List of integrals of Gaussian functions: Difference between revisions

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In mathematics and optimization, a pseudo-Boolean function is a function of the form

f : B^{n} \to ℝ

,

where B = {0, 1} is a Boolean domain and n is a nonnegative integer called the arity of the function. Any pseudo-Boolean function can be written uniquely as a multi-linear polynomial: Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.

f (x) = a + \sum_{i} a_{i} x_{i} + \sum_{i < j} a_{i j} x_{i} x_{j} + \sum_{i < j < k} a_{i j k} x_{i} x_{j} x_{k} + \dots

An important class of pseudo-Boolean functions are the submodular functions, because polynomial-time algorithms exists for minimizing them. The degree of the pseudo-Boolean function is simply the degree of the polynomial.

In many settings (e.g., in Fourier analysis of pseudo-Boolean functions), a pseudo-Boolean function is viewed as a function $f$ that maps ${- 1, 1}^{n}$ to $ℝ$ . Again in this case we can uniquely write $f$ as a multi-linear polynomial: $f (x) = \sum_{I \subseteq [n]} \hat{f} (I) \prod_{i \in I} x_{i},$ where $\hat{f} (I)$ are Fourier coefficients of $f$ and $[n] = {1, . . ., n}$ . For a nice and simple introduction to Fourier analysis of pseudo-Boolean functions, see.^[1]

Optimization

Minimizing (or, equivalently, maximizing) a pseudo-Boolean function is NP-Hard. This can easily be seen by formulating, for example, the maximum cut problem as maximizing a pseudo-Boolean function.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.

Submodularity

A pseudo-Boolean function f is said to be submodular if

f (x) + f (y) \geq f (x \land y) + f (x \lor y)

for every x and y. This is a very important concept, because a submodular pseudo-boolean function can be minimized in polynomial time.Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park.

Roof Duality

If f is a quadratic polynomial, a concept called roof duality can be used to obtain a lower bound for its minimum value.^[2] Roof duality may also provide a partial assignment of the variables, indicating some of the values of a minimizer to the polynomial. Several different methods of obtaining lower bounds were developed only to later be shown to be equivalent to what is now called roof duality.^[2]

Reductions

If the degree of f is greater than 2, one can always employ reductions to obtain an equivalent quadratic problem with additional variables.^[3] One possible reduction is

- x_{1} x_{2} x_{3} = \min_{z \in B} z (2 - x_{1} - x_{2} - x_{3})

There are other possibilities, for example,

- x_{1} x_{2} x_{3} = \min_{z \in B} z (- x_{1} + x_{2} + x_{3}) - x_{1} x_{2} - x_{1} x_{3} + x_{1} .

Different reductions lead to different results. Take for example the following cubic polynomial:^[4]

f (x) = - 2 x_{1} + x_{2} - x_{3} + 4 x_{1} x_{2} + 4 x_{1} x_{3} - 2 x_{2} x_{3} - 2 x_{1} x_{2} x_{3} .

Using the first reduction followed by roof duality, we obtain a lower bound of -3 and no indication on how to assign the three variables. Using the second reduction, we obtain the (tight) lower bound of -2 and the optimal assignment of every variable (which is $(0, 1, 1)$ ).

Polynomial Compression Algorithms

Consider a pseudo-Boolean function $f$ as a mapping from ${- 1, 1}^{n}$ to $ℝ$ . Then $f (x) = \sum_{I \subseteq [n]} \hat{f} (I) \prod_{i \in I} x_{i} .$ Assume that each coefficient $\hat{f} (I)$ is integral. Then for an integer $k$ the problem P of deciding whether $f (x)$ is more or equal to $k$ is NP-complete. It is proved in ^[5] that in polynomial time we can either solve P or reduce the number of variables to $O (k^{2} \log k)$ . Let $r$ be the degree of the above multi-linear polynomial for $f$ . Then ^[5] proved that in polynomial time we can either solve P or reduce the number of variables to $r (k - 1)$ .

