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| '''Blend modes''' (or Mixing modes{{Citation needed|date=May 2012}}) in digital [[image editing]] are used to determine how two [[Layers (digital image editing)|layers]] are blended into each other. The default blend mode in most applications is simply to hide the lower layer with whatever is present in the top layer. However, as each pixel has a numerical representation, a large number of ways to blend two layers is possible. | | Excellent nourіshment is in accordance with every ѕingle person's personal demands, which can also alteг from timе to time. This post should provіde sеveral suggeѕtions to assist with nutritional needs you could put in your lіfestyle.<br><br>Everyone need to have adequate fiber content inside thе diet regime. Fiber can assist you control your unwanted weight since it are able to keep you whole. Sufficient fiber content also helps managе үour cholestrerol levels. Fiber consumptіоn could also prevent some cancers, heart problems, and type 2 diabetеs.<br><br>Try to eat as much normal and fresh meɑls as possible. Frеsh, unprocessed meals is the easiest method to ensure you meet all your bodү's nutritious requirements althoսցh minimizing the νolume of extra fat and chemicals in your daily diet.<br><br>When putting together a diet plɑn that alsߋ includes tɦe correct amount of unhealthy calories ɑnd suitable diet, it is critical that you just incօrporate morning meal every day. Morning meal is esѕential mainly because it increɑseѕ your metаbolic proсess, and pгoviԀes you the nutrients as well as you must start every day.<br><br>Oatmeal ϲan be a healthier morning meal selectiօn that will give you adequate power to start out eνery day. Οatmeal іs not meгely healthy, but it really allօws you to truly feel lаrger lengthier.<br><br>[http://Www.Sharkbayte.com/keyword/Constantly Constantly] give new healthier recіpes a go. Make hօme made hеaltɦ proteins bars by mixing mіlk ρroducts, healtҺ protеins natural powɗer and naturɑl peanut butter. Oatmeal pancakеs can be another scrumptious formսla that's easy to pick up and full of wondeгful nouriѕhment.<br><br>Preserving proper diet can be a cгucial element to ѕuitable body functions. Additionally, you will must consume numerous essential vitamin supplеments. A great nutritional retail outlet ѡill havе just what exactly you neeɗ. Also, there are several sսpplement options based on sexual intercourse and age to assist you to choose the right one particular. Consider these dietary supplements with watег everƴ day.<br><br>Generally try eating meals [http://www.powersky.net.cn/archives/author/joujmo vigrx Plus directions] that iѕ well-balanced and healthy. In order for your sуstem to fսnction effectively, it reqսires some essentіal fatty aϲids, ѵitamins, necessary protein, nutritiօnal vitamins, and aminos. It's buy [http://www.powerprint.it/modules.php?name=Your_Account&op=userinfo&username=VSpinelli vigrx plus components] plus сheap ([http://Www.Portalcidadetiradentes.Com.br/author/rogribble/ Highly recommended Reading]) easy to gеt these nutrients from supplеments, but meals is սsuallү a better supply of nutrients than an artificial heаlth supplemеnt.<br><br>The olіve oil in your kitchen pantry migҺt be a valuable addition to your epidermіs ϲare regimen Ƅy [http://photo.net/gallery/tag-search/search?query_string=preventing+dry preventing dry] skin. You can utilize essential olive oil on your skin аlong with yoսr palms to nurture your skin. It will also give you anti-oxidants that will help with growing older. You only need to use а lean covering twiсe daily.<br><br>Don't սsе the micro-wave to prepare foods from Ƅeginning to end. It's ok to utіlize it to coƶy meals. Instead, consume many different uncookеd fruits and vegetables to help yoս the nutrients yoս body demands.<br><br>Besides іt taste fantastic, there's also 14g of protein for each 100g of Quinoa. You cɑn use Quinoa in many food also. You may try to eat it at meal in a pіlɑf it's also delicious at your morning meal with brownish [http://www.pietreta.com/UserProfile/tabid/42/userId/12551/language/en-US/Default.aspx Vigrx Plus Timeline] sweets and apples.<br><br>Veggies, new, freezing or canned, really are a low-cаloгiеs and intelligent food itеms choice. They suρply essential vitamins and minerals for your health, аnd make you feel total. Be suгe that you aгe obtaining the [http://statigr.am/tag/correct correct] amount of servings every day. Best wayѕ to integrate freѕh vegetables in yоuг diet plan consiѕt of salads and soup.<br><br>So, while you have witnessed, the simple truth is that apprߋƿriate diet demands investigation, օperate and energү to start out viewing tɦe outcome from it. Also, it is true tɦat so as to keep viewing tҺe results, you must continue to keep at it. If use the suggestions tɦat were talked about to corοnary heart, tҺеy are going tо assist pavе the way to yоur suсcess. |
| Note that the top layer is not necessarily called a "layer" in the application. It may be applied with a painting or editing tool.
