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{{Redirect|Bq||BQ (disambiguation){{!}}BQ|and|Becquerel (disambiguation)}} | |||
The '''becquerel''' (symbol '''Bq''') (pronounced: 'be-kə-rel) is the [[SI derived unit|SI-derived unit]] of [[Radioactive decay|radioactivity]]. One Bq is defined as the [[activity (radioactivity)|activity]] of a quantity of radioactive material in which one [[atomic nucleus|nucleus]] decays per [[second]]. The Bq unit is therefore equivalent to an inverse second, [[second|s]]<sup>−1</sup>. The becquerel is named after [[Henri Becquerel]], who shared a [[Nobel Prize]] with [[Pierre Curie|Pierre]] and [[Maria Sklodowska-Curie|Marie Curie]] in 1903 for their work in discovering radioactivity.<ref name="BIPMBecquerel">{{cite web |url=http://www.bipm.org/en/si/history-si/radioactivity/becquerel.html |title=BIPM - Becquerel |publisher=[[BIPM]] |accessdate=2012-10-24}}</ref> | |||
==Definition== | |||
1 Bq = 1 s<sup>−1</sup><ref name="BIPMtable3" /> | |||
A special name was introduced for the reciprocal second (s<sup>−1</sup>) to represent radioactivity to avoid potentially dangerous mistakes with prefixes. For example, 1 µs<sup>−1</sup> could be taken to mean 10<sup>6</sup> disintegrations per second: 1·(10<sup>−6</sup> s)<sup>−1</sup> = 10<sup>6</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>.<ref name="Allisy">{{Citation | |||
|last=Allisy | |||
|first= A. | |||
|title=From the curie to the becquerel | |||
|journal=Metrologia | |||
|volume=32 | |||
|issue=6 | |||
|year=1995 | |||
|pages=467–479 | |||
|doi=10.1088/0026-1394/31/6/006|bibcode = 1995Metro..31..467A }}</ref> Other names considered were [[hertz]] (Hz), a special name already in use for the reciprocal second, and [[Joseph Fourier|fourier]] (Fr).<ref name="Allisy" /> The hertz is now only used for periodic phenomena.<ref name="BIPMtable3">{{cite web |url=http://www.bipm.org/en/si/si_brochure/chapter2/2-2/table3.html |title=BIPM - Table 3 |publisher=[[BIPM]] |accessdate=2012-10-24}}</ref> | |||
{{SI unit lowercase|Henri Becquerel|becquerel|Bq}} | |||
== Prefixes == | |||
Like any SI unit, Bq can be [[SI prefix|prefixed]]; commonly used multiples are kBq (kilobecquerel, 10<sup>3</sup> Bq), MBq (megabecquerel, 10<sup>6</sup> Bq), GBq (gigabecquerel, 10<sup>9</sup> Bq), TBq (terabecquerel, 10<sup>12</sup> Bq), and PBq (petabecquerel, 10<sup>15</sup> Bq). For practical applications, 1 Bq is a small unit; therefore, the prefixes are common. For example, the roughly 0.0169 g of [[potassium-40]] present in a typical human body produces approximately 266,000 disintegrations per minute, which equates to about 4,400 disintegrations per second or 4.4 kBq of activity.<ref>[http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~scdiroff/lds/QuantumRelativity/RadioactiveHumanBody/RadioactiveHumanBody.html ''Radioactive human body'' — Harvard University Natural Science Lecture Demonstrations] - Accessed October 2013</ref> The global inventory of [[carbon-14]] is estimated to be {{val|8.5|e=18|u=Bq}} (8.5 [[Exa-|E]]Bq, 8.5 exabecquerel).<ref>G.R. Choppin, J.O.Liljenzin, J. Rydberg, "Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry", 3rd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002. ISBN 978-0-7506-7463-8.</ref> The [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|nuclear explosion]] in [[Hiroshima]] ({{convert|14|kt(TNT)|lk=in|abbr=on|disp=or}}) is estimated to have produced {{val|8|e=24|u=Bq}} (8 [[Yotta-|Y]]Bq, 8 yottabecquerel).<ref>Michael J. Kennish, [http://books.google.ca/books?id=CJqcq2C792UC&printsec=frontcover#PPA74,M1 ''Pollution Impacts on Marine Biotic Communities''] , CRC Press, 1998, p. 74. ISBN 978-0-8493-8428-8.</ref> | |||
== Relationship to the curie == | |||
The becquerel succeeded the [[curie]] (Ci), an older, non-SI unit of radioactivity based on the activity of 1 gram of [[radium-226]]. The curie is defined as 3.7·10<sup>10</sup> s<sup>−1</sup>, or 37 GBq.<ref name="Allisy" /> | |||
Conversion factors: | |||
: 1 Ci = {{val|3.7|e=10|u=Bq}} = 37 GBq | |||
: 1 μCi = 37,000 Bq = 37 kBq | |||
: 1 Bq = {{val|2.7|e=-11|u=Ci}} = {{val|2.7|e=-5|u=µCi}} | |||
: 1 GBq = 0.027 Ci | |||
==Calculation of radioactivity== | |||
For a given mass <math>m</math> (in grams) of an isotope with [[atomic mass]] <math>m_a</math> (in g/mol) and a [[half-life]] of <math>t_{1/2}</math> (in s), the amount | |||
of radioactivity can be calculated using: | |||
<math>A_{Bq} = \frac{m}{m_a}N_A\frac{\ln(2)}{t_{1/2}}</math> | |||
With <math>N_A</math>=6.022 141 79(30){{e|23}} mol<sup>−1</sup>, the [[Avogadro constant]]. | |||
And since the mass per atomic mass ratio is also the number of mols, the amount of radioactivity <math>A</math> can be calculated by: | |||
<math>A_{Bq} = nN_A\frac{\ln(2)}{t_{1/2}}</math> | |||
