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It is very common to have a dental emergency -- a fractured tooth, an abscess, or severe pain when chewing. Over-the-counter pain medication is just masking the problem. Seeing an emergency dentist is critical to getting the source of the problem diagnosed and corrected as soon as possible.<br><br><br><br>Here are some common dental emergencies:<br>Toothache: The most common dental emergency. This generally means a badly decayed tooth. As the pain affects the tooth's nerve, treatment involves gently removing any debris lodged in the cavity being careful not to poke deep as this will cause severe pain if the nerve is touched. Next rinse vigorously with warm water. Then soak a small piece of cotton in oil of cloves and insert it in the cavity. This will give temporary relief until a dentist can be reached.<br><br>At times the pain may have a more obscure location such as decay under an old filling. As this can be only corrected by a dentist there are two things you can do to help the pain. Administer a pain pill (aspirin or some other analgesic) internally or dissolve a tablet in a half glass (4 oz) of warm water holding it in the mouth for several minutes before spitting it out. DO NOT PLACE A WHOLE TABLET OR ANY PART OF IT IN THE TOOTH OR AGAINST THE SOFT GUM TISSUE AS IT WILL RESULT IN A NASTY BURN.<br><br>Swollen Jaw: This may be caused by several conditions the most probable being an abscessed tooth. In any case the treatment should be to reduce pain and swelling. An ice pack held on the outside of the jaw, (ten minutes on and ten minutes off) will take care of both. If this does not control the pain, an analgesic tablet can be given every four hours.<br><br>Other Oral Injuries: Broken teeth, cut lips, bitten tongue or lips if severe means a trip to a dentist as soon as possible. In the mean time rinse the mouth with warm water and place cold compression the face opposite the injury. If there is a lot of bleeding, apply direct pressure to the bleeding area. If bleeding does not stop get patient to the emergency room of a hospital as stitches may be necessary.<br><br>Prolonged Bleeding Following Extraction: Place a gauze pad or better still a moistened tea bag over the socket and have the patient bite down gently on it for 30 to 45 minutes. The tannic acid in the tea seeps into the tissues and often helps stop the bleeding. If bleeding continues after two hours, call the dentist or take patient to the emergency room of the nearest hospital.<br><br>Broken Jaw: If you suspect the patient's jaw is broken, bring the upper and lower teeth together. Put a necktie, handkerchief or towel under the chin, tying it over the head to immobilize the jaw until you can get the patient to a dentist or the emergency room of a hospital.<br><br>Painful Erupting Tooth: In young children teething pain can come from a loose baby tooth or from an erupting permanent tooth. Some relief can be given by crushing a little ice and wrapping it in gauze or a clean piece of cloth and putting it directly on the tooth or gum tissue where it hurts. The numbing effect of the cold, along with an appropriate dose of aspirin, usually provides temporary relief.<br><br>In young adults, an erupting 3rd molar (Wisdom tooth), especially if it is impacted, can cause the jaw to swell and be quite painful. Often the gum around the tooth will show signs of infection. Temporary relief can be had by giving aspirin or some other painkiller and by dissolving an aspirin in half a glass of warm water and holding this solution in the mouth over the sore gum. AGAIN DO NOT PLACE A TABLET DIRECTLY OVER THE GUM OR CHEEK OR USE THE ASPIRIN SOLUTION ANY STRONGER THAN RECOMMENDED TO PREVENT BURNING THE TISSUE. The swelling of the jaw can be reduced by using an ice pack on the outside of the face at intervals of ten minutes on and ten minutes off.<br><br>If you adored this article therefore you would like to acquire more info relating to [http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=90z1mmiwNS8 dentist DC] nicely visit our web-page.
{{Redirect|Bq||BQ (disambiguation){{!}}BQ|and|Becquerel (disambiguation)}}
 
The '''becquerel''' (symbol '''Bq''') (pronounced: 'be--rel) is the [[SI derived unit|SI-derived unit]] of [[Radioactive decay|radioactivity]]. One Bq is defined as the [[activity (radioactivity)|activity]] of a quantity of radioactive material in which one [[atomic nucleus|nucleus]] decays per [[second]]. The Bq unit is therefore equivalent to an inverse second, [[second|s]]<sup>−1</sup>. The becquerel is named after [[Henri Becquerel]], who shared a [[Nobel Prize]] with [[Pierre Curie|Pierre]] and [[Maria Sklodowska-Curie|Marie Curie]] in 1903 for their work in discovering radioactivity.<ref name="BIPMBecquerel">{{cite web |url=http://www.bipm.org/en/si/history-si/radioactivity/becquerel.html |title=BIPM - Becquerel |publisher=[[BIPM]] |accessdate=2012-10-24}}</ref>
 