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| Most [[Graphics software|applications]], like [[Adobe Photoshop]] and [[GIMP]], allow the user to modify the basic blend modes - for example by applying different levels of opacity to the top picture.
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| ==Normal blend mode==
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| This is the standard blend mode which uses the top layer alone,<ref name=w3c-blending-compositing>{{cite web|title=W3C: Compositing and Blending 1.0|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/compositing/|accessdate=9 November 2012}}</ref> without mixing its colors with the layer beneath it.{{examples|date=November 2012}}
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| : <math>f(a, b) = b</math>
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| Where ''a'' is the value of a [[Channel (digital image)|color channel]] in the underlying layer, and ''b'' is that of the corresponding channel of the upper layer. The result is most typically merged into the bottom layer using "simple" (b over a) [[alpha compositing]], but other Porter-Duff operations are possible.<ref name=w3c-blending-compositing/> The compositing step results in the top layer's shape, as defined by its alpha channel, appearing over the bottom layer.
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| ==Dissolve==
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| The dissolve mode takes random pixels from both layers. With high opacity, most pixels are taken from the top layer. With low opacity most pixels are taken from the bottom layer. No [[Spatial anti-aliasing|anti-aliasing]] is used with this blend mode, so the pictures may look grainy and harsh.
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| ==Multiply and Screen==
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| Multiply and Screen blend modes are basic blend modes for darkening and lightening images respectively. There are several different combinations of them like Overlay or Soft Light (mentioned further down) and Vivid Light, Linear Light and Pin Light.
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| ===Multiply===
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| Multiply blend mode multiplies the numbers for each pixel of the top layer with the corresponding pixel for the bottom layer. The result is a darker picture.
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| <math>f(a,b) = ab</math>, where ''a'' is the base layer value and ''b'' is the top layer value. | |
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| This mode is ''symmetric'': exchanging two layers does not change the result. If the two layers contain the same picture, multiply blend mode is equivalent to a quadratic [[Curve (tonality)|curve]], or [[gamma correction]] with γ=2. (For image editing it is sometimes more convenient to simply go to the Curves dialog of the software, as it gives more flexibility in the shape of the curves. Or one can use Levels dialogue — the middle number is usually 1/γ, so one can just type 0.5.)
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| If one layer contains a homogeneous color, for example the gray color (0.8, 0.8, 0.8), multiply blend mode is equivalent to a curve which simply is a straight line. This is also equivalent to using this gray value as opacity when doing “normal mode” blend with black bottom layer.
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| ===Screen===
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| With Screen blend mode the values of the pixels in the two layers are inverted, multiplied, and then inverted again. This yields the opposite effect to multiply. The result is a brighter picture.
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| <math>f(a,b) = 1 - (1 - a)(1 - b)</math>, where ''a'' is the base layer value and ''b'' is the top layer value. | |
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| This mode is ''symmetric'': exchanging two layers does not change the result. If one layer contains a homogeneous gray, Screen blend mode is equivalent to using this gray value as opacity when doing “normal mode” blend with white top layer.
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| <gallery>
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| Image:Blend modes 1.-top-layer.jpg|Example top layer
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| Image:Blend modes 2.-bottom-layer.jpg| Example bottom layer
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| Image:Blend modes 4.-multiply.jpg|''Multiply'' blend mode applied to the example pictures
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| Image:Blend modes 5.-screen.jpg|''Screen'' blend mode applied to the example pictures
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| </gallery> | |
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| ===Overlay===
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| Overlay combines Multiply and Screen blend modes.<ref name=pegtop-overlay>{{cite web|title=Pegtop: overlay blend mode|url=http://www.pegtop.net/delphi/articles/blendmodes/overlay.htm|accessdate=3 November 2012}}</ref>
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| The parts of the top layer where base layer is light become lighter, the parts where the base layer is dark become darker.
