as its temperature.<ref>{{Citation | |||
| publisher = Heinemann | |||
| isbn = 0-435-57078-1 | |||
| pages = 141–42 | |||
| last = Fullick | |||
| first = P. | |||
| title = Physics | |||
| location = | |||
| year = 1994 | |||
}}.</ref> | |||
</blockquote> | |||
this [[Proportionality_(mathematics)#Direct_proportionality|directly proportional]] relationship can be written as: | |||
:<math>V \propto T\,</math> | |||
or | |||
:<math>\frac{V}{T}=k</math> | |||
where: | |||
:''V'' is the [[volume]] of the gas | |||
:''T'' is the [[temperature]] of the gas (measured in [[Kelvin]]). | |||
:''k'' is a [[Constant (mathematics)|constant]]. | |||
This law explains how a gas expands as the temperature increases; conversely, a decrease in temperature will lead to a decrease in volume. For comparing the same substance under two different sets of conditions, the law can be written as: | |||
:<math>\frac{V_1}{T_1} = \frac{V_2}{T_2} \qquad \mathrm{or} \qquad \frac {V_2}{V_1} = \frac{T_2}{T_1} \qquad \mathrm{or} \qquad V_1 T_2 = V_2 T_1.</math> | |||
The equation shows that, as absolute temperature increases, the volume of the gas also increases in proportion. The law was named after scientist [[Jacques Charles]], who formulated the original law in his unpublished work from the 1780s. | |||
==History== | |||
It was first published by [[France|French]] [[natural philosopher]] [[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] in 1802,<ref name="GL02">{{citation | author = Gay-Lussac, J. L. | authorlink = Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac | year = L'An X – 1802 | title = Recherches sur la dilatation des gaz et des vapeurs |trans_title = Researches on the expansion of gases and vapors | journal = Annales de chimie | volume = 43 | pages = 137–175 | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=Z6ctSn3TIeYC&pg=PA137#v=onepage&q&f=false}}. [http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/gaygas.html English translation (extract).]<br> | |||
On page 157, Gay-Lussac mentions the unpublished findings of Charles: "''Avant d'aller plus loin, je dois prévenir que quoique j'eusse reconnu un grand nombre de fois que les gaz oxigène, azote, hydrogène et acide carbonique, et l'air atmosphérique se dilatent également depuis 0° jusqu'a 80°, le cit. Charles avait remarqué depuis 15 ans la même propriété dans ces gaz ; mais n'avant jamais publié ses résultats, c'est par le plus grand hasard que je les ai connus''." (Before going further, I should inform [you] that although I had recognized many times that the gases oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbonic acid [i.e., carbon dioxide], and atmospheric air also expand from 0° to 80°, citizen Charles had noticed 15 years ago the same property in these gases; but having never published his results, it is by the merest chance that I knew of them.)</ref> although he credited the discovery to unpublished work from the 1780s by [[Jacques Charles]]. The law was independently discovered by [[United Kingdom|British]] natural philosopher [[John Dalton]] by 1801, although Dalton's description was less thorough than [[Gay-Lussac]]'s.<ref>J. Dalton (1802) [http://books.google.com/books?id=3qdJAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA595#v=onepage&q&f=false "Essay IV. On the expansion of elastic fluids by heat,"] ''Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester'', vol. 5, pt. 2, pages 595–602.</ref><ref>http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Fe-Ge/Gay-Lussac-Joseph-Louis.html</ref> The basic principles had already been described a century earlier by [[Guillaume Amontons]].<ref>See: | |||
* Amontons, G. (presented 1699, published 1732) [http://books.google.com/books?id=_czOAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA114#v=onepage&q&f=false "Moyens de substituer commodément l'action du feu à la force des hommes et des chevaux pour mouvoir les machines"] (Ways to conveniently substitute the action of fire for the force of men and horses in order to power machines), ''Mémoires de l’Académie des sciences de Paris'' (presented 1699, published 1732), 112–126; see especially pages 113–117. | |||