References

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In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang

Notes

↑ O'Donnell, 2008
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 Boros and Hammer, 2002
↑ Ishikawa, 2011
↑ Kahl and Strandmark, 2011
↑ ^5.0 ^5.1 Crowston et al., 2011

[odon-1] O'Donnell, 2008

[boroshammer-2] 2.0 ^2.1 Boros and Hammer, 2002

[ishikawa2011-3] Ishikawa, 2011

[kahlstrandmark-4] Kahl and Strandmark, 2011

[crow-5] 5.0 ^5.1 Crowston et al., 2011

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
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+In [[mathematics]] and [[optimization]], a '''pseudo-Boolean function''' is a [[function (mathematics)|function]] of the form
+:<math>f:\mathbf{B}^n \rightarrow \mathbb{R}</math>,
+where '''B'''&nbsp;=&nbsp;{0,&nbsp;1} is a ''[[Boolean domain]]'' and ''n'' is a nonnegative integer called the [[arity]] of the function. Any pseudo-Boolean function can be written uniquely as a [[multi-linear]] polynomial: {{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}
+:<math>f(\boldsymbol{x}) = a + \sum_i a_ix_i + \sum_{i<j}a_{ij}x_ix_j + \sum_{i<j<k}a_{ijk}x_ix_jx_k + \ldots</math>
+An important class of pseudo-Boolean functions are the [[supermodular function|submodular functions]], because polynomial-time algorithms exists for minimizing them. The '''degree''' of the pseudo-Boolean function is simply the degree of the polynomial.
+In many settings (e.g., in Fourier analysis of pseudo-Boolean functions), a pseudo-Boolean function is viewed as a function <math>f</math> that maps <math>\{-1,1\}^n</math> to <math>\mathbb{R}</math>. Again in this case we can uniquely write  <math>f</math> as a multi-linear polynomial:
+<math> f(x)= \sum_{I\subseteq [n]}\hat{f}(I)\prod_{i\in I}x_i, </math> where <math> \hat{f}(I) </math> are Fourier coefficients of <math>f</math> and <math>[n]=\{1,...,n\}</math>. For a nice and simple introduction to Fourier analysis of pseudo-Boolean functions, see.<ref name="odon">O'Donnell, 2008</ref>
+==Optimization==
+Minimizing (or, equivalently, maximizing) a pseudo-Boolean function is [[NP-Hard]]. This can easily be seen by formulating, for example, the [[maximum cut]] problem as maximizing a pseudo-Boolean function.{{Citation needed|date=July 2013}}
+===Submodularity===
+A pseudo-Boolean function ''f'' is said to be '''submodular''' if
+:<math> f(\boldsymbol{x}) + f(\boldsymbol{y}) \ge  f(\boldsymbol{x} \wedge \boldsymbol{y}) + f(\boldsymbol{x} \vee \boldsymbol{y}) </math>
+for every '''''x''''' and '''''y'''''. This is a very important concept, because a submodular pseudo-boolean function can be minimized in polynomial time.{{Citation needed|date=August 2011}}
+===Roof Duality===
+If ''f'' is a quadratic polynomial, a concept called ''roof duality'' can be used to obtain a lower bound for its minimum value.<ref name="boroshammer">Boros and Hammer, 2002</ref> Roof duality may also provide a partial assignment of the variables, indicating some of the values of a minimizer to the polynomial. Several different methods of obtaining lower bounds were developed only to later be shown to be equivalent to what is now called roof duality.<ref name="boroshammer" />
+===Reductions===
+If the degree of ''f'' is greater than 2, one can always employ ''reductions'' to obtain an equivalent quadratic problem with additional variables.<ref name="ishikawa2011">Ishikawa, 2011</ref> One possible reduction is
+:<math>\displaystyle  	-x_1x_2x_3=\min_{z\in\mathbf{B}}z(2-x_1-x_2-x_3)</math>
+There are other possibilities, for example,
