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| {{distinguish|Pascal's rule}}
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| {{Continuum mechanics}}
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| '''Pascal's law''' or the '''principle of transmission of fluid-pressure''' is a principle in [[fluid mechanics]] that states that pressure exerted anywhere in a confined incompressible fluid is transmitted equally in all directions throughout the fluid such that the pressure variations (initial differences) remain the same.<ref>{{cite book
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| | last = Bloomfield
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| | first = Louis
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| | title = How Things Work: The Physics of Everyday Life (Third Edition)
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| | publisher = [[John Wiley & Sons]]
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| | year = 2006
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| | pages = 153
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| | isbn = 0-471-46886-X }}</ref> The law was established by [[French people|French]] [[mathematician]] [[Blaise Pascal]].<ref name=acottLaw>{{Cite journal|author=Acott, Chris |title=The diving "Law-ers": A brief resume of their lives. |journal=[[South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society]] journal |volume=29 |issue=1 |year=1999 |issn=0813-1988 |oclc=16986801 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/5990 |accessdate=2011-06-14 }}.</ref>
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| ==Definition==
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| [[File:Pressure_water_air_(en).svg|thumb|300px|Pressure in water and air. Pascal's law applies only for fluids.]]
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| Pascal's principle is defined as
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| {{Quotation|A change in pressure at any point in an enclosed fluid at rest is transmitted undiminished to all points in the fluid}}
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| This principle is stated mathematically as:
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| :<math> \Delta P =\rho g (\Delta h)\,</math>
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| :{{math|<math>\Delta P</math>}} is the [[hydrostatic pressure]] (given in [[Pascal (unit)|pascals]] in the [[SI]] system), or the difference in pressure at two points within a fluid column, due to the weight of the fluid;
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| :ρ is the fluid density (in [[kilograms per cubic meter]] in the SI system);
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| :g is acceleration due to gravity (normally using the [[standard gravity|sea level acceleration due to Earth's gravity]] in [[metre per second squared|metres per second squared]]);
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| :{{math|<math>\Delta h</math>}} is the height of fluid above the point of measurement, or the difference in elevation between the two points within the fluid column (in metres in SI).
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| The intuitive explanation of this formula is that the change in pressure between two elevations is due to the [[weight]] of the fluid between the elevations. Note that the variation with height does not depend on any additional pressures. Therefore Pascal's law can be interpreted as saying that ''any change in pressure applied'' at any given point of the fluid is transmitted ''undiminished throughout'' the fluid.
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| ==Explanation==
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| [[File:Principe de Pascal.jpg|thumb|150px|The effects of Pascal's law, as Pascal discovered in his [[Pascal's barrel|1646 barrel experiment]]]]
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| If a U-tube is filled with water and pistons are placed at each end, pressure exerted against the left piston will be transmitted throughout the liquid and against the bottom of the right piston. (The pistons are simply "plugs" that can slide freely but snugly inside the tube.) The pressure that the left piston exerts against the water will be exactly equal to the pressure the water exerts against the right piston. Suppose the tube on the right side is made wider and a piston of a larger area is used; for example, the piston on the right has 50 times the area of the piston on the left. If a 1 N load is placed on the left piston, an additional pressure (nearly 1 N/cm<sup>2</sup>) due to the weight of the load is transmitted throughout the liquid and up against the larger piston. The difference between [[force]] and [[pressure]] is important: the additional pressure is exerted against every square centimeter of the larger piston. Since there is 50 times the area, 50 times as much force is exerted on the larger piston. Thus, the larger piston will support a 50 N load - fifty times the load on the smaller piston.
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| Forces can be multiplied using such a device. One [[Newton (unit)|newton]] input produces 50 newtons output. By further increasing the area of the larger piston (or reducing the area of the smaller piston), forces can be multiplied, in principle, by any amount. Pascal's principle underlies the operation of the [[hydraulic press]]. The hydraulic press does not violate [[Law of conservation of energy|energy conservation]], because a decrease in distance moved compensates for the increase in force. When the small piston is moved downward 10 centimeters, the large piston will be raised only one-fiftieth of this, or 0.2 centimeters. The input force multiplied by the distance moved by the smaller piston is equal to the output force multiplied by the distance moved by the larger piston; this is one more example of a simple machine operating on the same principle as a [[Lever|mechanical lever]].
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| Pascal's principle applies to all fluids, whether gases or liquids. A typical application of Pascal's principle for gases and liquids is the automobile lift seen in many service stations (the [[hydraulic jack]]). Increased air pressure produced by an air compressor is transmitted through the air to the surface of oil in an underground reservoir. The oil, in turn, transmits the pressure to a piston, which lifts the automobile. The relatively low pressure that exerts the lifting force against the piston is about the same as the air pressure in automobile tires. Hydraulics is employed by modern devices ranging from very small to enormous. For example, there are hydraulic pistons in almost all construction machines where heavy loads are involved.
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| ==Applications==
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| *The [[siphon]]
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| *The underlying principle of the [[hydraulic jack]] and [[hydraulic press]]
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| *Force amplification in the [[hydraulic brake|braking system]] of most motor vehicles.
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| *Used in [[Artesian aquifer|artesian]] wells, [[water tower]]s, and [[dam]]s.
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| *[[Scuba diving|Scuba divers]] must understand this principle. At a depth of 10 meters under water, pressure is twice the atmospheric pressure at sea level, and increases by about 100 kPa for each increase of 10 m depth.<ref name=acottLaw/>
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Fluid statics]]
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| *[[Blaise Pascal#Contributions to the physical sciences|Pascal's contributions to the physical sciences]]
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| {{Blaise Pascal}}
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| [[Category:Hydrostatics]]
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| [[Category:Fluid mechanics]]
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| [[Category:Blaise Pascal]]
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| [[ar:قاعدة باسكال]]
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| [[de:Pascalsches Gesetz]]
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| [[hr:Paskalov zakon]]
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| [[ru:Основное уравнение гидростатики]]
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It involves expertise and knowledge of various tools and technologies used for creating websites. This means you can setup your mailing list and auto-responder on your wordpress site and then you can add your subscription form to any other blog, splash page, capture page or any other site you like. Your parishioners and certainly interested audience can come in to you for further information from the group and sometimes even approaching happenings and systems with the church. They found out all the possible information about bringing up your baby and save money at the same time. You can customize the appearance with PSD to Word - Press conversion .
purcase and download - WPZOOM Tribune wordpress Theme, find and use the WPZOOM Discount Code. You do not catch a user's attention through big and large pictures that usually takes a millennium to load up. With the free Word - Press blog, you have the liberty to come up with your own personalized domain name. E-commerce websites are meant to be buzzed with fresh contents, graphical enhancements, and functionalities. You can also get a free keyword tool that is to determine how strong other competing sites are and number of the searches on the most popular search sites.
Minor and medium sized corporations also have a lot to obtain by shelling out in a very good website. Browse through the popular Wordpress theme clubs like the Elegant Themes, Studio Press, Woo - Themes, Rocket Theme, Simple Themes and many more. You've got invested a great cope of time developing and producing up the topic substance. Newer programs allow website owners and internet marketers to automatically and dynamically change words in their content to match the keywords entered by their web visitors in their search queries'a feat that they cannot easily achieve with older software. Premium vs Customised Word - Press Themes - Premium themes are a lot like customised themes but without the customised price and without the wait.
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