* Amontons, G. (presented 1702, published 1743) [http://books.google.com/books?id=P_Wgj2sMY-4C&pg=PA155#v=onepage&q&f=false "Discours sur quelques propriétés de l'Air, & le moyen d'en connoître la température dans tous les climats de la Terre"] (Discourse on some properties of air and on the means of knowing the temperature in all climates of the Earth), ''Mémoires de l’Académie des sciences de Paris'', 155–174. | |||
* Review of Amontons' findings: [http://books.google.com/books?id=P_Wgj2sMY-4C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false "Sur une nouvelle proprieté de l'air, et une nouvelle construction de Thermométre"] (On a new property of the air and a new construction of thermometer), ''Histoire de l'Academie royale des sciences'', 1–8 (submitted: 1702 ; published: 1743). | |||
* Englishman [[Francis Hauksbee]] (1660–1713) independently also discovered Charles's law: Francis Hauksbee (1708) [http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/26/313-324/93.full.pdf+html "An account of an experiment touching the different densities of air, from the greatest natural heat to the greatest natural cold in this climate,"] ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London'' '''26'''(315): 93–96.</ref> | |||
Gay-Lussac was the first to demonstrate that the law applied generally to all gases, and to the [[vapour]]s of volatile liquids if the temperature was more than a few degrees above the boiling point.<ref>Gay-Lussac (1802), from [http://books.google.com/books?id=Z6ctSn3TIeYC&pg=PA166#v=onepage&q&f=false page 166]:<br> | |||
"''Si l'on divise l'augmentation totale de volume par le nombre de degrés qui l'ont produite ou par 80, on trouvera, en faisant le volume à la température 0 égal à l'unité, que l'augmentation de volume pour chaque degré est de 1 / 223.33 ou bien de 1 / 266.66 pour chaque degré du thermomètre centrigrade.''"<br> | |||
If one divides the total increase in volume by the number of degrees that produce it or by 80, one will find, by making the volume at the temperature 0 equal to unity (1), that the increase in volume for each degree is 1 / 223.33 or 1 / 266.66 for each degree of the centigrade thermometer.<br> | |||
From [http://books.google.com/books?id=Z6ctSn3TIeYC&pg=PA174#v=onepage&q&f=false page 174]:<br> | |||
"'' … elle nous porte, par conséquent, à conclure que tous les gaz et toutes les vapeurs se dilatent également par les mêmes degrés de chaleur.''"<br> | |||
… it leads us, consequently, to conclude that all gases and all vapors expand equally [when subjected to] the same degrees of heat.</ref>{{citation needed|date=January 2011}} His statement of the law can be expressed mathematically as: | |||
:<math>V_{100} - V_0 = kV_0\,</math> | |||
where ''V''<sub>100</sub> is the volume occupied by a given sample of gas at 100 °C; ''V''<sub>0</sub> is the volume occupied by the same sample of gas at 0 °C; and ''k'' is a constant which is the same for all gases at constant pressure. Gay-Lussac's value for ''k'' was {{frac|2.6666}}, remarkably close to the present-day value of {{frac|2.7315}}. This law was first given by J. Charles in 1787. | |||
==Relation to absolute zero== | |||
Charles's law appears to imply that the volume of a gas will descend to zero at a certain temperature (−266.66 °C according to Gay-Lussac's figures) or −273°C. Gay-Lussac was clear in his description that the law was not applicable at low temperatures: | |||
<blockquote> | |||
but I may mention that this last conclusion cannot be true except so long as the compressed vapors remain entirely in the elastic state; and this requires that their temperature shall be sufficiently elevated to enable them to resist the pressure which tends to make them assume the liquid state.<ref name="GL02" /> | |||
</blockquote> | |||
Gay-Lussac had no experience of [[liquid air]] (first prepared in 1877), although he appears to believe (as did Dalton) that the "permanent gases" such as air and hydrogen could be liquified. Gay-Lussac had also worked with the vapours of volatile liquids in demonstrating Charles's law, and was aware that the law does not apply just above the boiling point of the liquid: | |||
<blockquote> | |||