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| An overlay with the same picture looks like an S-curve.
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| <math> f(a,b) = | |
| \begin{cases}
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| 2 a b, &\mbox{if } a < 0.5 \\
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| 1 - 2 ( 1 - a ) ( 1 - b ), &\mbox{otherwise}
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| \end{cases}</math>
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| where ''a'' is the base layer value and ''b'' is the top layer value.
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| Depending on the value ''a'' of the base layer, one gets a linear interpolation between black (''a''=0), the top layer (''a''=0.5), and white (''a''=1).
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| ===Hard Light===
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| Hard Light combines Multiply and Screen blend modes. Equivalent to Overlay, but with the bottom and top images swapped.
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| ===Soft Light===
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| [[Image:Comparison of soft light blend modes.png|thumbnail|Comparison of soft light blend modes]]
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| This is a softer version of Hard Light. Applying pure black or white does not result in pure black or white{{examples|date=November 2012}}.
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| There are a variety of different methods of applying a soft light blend.<ref>http://gimp.1065349.n5.nabble.com/Image-processing-algorithms-resources-td34204.html</ref> All the flavors produce the same result when the top layer is pure black; same for when the top layer is pure neutral gray. The Photoshop and illusions.hu flavors also produce the same result when the top layer is pure white (the differences between these two are in how one interpolates between these 3 results).
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| These three results coincide with [[gamma correction]] of the bottom layer with γ=2 (for top black), unchanged bottom layer (or, what is the same, γ=1) (for top neutral gray), and γ=0.5 (for top white).
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| The formula used by Photoshop has a discontinuity of local contrast (was{{dubious|"Discontinuity" of soft-light|date=November 2012}}), and other formulas correct it. Photoshop's formula is:<ref name=pegtop-softlight>{{cite web|title=Pegtop blend modes: soft light|url=http://www.pegtop.net/delphi/articles/blendmodes/softlight.htm|accessdate=3 November 2012}}</ref>
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| : <math> f_{photoshop}(a,b) =
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| \begin{cases}
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| 2 a b + a^2 (1 - 2 b), &\mbox{if } b < 0.5 \\
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| 2 a (1 - b) + \sqrt{a} (2 b - 1), &\mbox{otherwise}
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| \end{cases}</math>
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| where ''a'' is the base layer value and ''b'' is the top layer value. Depending on ''b'', one gets a linear interpolation between three [[gamma correction]]s: γ=2 (for ''b''=0), γ=1 (for ''b''=0.5), and γ=0.5 (for ''b''=1).
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| Pegtop's formula<ref name=pegtop-softlight/> is smoother and corrects the discontinuity{{better source|date=November 2012|reason=See above. Also, this source uses the term "discontinuance", not "discontinuity". However the function is continuous despite being piecewise}} at ''b'' = 0.5:
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| : <math>f_{pegtop}(a,b) = (1-2b)a^2 + 2ba</math>.
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| This is a linear interpolation between [[gamma correction]] with γ=2 (for ''b''=0), and a certain tonal curve (for ''b''=1). (The latter curve is equivalent to applying γ=2 to the negative of image.)
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| A third formula defined by illusions.hu<ref name=ilhu-softlight>{{cite web|title=Illusions.hu: soft light blending|url=http://illusions.hu/effectwiki/doku.php?id=soft_light_blending}}</ref> corrects the discontinuity in a different way, doing [[gamma correction]] with γ depending on ''b'':
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| : <math>f_{illusions.hu}(a, b) = a^{( 2^{2(0.5 - b)} )}</math>
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| For ''b''=0, one still gets γ=2, for ''b''=0.5 one gets γ=1, for ''b''=1 one gets γ=0.5, but it is not a linear interpolation between these 3 images.