For instance, one gram of [[potassium]] contains 0.000117 gram of [[Potassium-40|<sup>40</sup>K]] (all other naturally occurring isotopes are stable) that has a <math>t_{1/2}</math> of {{val|1.277|e=9|u=years}} = {{val|4.030|e=16|u=s}},<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nucleardata.nuclear.lu.se/toi/nuclide.asp?iZA=190040 |title=Table of Isotopes decay data |publisher=[[Lund University]] |date=1990-06-01 |accessdate=2014-01-12}}</ref> and has an atomic mass of 39.964 g/mol,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://physics.nist.gov/cgi-bin/Compositions/stand_alone.pl?ele=&ascii=html&isotype=some |title=Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements |publisher=[[NIST]] |date= |accessdate=2014-01-12}}</ref> so the radioactivity is 30 Bq. | |||
== See also == | |||
* [[Background radiation]] | |||
* [[Banana equivalent dose]] | |||
* [[Counts per minute]] | |||
* [[Gray (unit)]] | |||
* [[Hertz]] (equally defined unit, not used on radioactivity) | |||
* [[Ionizing radiation]] | |||
* [[Orders of magnitude (radiation)]] | |||
* [[Rad (unit)]] | |||
* [[Radiation poisoning]] | |||
* [[Relative Biological Effectiveness]] | |||
* [[Rem (unit)]] | |||
* [[Roentgen (unit)]] | |||
* [[Rutherford (unit)]] | |||
* [[Sievert]] (biological dose equivalent of radiation) | |||
== References == | |||
{{Reflist|2}} | |||
==External links== | |||
{{wiktionary}} | |||
* [http://www1.bipm.org/en/si/derived_units/2-2-2.html Derived units] on the [[International Bureau of Weights and Measures]] (BIPM) web site | |||
{{SI units}} | |||
[[Category:SI derived units]] | |||
[[Category:Units of radioactivity]] | |||
[[Category:Units of frequency]] |
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The becquerel (symbol Bq) (pronounced: 'be-kə-rel) is the SI-derived unit of radioactivity. One Bq is defined as the activity of a quantity of radioactive material in which one nucleus decays per second. The Bq unit is therefore equivalent to an inverse second, s−1. The becquerel is named after Henri Becquerel, who shared a Nobel Prize with Pierre and Marie Curie in 1903 for their work in discovering radioactivity.[1]
Definition
1 Bq = 1 s−1[2]
A special name was introduced for the reciprocal second (s−1) to represent radioactivity to avoid potentially dangerous mistakes with prefixes. For example, 1 µs−1 could be taken to mean 106 disintegrations per second: 1·(10−6 s)−1 = 106 s−1.[3] Other names considered were hertz (Hz), a special name already in use for the reciprocal second, and fourier (Fr).[3] The hertz is now only used for periodic phenomena.[2]
Prefixes
Like any SI unit, Bq can be prefixed; commonly used multiples are kBq (kilobecquerel, 103 Bq), MBq (megabecquerel, 106 Bq), GBq (gigabecquerel, 109 Bq), TBq (terabecquerel, 1012 Bq), and PBq (petabecquerel, 1015 Bq). For practical applications, 1 Bq is a small unit; therefore, the prefixes are common. For example, the roughly 0.0169 g of potassium-40 present in a typical human body produces approximately 266,000 disintegrations per minute, which equates to about 4,400 disintegrations per second or 4.4 kBq of activity.[4] The global inventory of carbon-14 is estimated to be Template:Val (8.5 EBq, 8.5 exabecquerel).[5] The nuclear explosion in Hiroshima (Template:Convert) is estimated to have produced Template:Val (8 YBq, 8 yottabecquerel).[6]
Relationship to the curie
The becquerel succeeded the curie (Ci), an older, non-SI unit of radioactivity based on the activity of 1 gram of radium-226. The curie is defined as 3.7·1010 s−1, or 37 GBq.[3]
Conversion factors:
- 1 Ci = Template:Val = 37 GBq
- 1 μCi = 37,000 Bq = 37 kBq
- 1 Bq = Template:Val = Template:Val
- 1 GBq = 0.027 Ci
Calculation of radioactivity
For a given mass (in grams) of an isotope with atomic mass (in g/mol) and a half-life of (in s), the amount of radioactivity can be calculated using:
With =6.022 141 79(30)Template:E mol−1, the Avogadro constant.
And since the mass per atomic mass ratio is also the number of mols, the amount of radioactivity can be calculated by:
For instance, one gram of potassium contains 0.000117 gram of 40K (all other naturally occurring isotopes are stable) that has a of Template:Val = Template:Val,[7] and has an atomic mass of 39.964 g/mol,[8] so the radioactivity is 30 Bq.
See also
- Background radiation
- Banana equivalent dose
- Counts per minute
- Gray (unit)
- Hertz (equally defined unit, not used on radioactivity)
- Ionizing radiation
- Orders of magnitude (radiation)
- Rad (unit)
- Radiation poisoning
- Relative Biological Effectiveness
- Rem (unit)
- Roentgen (unit)
- Rutherford (unit)
- Sievert (biological dose equivalent of radiation)
References
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External links
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- Derived units on the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) web site
Template:SI units
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Template:Cite web
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- ↑ G.R. Choppin, J.O.Liljenzin, J. Rydberg, "Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry", 3rd edition, Butterworth-Heinemann, 2002. ISBN 978-0-7506-7463-8.
- ↑ Michael J. Kennish, Pollution Impacts on Marine Biotic Communities , CRC Press, 1998, p. 74. ISBN 978-0-8493-8428-8.
- ↑ Template:Cite web
- ↑ Template:Cite web