I may however remark that when the temperature of the ether is only a little above its boiling point, its condensation is a little more rapid than that of atmospheric air. This fact is related to a phenomenon which is exhibited by a great many bodies when passing from the liquid to the solid state, but which is no longer sensible at temperatures a few degrees above that at which the transition occurs.<ref name="GL02" /> | |||
</blockquote> | |||
The first mention of a temperature at which the volume of a gas might descend to zero was by [[William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin|William Thomson]] (later known as Lord Kelvin) in 1848:<ref name="Kelvin48">{{citation | author = Thomson, William | authorlink = William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin | year = 1848 | title = On an Absolute Thermometric Scale founded on Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat, and calculated from Regnault's Observations | url = http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_an_absolute_thermometric_scale.html | journal = Philosophical Magazine | pages = 100–6}}.</ref> | |||
<blockquote> | |||
This is what we might anticipate, when we reflect that infinite cold must correspond to a finite number of degrees of the air-thermometer below zero; since if we push the strict principle of graduation, stated above, sufficiently far, we should arrive at a point corresponding to the volume of air being reduced to nothing, which would be marked as −273° of the scale (−100/.366, if .366 be the coefficient of expansion); and therefore −273° of the air-thermometer is a point which cannot be reached at any finite temperature, however low. | |||
</blockquote> | |||
However, the "absolute zero" on the Kelvin temperature scale was originally defined in terms of the [[second law of thermodynamics]], which Thomson himself described in 1852.<ref>{{citation | author = Thomson, William | authorlink = William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin | year = 1852 | title = On the Dynamical Theory of Heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule's equivalent of a Thermal Unit, and M. Regnault's Observations on Steam | journal = Philosophical Magazine | volume = 4}}. [http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/KELVIN1.html Extract.]</ref> Thomson did not assume that this was equal to the "zero-volume point" of Charles's law, merely that Charles's law provided the minimum temperature which could be attained. The two can be shown to be equivalent by [[Ludwig Boltzmann|Ludwig Boltzmann's]] [[Entropy (statistical thermodynamics)|statistical view of entropy]] (1870).<!-- and possibly also by Clausius, I haven't checked --> | |||
==Relation to kinetic theory== | |||
The [[Kinetic theory|kinetic theory of gases]] relates the [[macroscopic]] properties of gases, such as pressure and volume, to the [[microscopic]] properties of the molecules which make up the gas, particularly the mass and speed of the molecules. In order to derive Charles's law from kinetic theory, it is necessary to have a microscopic definition of temperature: this can be conveniently taken as the temperature being proportional to the average [[kinetic energy]] of the gas molecules, <u style="font-style:italic; text-decoration:overline">E</u><sub>k</sub>: | |||
:<math>T \propto \bar{E_{\rm k}}.\,</math> | |||
Under this definition, the demonstration of Charles's law is almost trivial. The kinetic theory equivalent of the ideal gas law relates ''pV'' to the average kinetic energy: | |||
:<math>pV = \frac{2}{3} N \bar{E_{\rm k}}\,</math> | |||
where ''N'' is the number of molecules in the gas sample. If the pressure is constant, the volume is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy (and hence to the temperature) for any given gas sample. | |||
==See also== | |||
{{portal|Underwater diving}} | |||
* [[Boyle's law]] | |||
* [[Combined gas law]] | |||
* [[Gay-Lussac's law]] | |||
* [[Avogadro's law]] | |||
* [[Ideal gas law]] | |||
* [[Hand boiler]] | |||
==References== | |||
{{reflist}} | |||
==Further reading== | |||
*{{citation | author=Krönig, A. | authorlink = August Krönig | year = 1856 | title =Grundzüge einer Theorie der Gase | journal = Annalen der Physik | volume = 99 | pages = 315–22 | doi=10.1002/andp.18561751008 | bibcode=1856AnP...175..315K}}. [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15184h/f327.table Facsimile at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (pp. 315–22).] | |||