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| The formula specified by recent [[W3C]] drafts<ref name="w3c-blending-compositing"/> for [[SVG]] and [[Canvas element|Canvas]] is mathematically equivalent to the Photoshop formula with a small variation where b≥0.5 and a≤0.25:
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| : <math>
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| f_{w3c}(a, b) =
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| \begin{cases}
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| a - (1 - 2 b) \cdot a \cdot (1 - a)
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| & \text{if } b \leq 0.5 \\
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| a + (2 b - 1) \cdot (g_{w3c}(a) - a)
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| & \text{otherwise}
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| \end{cases}
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| </math>
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| where
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| : <math>
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| g_{w3c}(a) =
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| \begin{cases}
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| ((16 a - 12) \cdot a + 4) \cdot a
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| & \text{if } a \leq 0.25 \\
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| \sqrt{a}
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| & \text{otherwise}
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| \end{cases}
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| </math>.
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| This is also the formula used by [[Cairo (graphics)|Cairo]],<ref name=cairo-operators>{{cite web|title=cairographics.org: Cairo's compositing operators|url=http://cairographics.org/operators/|accessdate=9 November 2012}}</ref> and in earlier [[Portable Document Format|PDF]] documentation.<ref name=pdf-blendmodes>{{cite web|title=Adobe.com: PDF Blend Modes: Addendum (to the PDF Reference, fifth edition, version 1.6|url=http://www.adobe.com/content/dam/Adobe/en/devnet/pdf/pdfs/pdf_reference_archives/blend_modes.pdf|accessdate=9 November 2009}}</ref>
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| It is still a linear interpolation between 3 images for ''b''=0, 0.5, 1. But now the image for ''b''=1 is not γ=0.5, but the result of a tonal curve which differs from the curve of γ=0.5 for small values of ''a'': while gamma correction with γ=0.5 may increase the value of ''a'' many times, this new curve limits the increase of ''a'' by coefficient 4.
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| == Dodge and burn ==
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| {{further|Dodging and burning}}
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| Dodge and burn change the lightness of the pictures, inspired by the [[dodging and burning]] performed in a darkroom. Dodging lightens an image, while burning darkens it. Dodging the image is the same as burning its negative (and vice versa).
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| * '''Dodge modes''':
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| ** The '''Screen''' blend mode inverts both layers, multiplies them, and then inverts that result.
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| ** The '''Color Dodge''' blend mode divides the bottom layer by the inverted top layer. This lightens the bottom layer depending on the value of the top layer: the brighter the top layer, the more its color affects the bottom layer. Blending with white gives white. Blending with black does not change the image. The operation is not invertible due to possible clipping of highlights. (The clipping happens in the same area as for the '''Linear Dodge'''.) When top layer contains a homogeneous color, this effect is equivalent to changing the [[white point]] to the inverted color. The perceived contrast increases when there is no clipping.
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| ** The '''Linear Dodge''' blend mode simply sums the values in the two layers. Blending with white gives white. Blending with black does not change the image. When top layer contains a homogeneous color, this effect is equivalent to changing the output black point to this color, and (input) [[white point]] to the inverted color. The contrast is decreased when there is no clipping.
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| ** '''Divide:''' Same as "Color Dodge", but blending with white does not change the image.
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| <gallery> | |
| Image:Blend modes 5.-screen.jpg|''Screen'' blend mode applied to the example pictures
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| Image:Blend modes 7.-colordodge.jpg|''Color Dodge'' blend mode applied to the example pictures
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| Image:Blend modes 8.-lineardodge.jpg|''Additive'' blend mode applied to the example pictures
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| </gallery> | |
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| * '''Burn modes''':
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| ** The '''Multiply''' mode simply multiplies each component in the two layers.
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| ** The '''Color Burn''' mode divides the inverted bottom layer by the top layer, and then inverts the result. This darkens the top layer increasing the contrast to reflect the color of the bottom layer. The darker the bottom layer, the more its color is used. Blending with white produces no difference. When top layer contains a homogeneous color, this effect is equivalent to changing the [[Black point compensation|black point]] to the inverted color. The operation is not invertible due to possible clipping of shadows. The clipping happens in the same area as for the '''Linear Burn'''.
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| ** The '''Linear Burn''' mode sums the value in the two layers and subtracts 1. This is the same as inverting each layer, adding them together (as in Linear Dodge), and then inverting the result. Blending with white leaves the image unchanged.
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| * '''Vivid Light:''' this blend mode combines Color Dodge and Color Burn (rescaled so that neutral colors become middle gray). Dodge applies when values in the top layer are lighter than middle gray, and burn to darker values. The middle gray is the neutral color. When color is lighter than this, this effectively moves the white point of the bottom layer down by twice the difference; when it is darker, the black point is moved up by twice the difference. (The perceived contrast increases.)
