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| The '''Rohn Emergency Scale'''<ref name="RohnBlackmore">Rohn, Eli and Blackmore, Denis (2009) [http://www.igi-global.com/bookstore/Article.aspx?TitleId=37523 A Unified Localizable Emergency Events Scale], ''International Journal of Information Systems for Crisis Response Management'' (IJISCRAM), Volume 1, Issue 4, October 2009</ref> is a [[scale (social sciences)|scale]] on which the magnitude (intensity)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.fema.gov/kids/intense.htm | title = FEMA Intensity Scales | accessdate = 13 September 2010 }}</ref> of an [[emergency]] is measured. It was first proposed in 2006, and explained in more detail in a [[Peer review|peer-reviewed]] paper presented at a 2007 system sciences conference.<ref>Gomez, Elizabeth, Plotnick, Linda , Rohn, Eli, Morgan, John, and Turoff, Murray (2007). [http://www.computer.org/portal/web/csdl/doi/10.1109/HICSS.2007.557 Towards a Unified Public Safety Scale], Hawaii International Conference on System Sciences (HICSS), Waikoloa, Hawaii.</ref> The idea was further refined later that year.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Plotnick | first1 = Linda | last2 = Gomez | first2 = Elizabeth | last3 = White | first3 = Connie | last4 = Turoff | first4 = Murray | year = 2007 | id = {{citeseerx|10.1.1.103.5779}} | title = Furthering Development of a Unified Emergency Scale Using Thurstone’s Law of Comparative Judgment: A Progress Report | journal = ISCRAM | date = May 2007 }}</ref> The need for such a scale was ratified in two later independent publications.<ref>Turoff Murray and Hiltz Roxanne (2008). [http://iospress.metapress.com/index/N72872K8Q4712T76.pdf Assessing the health information needs of the emergency preparedness and management community]. ''Inf. Serv. Use'' 28, 3-4 (Aug. 2008), 269-280.</ref><ref>Turoff, M., White, C., Plotnick, L., and Hiltz, S. R., [http://www.iscram.org/dmdocuments/ISCRAM2008/papers/ISCRAM2008_Turoff_etal.pdf Dynamic Emergency Response Management for Large Scale Decision Making in Extreme Events], ''Proceedings of ISCRAM 2008'', Washington D.C. May.</ref> It is the first scale that [[Quantification|quantifies]] any emergency situation based on a [[mathematical model]]. The scale can be tailored for use at any geographic level – city, county, state or continent. It can be used to monitor the development of an ongoing emergency event, as well as forecast the probability and nature of a potential developing emergency and in the planning and execution of a [[National Response Plan]].
| | If you are looking for a specific plugin, then you can just search for the name of the plugin. Good luck on continue learning how to make a wordpress website. PSD files are incompatible to browsers and are suppose to be converted into wordpress compatible files so that it opens up in browser. If you need a special plugin for your website , there are thousands of plugins that can be used to meet those needs. By using this method one can see whether the theme has the potential to become popular or not and is their any scope of improvement in the theme. <br><br>These websites can be easily customized and can appear in the top rankings of the major search engines. Infertility can cause a major setback to the couples due to the inability to conceive. A Wordpress plugin is a software that you can install into your Wordpress site. You can add new functionalities and edit the existing ones to suit your changing business needs. The biggest advantage of using a coupon or deal plugin is that it gives your readers the coupons and deals within minutes of them becoming available. <br><br>You can down load it here at this link: and utilize your FTP software program to upload it to your Word - Press Plugin folder. When you have just about any questions about where and also tips on how to make use of [http://l4.vc/wordpress_backup_207494 backup plugin], you possibly can call us in our web-page. The only problem with most is that they only offer a monthly plan, you never own the software and you can’t even install the software on your site, you must go to another website to manage your list and edit your autoresponder. I hope this short Plugin Dynamo Review will assist you to differentiate whether Plugin Dynamo is Scam or a Genuine. User friendly features and flexibility that Word - Press has to offer is second to none. So, if you are looking online to hire dedicated Wordpress developers, India PHP Expert can give a hand you in each and every best possible way. <br><br>The disadvantage is it requires a considerable amount of time to set every thing up. Quttera - Quttera describes itself as a 'Saa - S [Software as a Service] web-malware monitoring and alerting solution for websites of any size and complexity. re creating a Word - Press design yourself, the good news is there are tons of Word - Press themes to choose from. If you choose a blog then people will be able to post articles on your site and people will be able to make comments on your posts (unless you turn comments off). It does take time to come up having a website that gives you the much needed results hence the web developer must be ready to help you along the route. <br><br>You will know which of your Word - Press blog posts are attracting more unique visitors which in turn will help you develop better products and services for your customers. By using Word - Press MLM websites or blogs, an online presence for you and your MLM company can be created swiftly and simply. Word - Press can also be quickly extended however improvement API is not as potent as Joomla's. with posts or testimonials updated as they are uploaded to a particular section of the website. Press CTRL and the numbers one to six to choose your option. |
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| == Existing emergency-related scales ==
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| Scales relating to natural phenomena that may result in an emergency are numerous. This section provides a review of several notable emergency related scales. They concentrate mainly on weather and environmental scales that provide a common understanding and lexicon with which to understand the level of intensity and impact of a crisis. Some scales are used before and/or during a crisis to predict the potential intensity and impact of an event and provide an understanding that is useful for preventative and recovery measures. Other scales are used for post-event classification. Most of these scales are descriptive rather than quantitative, which makes them subjective and ambiguous.