*{{citation | author = Clausius, R. | authorlink = Rudolf Clausius | title = Ueber die Art der Bewegung, welche wir Wärme nennen | journal = Annalen der Physik und Chemie | volume = 176 | pages = 353–79 | year = 1857 | doi = 10.1002/andp.18571760302 | bibcode=1857AnP...176..353C}}. [http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k15185v/f371.table Facsimile at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (pp. 353–79).]</ref> | |||
*{{citation | title = Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac – Liste de ses communications | url = http://www.polytechnique.fr/bcx/associations/gaylussac/pages/CommunicationsGL.html }} {{dead link|date=May 2010}}. {{fr icon}} | |||
==External links== | |||
{{wikibooks|School Science|Making Charles's law tubes}} | |||
*[http://www.chm.davidson.edu/CHEMISTRYAPPLETS/GASLAWS/CharlesLaw.html Charles's law simulation] from [[Davidson College]], Davidson, North Carolina | |||
*[http://www.tutorvista.com/content/chemistry/chemistry-iii/matter-states/charles-law-animation.php Charles's law simulation] from TutorVista.com | |||
*[http://www.webqc.org/charles_gas_law.html Charles's law calculator] from WebQC.org | |||
*[http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IkRIKGN3i0k Charles's law demonstration] by Prof. Robert Burk, [[Carleton University]], Ottawa, Canada | |||
*[http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=-4506461547173401204 Charles's law animation] from the Leonardo Project (GTEP/[[Cramlington Learning Village|CCHS]], UK) | |||
{{Diving medicine, physiology and physics}} | |||
[[Category:Gas laws]] | |||
[[de:Thermische Zustandsgleichung idealer Gase#Gesetz von Amontons]] |
Revision as of 12:33, 21 January 2014
![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Charles_and_Gay-Lussac%27s_Law_animated.gif/300px-Charles_and_Gay-Lussac%27s_Law_animated.gif)
Template:Continuum mechanics Charles' law (also known as the law of volumes) is an experimental gas law which describes how gases tend to expand when heated. A modern statement of Charles' law is:
The volume of a given mass of an ideal gas is directly proportional to its temperature on the absolute temperature scale (in Kelvin) if pressure and the amount of gas remain constant; that is, the volume of the gas increases or decreases by the same factor as its temperature.[1]
this directly proportional relationship can be written as:
or
where:
- V is the volume of the gas
- T is the temperature of the gas (measured in Kelvin).
- k is a constant.
This law explains how a gas expands as the temperature increases; conversely, a decrease in temperature will lead to a decrease in volume. For comparing the same substance under two different sets of conditions, the law can be written as:
The equation shows that, as absolute temperature increases, the volume of the gas also increases in proportion. The law was named after scientist Jacques Charles, who formulated the original law in his unpublished work from the 1780s.
History
It was first published by French natural philosopher Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1802,[2] although he credited the discovery to unpublished work from the 1780s by Jacques Charles. The law was independently discovered by British natural philosopher John Dalton by 1801, although Dalton's description was less thorough than Gay-Lussac's.[3][4] The basic principles had already been described a century earlier by Guillaume Amontons.[5]
Gay-Lussac was the first to demonstrate that the law applied generally to all gases, and to the vapours of volatile liquids if the temperature was more than a few degrees above the boiling point.[6]Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park. His statement of the law can be expressed mathematically as:
where V100 is the volume occupied by a given sample of gas at 100 °C; V0 is the volume occupied by the same sample of gas at 0 °C; and k is a constant which is the same for all gases at constant pressure. Gay-Lussac's value for k was Template:Frac, remarkably close to the present-day value of Template:Frac. This law was first given by J. Charles in 1787.