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| * '''Linear Light:''' this blend mode combines Linear Dodge and Linear Burn (rescaled so that neutral colors become middle gray). Dodge applies to values of top layer lighter than middle gray, and burn to darker values. The calculation simplifies to the sum of bottom layer and twice the top layer, subtract 1. The contrast decreases.
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| * '''Subtract: '''this blend mode sums the value in the two layers and subtracts 1. Unlike Linear Burn, blending with white affects the image.
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| ==Simple arithmetic blend modes==
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| ===Divide===
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| This blend mode simply divides pixel values of one layer with the other, but it's useful for brightening photos if the color is on grey or less.
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| ===Addition===
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| This blend mode simply adds pixel values of one layer with the other. In case of values above 1 (in the case of RGB), white is displayed.
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| ===Subtract===
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| This blend mode simply subtracts pixel values of one layer with the other. In case of negative values, black is displayed.
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| ===Difference===
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| Difference subtracts the top layer from the bottom layer or the other way round, to always get a positive value. Blending with black produces no change, as values for all colors are 0. (The [[RGB]] value for black is 0,0,0). Blending with white inverts the picture.
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| One of the main utilities for this is during the editing process, when it can be used to verify alignment of pictures with similar content.
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| ''Exclusion'' is a very similar blend mode with lower contrast. | |
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| ===Darken Only===
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| ''Darken Only'' creates a pixel that retains the smallest components of the foreground and background pixels. If the foreground pixel has the components ''r1'', ''g1'', and ''b1'', and the background has ''r2'', ''g2'', ''b2'', the resultant pixel is
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| : <math> [min(r_1, r_2), min(g_1, g_2), min(b_1, b_2)] </math> <ref name="gimp-advanced-guide">{{cite web|url=http://www.linuxtopia.org/online_books/graphics_tools/gimp_advanced_guide/gimp_guide_node55_003.html|title=Gimp Advanced Guide - 5.6.4 The Darken Only and Lighten Only Blending Modes|accessdate=28 March 2013|publisher=Linuxtopia}}</ref>
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| ===Lighten Only===
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| ''Lighten Only'' has the opposite action of ''Darken Only''. It selects the maximum of each component from the foreground and background pixels. The mathematical expression for ''Lighten Only'' is
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| : <math> [max(r_1, r_2), max(g_1, g_2), max(b_1, b_2)] </math> <ref name="gimp-advanced-guide"/>
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| ==Boolean arithmetic blend modes==
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| Rarely, applications such as [[Aviary (application suite)|Aviary's]] Peacock will supply boolean arithmetic blend modes. These combine the binary expansion of the hexadecimal color at each pixel of two layers using boolean [[logic gates]]. The top layer's alpha controls interpolation between the lower layer's image and the combined image.
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| ==Hue, saturation and luminosity==
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| Photoshop’s ''hue'', ''saturation'', ''color'', and ''luminosity'' blend modes are based on a color space with dimensions that the article [[HSL and HSV]] calls [[HSL and HSV#Hue and chroma|hue, chroma]], and [[HSL and HSV#Lightness|luma]]. Note that this space is different from both HSL and HSV, and only the hue dimension is shared between the three; see that article for details.
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| Unlike all of the previous blend modes described, which operate on each image channel independently, in each of these modes, some dimensions are taken from the bottom layer, while the remainder are taken from the top layer. Colors which end up out of gamut are brought inside by [[gamut mapping|mapping]] along lines of constant hue and luma. This makes the operations [[Inverse function|uninvertible]] – after a top layer has been applied in one of these blend modes, it is in some cases impossible to restore the appearance of the original (bottom) layer, even by applying a copy of the bottom layer in the same blend mode above both.
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| * The '''Hue''' blend mode preserves the luma and chroma of the bottom layer, while adopting the hue of the top layer.
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| * The '''Saturation''' blend mode preserves the luma and hue of the bottom layer, while adopting the chroma of the top layer.
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| * The '''Color''' blend mode preserves the luma of the bottom layer, while adopting the hue and chroma of the top layer.