==Definition==
1&nbsp;Bq = 1&nbsp;s<sup>−1</sup><ref name="BIPMtable3" />
 
A special name was introduced for the reciprocal second (s<sup>−1</sup>) to represent radioactivity to avoid potentially dangerous mistakes with prefixes. For example, 1&nbsp;µs<sup>−1</sup> could be taken to mean 10<sup>6</sup> disintegrations per second: 1&middot;(10<sup>−6</sup>&nbsp;s)<sup>−1</sup> = 10<sup>6</sup>&nbsp;s<sup>−1</sup>.<ref name="Allisy">{{Citation
|last=Allisy
|first= A.
|title=From the curie to the becquerel
|journal=Metrologia
|volume=32
|issue=6
|year=1995
|pages=467–479
|doi=10.1088/0026-1394/31/6/006|bibcode = 1995Metro..31..467A }}</ref> Other names considered were [[hertz]] (Hz), a special name already in use for the reciprocal second, and [[Joseph Fourier|fourier]] (Fr).<ref name="Allisy" /> The hertz is now only used for periodic phenomena.<ref name="BIPMtable3">{{cite web |url=http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-2/table3.html |title=BIPM - Table 3 |publisher=[[BIPM]] |accessdate=2012-10-24}}</ref>
 
{{SI unit lowercase|Henri Becquerel|becquerel|Bq}}
 
== Prefixes ==
Like any SI unit, Bq can be [[SI prefix|prefixed]]; commonly used multiples are kBq (kilobecquerel, 10<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;Bq), MBq (megabecquerel, 10<sup>6</sup>&nbsp;Bq), GBq (gigabecquerel, 10<sup>9</sup>&nbsp;Bq), TBq (terabecquerel, 10<sup>12</sup>&nbsp;Bq), and PBq (petabecquerel, 10<sup>15</sup>&nbsp;Bq). For practical applications, 1&nbsp;Bq is a small unit; therefore, the prefixes are common. For example, the roughly 0.0169&nbsp;g of [[potassium-40]] present in a typical human body produces approximately 266,000 disintegrations per minute, which equates to about 4,400 disintegrations per second or 4.4&nbsp;kBq of activity.<ref>[http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~scdiroff/lds/QuantumRelativity/RadioactiveHumanBody/RadioactiveHumanBody.html ''Radioactive human body'' — Harvard University Natural Science Lecture Demonstrations] - Accessed October 2013</ref> The global inventory of [[carbon-14]] is estimated to be {{val|8.5|e=18|u=Bq}} (8.5&nbsp;[[Exa-|E]]Bq, 8.5 exabecquerel).<ref>G.R. Choppin, J.O.Liljenzin, J. Rydberg, "Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry", 3rd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002. ISBN 978-0-7506-7463-8.</ref>  The [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|nuclear explosion]] in [[Hiroshima]] ({{convert|14|kt(TNT)|lk=in|abbr=on|disp=or}}) is estimated to have produced {{val|8|e=24|u=Bq}} (8&nbsp;[[Yotta-|Y]]Bq,  8 yottabecquerel).<ref>Michael J. Kennish, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=CJqcq2C792UC&printsec=frontcover#PPA74,M1 ''Pollution Impacts on Marine Biotic Communities''] , CRC Press, 1998, p. 74. ISBN 978-0-8493-8428-8.</ref>
 
== Relationship to the curie ==
The becquerel succeeded the [[curie]] (Ci), an older, non-SI unit of radioactivity based on the activity of 1&nbsp;gram of [[radium-226]]. The curie is defined as 3.7&middot;10<sup>10</sup>&nbsp;s<sup>−1</sup>, or 37&nbsp;GBq.<ref name="Allisy" />
 
Conversion factors:
 
: 1&nbsp;Ci = {{val|3.7|e=10|u=Bq}} = 37&nbsp;GBq
: 1&nbsp;μCi = 37,000&nbsp;Bq = 37&nbsp;kBq
: 1&nbsp;Bq = {{val|2.7|e=-11|u=Ci}} = {{val|2.7|e=-5|u=µCi}}
: 1&nbsp;GBq = 0.027&nbsp;Ci
 
==Calculation of radioactivity==
For a given mass <math>m</math> (in grams) of an isotope with [[atomic mass]] <math>m_a</math> (in g/mol) and a [[half-life]] of <math>t_{1/2}</math> (in s), the amount
of radioactivity can be calculated using:
 
<math>A_{Bq} = \frac{m}{m_a}N_A\frac{\ln(2)}{t_{1/2}}</math>
 
With <math>N_A</math>=6.022 141 79(30){{e|23}} mol<sup>−1</sup>, the [[Avogadro constant]].
 