Relation to absolute zero
Charles's law appears to imply that the volume of a gas will descend to zero at a certain temperature (−266.66 °C according to Gay-Lussac's figures) or −273°C. Gay-Lussac was clear in his description that the law was not applicable at low temperatures:
but I may mention that this last conclusion cannot be true except so long as the compressed vapors remain entirely in the elastic state; and this requires that their temperature shall be sufficiently elevated to enable them to resist the pressure which tends to make them assume the liquid state.[2]
Gay-Lussac had no experience of liquid air (first prepared in 1877), although he appears to believe (as did Dalton) that the "permanent gases" such as air and hydrogen could be liquified. Gay-Lussac had also worked with the vapours of volatile liquids in demonstrating Charles's law, and was aware that the law does not apply just above the boiling point of the liquid:
I may however remark that when the temperature of the ether is only a little above its boiling point, its condensation is a little more rapid than that of atmospheric air. This fact is related to a phenomenon which is exhibited by a great many bodies when passing from the liquid to the solid state, but which is no longer sensible at temperatures a few degrees above that at which the transition occurs.[2]
The first mention of a temperature at which the volume of a gas might descend to zero was by William Thomson (later known as Lord Kelvin) in 1848:[7]
This is what we might anticipate, when we reflect that infinite cold must correspond to a finite number of degrees of the air-thermometer below zero; since if we push the strict principle of graduation, stated above, sufficiently far, we should arrive at a point corresponding to the volume of air being reduced to nothing, which would be marked as −273° of the scale (−100/.366, if .366 be the coefficient of expansion); and therefore −273° of the air-thermometer is a point which cannot be reached at any finite temperature, however low.
However, the "absolute zero" on the Kelvin temperature scale was originally defined in terms of the second law of thermodynamics, which Thomson himself described in 1852.[8] Thomson did not assume that this was equal to the "zero-volume point" of Charles's law, merely that Charles's law provided the minimum temperature which could be attained. The two can be shown to be equivalent by Ludwig Boltzmann's statistical view of entropy (1870).
Relation to kinetic theory
The kinetic theory of gases relates the macroscopic properties of gases, such as pressure and volume, to the microscopic properties of the molecules which make up the gas, particularly the mass and speed of the molecules. In order to derive Charles's law from kinetic theory, it is necessary to have a microscopic definition of temperature: this can be conveniently taken as the temperature being proportional to the average kinetic energy of the gas molecules, Ek:
Under this definition, the demonstration of Charles's law is almost trivial. The kinetic theory equivalent of the ideal gas law relates pV to the average kinetic energy:
where N is the number of molecules in the gas sample. If the pressure is constant, the volume is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy (and hence to the temperature) for any given gas sample.
See also
Sportspersons Hyslop from Nicolet, usually spends time with pastimes for example martial arts, property developers condominium in singapore singapore and hot rods. Maintains a trip site and has lots to write about after touring Gulf of Porto: Calanche of Piana.
References
43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.
Further reading
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To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. Facsimile at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (pp. 315–22). - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. Facsimile at the Bibliothèque nationale de France (pp. 353–79).</ref> - Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010 Template:Dead link. 34 yrs old Fitter (General ) Anton from Iberville, has several passions including ceramics, property developers in singapore and vehicle racing. Has these days completed a trip to Monasteries of Haghpat and Sanahin.
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External links
DTZ's auction group in Singapore auctions all types of residential, workplace and retail properties, retailers, homes, accommodations, boarding houses, industrial buildings and development websites. Auctions are at the moment held as soon as a month.
Whitehaven @ Pasir Panjang – A boutique improvement nicely nestled peacefully in serene Pasir Panjang personal estate presenting a hundred and twenty rare freehold private apartments tastefully designed by the famend Ong & Ong Architect. Only a short drive away from Science Park and NUS Campus, Jade Residences, a recent Freehold condominium which offers high quality lifestyle with wonderful facilities and conveniences proper at its door steps. Its fashionable linear architectural fashion promotes peace and tranquility living nestled within the D19 personal housing enclave. Rising workplace sector leads real estate market efficiency, while prime retail and enterprise park segments moderate and residential sector continues in decline International Market Perspectives - 1st Quarter 2014
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Sales transaction volumes have been expected to hit four,000 units for 2012, close to the mixed EC gross sales volume in 2010 and 2011, in accordance with Savills Singapore. Nevertheless the last quarter was weak. In Q4 2012, sales transactions were 22.8% down q-q to 7,931 units, in line with the URA. The quarterly sales discount was felt throughout the board. When the sale just starts, I am not in a hurry to buy. It's completely different from a private sale open for privileged clients for one day solely. Orchard / Holland (D09-10) House For Sale The Tembusu is a singular large freehold land outdoors the central area. Designed by multiple award-profitable architects Arc Studio Architecture + Urbanism, the event is targeted for launch in mid 2013. Post your Property Condos Close to MRT
- Charles's law simulation from Davidson College, Davidson, North Carolina
- Charles's law simulation from TutorVista.com
- Charles's law calculator from WebQC.org
- Charles's law demonstration by Prof. Robert Burk, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada
- Charles's law animation from the Leonardo Project (GTEP/CCHS, UK)
Template:Diving medicine, physiology and physics
de:Thermische Zustandsgleichung idealer Gase#Gesetz von Amontons
- ↑ Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. English translation (extract).