+:<math> \displaystyle  	-x_1x_2x_3=\min_{z\in\mathbf{B}}z(-x_1+x_2+x_3)-x_1x_2-x_1x_3+x_1. </math>
+Different reductions lead to different results. Take for example the following cubic polynomial:<ref name="kahlstrandmark">Kahl and Strandmark, 2011</ref>
+:<math> \displaystyle  	f(\boldsymbol{x})=-2x_1+x_2-x_3+4x_1x_2+4x_1x_3-2x_2x_3-2x_1x_2x_3. </math>
+Using the first reduction followed by roof duality, we obtain a lower bound of -3 and no indication on how to assign the three variables. Using the second reduction, we obtain the (tight) lower bound of -2 and the optimal assignment of every variable (which is <math> {(0,1,1)}</math>).
+===Polynomial Compression Algorithms===
+Consider a pseudo-Boolean function <math> f </math> as a mapping from <math>\{-1,1\}^n</math> to <math>\mathbb{R}</math>. Then <math> f(x)= \sum_{I\subseteq [n]}\hat{f}(I)\prod_{i\in I}x_i. </math> Assume that each coefficient <math>\hat{f}(I)</math> is integral.
+Then for an integer <math> k </math> the problem P of deciding whether <math> f(x) </math> is more or equal to <math> k </math> is NP-complete. It is proved in <ref name="crow">Crowston et al., 2011</ref> that
+in polynomial time we can either solve P or reduce the number of variables to <math> O(k^2\log k) </math>.
+Let <math> r </math> be the degree of the above multi-linear polynomial for <math> f </math>. Then <ref name="crow">Crowston et al., 2011</ref> proved that in polynomial time we can either solve P or reduce the number of variables to <math> r(k-1) </math>.
+==See also==
+*[[Boolean function]]
+==References==
+* {{cite journal|last=Boros|coauthors=Hammer|title=Pseudo-Boolean Optimization|journal=Discrete Applied Mathematics|year=2002|volume=123|doi=10.1016/S0166-218X(01)00341-9}}
+* {{cite journal|last=Crowston|coauthors=Fellows, Gutin, Jones, Rosamond, Thomasse, Yeo|title=Simultaneously Satisfying Linear Equations Over GF(2): MaxLin2 and Max-r-Lin2 Parameterized Above Average.|journal=Proc. of FSTTCS 2011|year=2011|url=http://arxiv.org/abs/1104.1135}}
+* {{cite journal|last=Ishikawa|title=Transformation of general binary MRF minimization to the first order case|journal=IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence|year=2011|volume=33|number=6|pages=1234–1249}}
+* {{cite journal|last=Rother|coauthors=Kolmogorov, Lempitsky, Szummer|title=Optimizing Binary MRFs via Extended Roof Duality|journal=International Conference on  Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition|year=2007|url=http://research.microsoft.com/pubs/67978/cvpr07-QPBOpi.pdf}}
+* {{cite journal|last=Kahl|coauthors=Strandmark|title=Generalized Roof Duality for Pseudo-Boolean Optimization|journal=International Conference on Computer Vision |year=2011|url=http://www.maths.lth.se/vision/publdb/reports/pdf/kahl-strandmark-iccv-11.pdf}}
+* {{cite journal|last=O'Donnell|first=Ryan|title=Some topics in analysis of Boolean functions|journal={{ECCC|2008|08|055}}|year=2008|url=http://www.eccc.uni-trier.de/eccc-reports/2008/TR08-055/}}
+==Notes==
+<references />
+[[Category:Mathematical optimization]]

List of integrals of Gaussian functions: Difference between revisions

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Contents

Optimization

Submodularity

Roof Duality

Reductions

Polynomial Compression Algorithms

See also

References

Notes

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List of integrals of Gaussian functions: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 23:48, 21 March 2013

Optimization

Submodularity

Roof Duality

Reductions

Polynomial Compression Algorithms

See also

References

Notes

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