And since the mass per atomic mass ratio is also the number of mols, the amount of radioactivity <math>A</math> can be calculated by:
 
<math>A_{Bq} = nN_A\frac{\ln(2)}{t_{1/2}}</math>
 
For instance, one gram of [[potassium]] contains 0.000117&nbsp;gram of [[Potassium-40|<sup>40</sup>K]] (all other naturally occurring isotopes are stable) that has a <math>t_{1/2}</math> of {{val|1.277|e=9|u=years}} = {{val|4.030|e=16|u=s}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nucleardata.nuclear.lu.se/toi/nuclide.asp?iZA=190040 |title=Table of Isotopes decay data |publisher=[[Lund University]] |date=1990-06-01 |accessdate=2014-01-12}}</ref> and has an atomic mass of 39.964&nbsp;g/mol,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=&ascii=html&isotype=some |title=Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements |publisher=[[NIST]] |date= |accessdate=2014-01-12}}</ref> so the radioactivity is 30&nbsp;Bq.
 
== See also ==
* [[Background radiation]]
* [[Banana equivalent dose]]
* [[Counts per minute]]
* [[Gray (unit)]]
* [[Hertz]] (equally defined unit, not used on radioactivity)
* [[Ionizing radiation]]
* [[Orders of magnitude (radiation)]]
* [[Rad (unit)]]
* [[Radiation poisoning]]
* [[Relative Biological Effectiveness]]
* [[Rem (unit)]]
* [[Roentgen (unit)]]
* [[Rutherford (unit)]]
* [[Sievert]] (biological dose equivalent of radiation)
 
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
 
==External links==
{{wiktionary}}
* [http://www1.bipm.org/en/si/derived_units/2-2-2.html Derived units] on the [[International Bureau of Weights and Measures]] (BIPM) web site
 
{{SI units}}
 
[[Category:SI derived units]]
[[Category:Units of radioactivity]]
[[Category:Units of frequency]]

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The becquerel (symbol Bq) (pronounced: 'be-kə-rel) is the SI-derived unit of radioactivity. One Bq is defined as the activity of a quantity of radioactive material in which one nucleus decays per second. The Bq unit is therefore equivalent to an inverse second, s−1. The becquerel is named after Henri Becquerel, who shared a Nobel Prize with Pierre and Marie Curie in 1903 for their work in discovering radioactivity.[1]

Definition

1 Bq = 1 s−1[2]

A special name was introduced for the reciprocal second (s−1) to represent radioactivity to avoid potentially dangerous mistakes with prefixes. For example, 1 µs−1 could be taken to mean 106 disintegrations per second: 1·(10−6 s)−1 = 106 s−1.[3] Other names considered were hertz (Hz), a special name already in use for the reciprocal second, and fourier (Fr).[3] The hertz is now only used for periodic phenomena.[2]

Template:SI unit lowercase

Prefixes

Like any SI unit, Bq can be prefixed; commonly used multiples are kBq (kilobecquerel, 103 Bq), MBq (megabecquerel, 106 Bq), GBq (gigabecquerel, 109 Bq), TBq (terabecquerel, 1012 Bq), and PBq (petabecquerel, 1015 Bq). For practical applications, 1 Bq is a small unit; therefore, the prefixes are common. For example, the roughly 0.0169 g of potassium-40 present in a typical human body produces approximately 266,000 disintegrations per minute, which equates to about 4,400 disintegrations per second or 4.4 kBq of activity.[4] The global inventory of carbon-14 is estimated to be Template:Val (8.5 EBq, 8.5 exabecquerel).[5] The nuclear explosion in Hiroshima (Template:Convert) is estimated to have produced Template:Val (8 YBq, 8 yottabecquerel).[6]

Relationship to the curie

The becquerel succeeded the curie (Ci), an older, non-SI unit of radioactivity based on the activity of 1 gram of radium-226. The curie is defined as 3.7·1010 s−1, or 37 GBq.[3]

Conversion factors:

1 Ci = Template:Val = 37 GBq
1 μCi = 37,000 Bq = 37 kBq
1 Bq = Template:Val = Template:Val
1 GBq = 0.027 Ci

Calculation of radioactivity

For a given mass m (in grams) of an isotope with atomic mass ma (in g/mol) and a half-life of t1/2 (in s), the amount of radioactivity can be calculated using:

ABq=mmaNAln(2)t1/2

With NA=6.022 141 79(30)Template:E mol−1, the Avogadro constant.

And since the mass per atomic mass ratio is also the number of mols, the amount of radioactivity A can be calculated by:

ABq=nNAln(2)t1/2

For instance, one gram of potassium contains 0.000117 gram of 40K (all other naturally occurring isotopes are stable) that has a t1/2 of Template:Val = Template:Val,[7] and has an atomic mass of 39.964 g/mol,[8] so the radioactivity is 30 Bq.

See also

References

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External links

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Template:SI units
  1. Template:Cite web
  2. 2.0 2.1 Template:Cite web
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  4. Radioactive human body — Harvard University Natural Science Lecture Demonstrations - Accessed October 2013
  5. G.R. Choppin, J.O.Liljenzin, J. Rydberg, "Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry", 3rd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002. ISBN 978-0-7506-7463-8.
  6. Michael J. Kennish, Pollution Impacts on Marine Biotic Communities , CRC Press, 1998, p. 74. ISBN 978-0-8493-8428-8.
  7. Template:Cite web
  8. Template:Cite web