On page 157, Gay-Lussac mentions the unpublished findings of Charles: "Avant d'aller plus loin, je dois prévenir que quoique j'eusse reconnu un grand nombre de fois que les gaz oxigène, azote, hydrogène et acide carbonique, et l'air atmosphérique se dilatent également depuis 0° jusqu'a 80°, le cit. Charles avait remarqué depuis 15 ans la même propriété dans ces gaz ; mais n'avant jamais publié ses résultats, c'est par le plus grand hasard que je les ai connus." (Before going further, I should inform [you] that although I had recognized many times that the gases oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbonic acid [i.e., carbon dioxide], and atmospheric air also expand from 0° to 80°, citizen Charles had noticed 15 years ago the same property in these gases; but having never published his results, it is by the merest chance that I knew of them.) - ↑ J. Dalton (1802) "Essay IV. On the expansion of elastic fluids by heat," Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, vol. 5, pt. 2, pages 595–602.
- ↑ http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Fe-Ge/Gay-Lussac-Joseph-Louis.html
- ↑ See:
- Amontons, G. (presented 1699, published 1732) "Moyens de substituer commodément l'action du feu à la force des hommes et des chevaux pour mouvoir les machines" (Ways to conveniently substitute the action of fire for the force of men and horses in order to power machines), Mémoires de l’Académie des sciences de Paris (presented 1699, published 1732), 112–126; see especially pages 113–117.
- Amontons, G. (presented 1702, published 1743) "Discours sur quelques propriétés de l'Air, & le moyen d'en connoître la température dans tous les climats de la Terre" (Discourse on some properties of air and on the means of knowing the temperature in all climates of the Earth), Mémoires de l’Académie des sciences de Paris, 155–174.
- Review of Amontons' findings: "Sur une nouvelle proprieté de l'air, et une nouvelle construction de Thermométre" (On a new property of the air and a new construction of thermometer), Histoire de l'Academie royale des sciences, 1–8 (submitted: 1702 ; published: 1743).
- Englishman Francis Hauksbee (1660–1713) independently also discovered Charles's law: Francis Hauksbee (1708) "An account of an experiment touching the different densities of air, from the greatest natural heat to the greatest natural cold in this climate," Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 26(315): 93–96.
- ↑ Gay-Lussac (1802), from page 166:
"Si l'on divise l'augmentation totale de volume par le nombre de degrés qui l'ont produite ou par 80, on trouvera, en faisant le volume à la température 0 égal à l'unité, que l'augmentation de volume pour chaque degré est de 1 / 223.33 ou bien de 1 / 266.66 pour chaque degré du thermomètre centrigrade."
If one divides the total increase in volume by the number of degrees that produce it or by 80, one will find, by making the volume at the temperature 0 equal to unity (1), that the increase in volume for each degree is 1 / 223.33 or 1 / 266.66 for each degree of the centigrade thermometer.
From page 174:
" … elle nous porte, par conséquent, à conclure que tous les gaz et toutes les vapeurs se dilatent également par les mêmes degrés de chaleur."
… it leads us, consequently, to conclude that all gases and all vapors expand equally [when subjected to] the same degrees of heat. - ↑ Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. - ↑ Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.
Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.
In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.
Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region
Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.
15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.
To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. Extract.