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| * The '''Luminosity''' blend mode preserves the hue and chroma of the bottom layer, while adopting the luma of the top layer.
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| Because these blend modes are based on a color space which is much closer than RGB to perceptually relevant dimensions, it can be used to [[Color balance|correct the color]] of an image without altering perceived [[lightness (color)|lightness]], and to manipulate lightness contrast without changing the hue or chroma. The Luminosity mode is commonly used for [[Unsharp masking|image sharpening]], because human vision is much more sensitive to fine-scale lightness contrast than color contrast. See [[Contrast (vision)]].
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| Few editors other than Photoshop implement this same color space for their analogs of these blend modes.{{Citation needed|date=June 2011}} Instead, they typically base their blend modes on HSV (aka HSB) or HSL. Blend modes based on HSV are typically labeled ''hue'', ''saturation'', and ''brightness''. Using HSL or HSV has the advantage that most operations become invertible (at least in theory), but the disadvantage that the dimensions of HSL and HSV are not as perceptually relevant as the dimensions of the space Photoshop uses.
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| ==Relation to masking==
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| The result of applying several of these modes depends linearly on the pixel level of the top layer. In such cases, when the top layer is purely black, one gets a certain transformation of the bottom layer (which may be just a purely black or purely white image). When the top layer is purely white, one gets another such transformation. The intermediate gray values are described above using the opacity slider on the second transformation.
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| In such cases, applying the blending mode is equivalent to '''Normal blending''':
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| * Apply two transformations to the bottom layers;
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| * Use the result of the first transformation as the new bottom layer;
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| * Put the result of the second transformation as the new top layer;
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| * Use the initial top layer as the mask on the new top layer.
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| | |
| (This assumes that the mask may be colored, with its R,G,B channels masking the channels of the image independently. Many image manipulation programs do not allow such masks; for them this equivalence holds only for grayscale top layers.)
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Alpha compositing]]
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| *[[Comparison of raster graphics editors]]
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| *[[Digital image editing]]
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| *[[Raster graphics]]
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| *[[Image processing]]
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| | |
| ==References==
| |
| {{Reflist}}
| |
| | |
| * Paul R. Dunn, [http://dunnbypaul.net/blends/ “Insight into Photoshop 7.0 Blending Modes”]
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| * [http://mouaif.wordpress.com/2009/01/05/photoshop-math-with-glsl-shaders/ “Photoshop math with GLSL shaders”]
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| * [http://stackoverflow.com/q/5919663/610692 “Photoshop Blend Mode Math”], includes C code.
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| * Ron Bigelow, [http://www.ronbigelow.com/articles/blend1/blend1.htm “Using Blend Modes in Photoshop – Part I”], a tutorial
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| * [http://docs.gimp.org/en/gimp-tool-curves.html The gimp manual]
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| * [http://livedocs.adobe.com/flash/9.0/UsingFlash/help.html?content=WSd60f23110762d6b883b18f10cb1fe1af6-7d5a.html Adobe's website on blend modes]
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| * [http://www.adobe.com/designcenter/indesign/articles/idsn3kbtrans/idsn3kbtrans.pdf Adobe ''Master transparency and blends'' pdf file]
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| * Gimp and Photoshop Blending Modes visually explained and compared, parts [http://emptyeasel.com/2008/10/31/explaining-blending-modes-in-photoshop-and-gimp-multiply-divide-overlay-screen/ one], [http://emptyeasel.com/2008/11/07/how-blending-modes-work-part-two-dodge-burn-soft-light-and-hard-light/ two], [http://emptyeasel.com/2008/11/14/layer-modes-part-three-difference-addition-subtraction-darken-lighten/ three], and [http://emptyeasel.com/2008/11/21/gimp-and-photoshop-layer-modes-part-four-hue-saturation-color-and-value/ four]
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| * [http://homepages.inf.ed.ac.uk/rbf/HIPR2/blenddemo.htm JAVA demo on the image blending operator], an interactive JAVA-based image blending demo
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| * [http://www.w3.org/TR/SVGCompositing/ All the math behind photoshop compositing] (including math for using alpha in complex compositions like softlight)
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| * [http://jswidget.com/blog/2011/03/11/image-blending-algorithmpart-ii/ Image Blending Algorithm]
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| [[Category:Digital photography]]
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| [[Category:Image processing]]
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