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| : 1805 [[Beaufort Scale]]<ref>{{cite web | title = The Beaufort Wind Scale | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Storm Prediction Center | accessdate = 13 September 2010 | url = http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/beaufort.html }}</ref>
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| : 1931 [[Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale | publisher = U.S. Geological Survey, Earthquake Hazards Program | accessdate = 13 September 2010 | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/mercalli.php }}</ref> | |
| : 1935 [[Richter Scale]]<ref>{{cite web | title = The Richter Magnitude Scale | publisher = U.S. Geological Survey, Earthquake Hazards Program | accessdate = 13 September 2010 | url = http://earthquake.usgs.gov/learn/topics/richter.php }}</ref>
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| : 1969 [[Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Scale]]<ref>{{cite web | title = The Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale | publisher = National U.S. Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration - National Hurricane Center | accessdate = 13 September 2010 | url = http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutsshws.shtml }}</ref>
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| : 1971 [[Fujita scale]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Fujita Tornado Damage Scale | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration | accessdate = 13 September 2010 | url = http://www.spc.noaa.gov/faq/tornado/f-scale.html }}</ref> (superseded by [[Enhanced Fujita Scale]] in 2007<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.spc.noaa.gov/efscale/ | title = The Enhanced Fujita Scale (EF Scale) | publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration }}</ref>)
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| : 1982 [[Volcanic explosivity index]]
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| : 1990 [[International Nuclear Event Scale]]<ref>[http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Factsheets/English/ines.pdf IAEA fact sheet]</ref>
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| : 1999 [[Air Quality Index]]<ref>{{cite web | title = Air-Quality Index | publisher = The U.S. EPA, NOAA and NPS AIRnow Project | accessdate = 13 September 2010 | url = http://www.airnow.gov }}</ref>
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| == Variables common to all emergencies ==
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| According to the Rohn Emergency Scale, all emergencies can be described by three independent dimensions:
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| (a) scope;
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| (b) topographical change (or lack thereof); and
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| (c) speed of change.
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| The intersection of the three dimensions provides a detailed scale for defining any emergency,<ref name="RohnBlackmore"/> as depicted on the Emergency Scale Website.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.emergencyscale.com/ | title = The Emergency Scale Website | accessdate = 8 March 2011 }}</ref>
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| === Scope ===
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| The scope of an emergency in the Rohn scale is represented as a [[continuous variable]] with a lower limit of zero and a theoretical calculable upper limit. The Rohn Emergency Scale use two parameters that form the scope: percent of affected humans out of the entire population, and damages, or loss, as a percentile of a given [[Gross National Product]] (GNP). Where applied to a specific locality, this parameter may be represented by a [[Gross State Product]], [[Gross Regional Product]], or any similar measure of economic activity appropriate to the entity under emergency. | |
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| === Topography ===
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| A topographical change means a measurable and noticeable change in land characteristics, in terms of elevation, slope, orientation, and land coverage. These could be either natural (e.g., trees) or artificial (e.g., houses).
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| Non-topographical emergencies are situations where the emergency is non-physical in nature. The [[Wall Street Crash of 1929|collapse of the New York stock market in 1929]] is such an example, and the [[Financial crisis (2007–present)|global liquidity crisis of August 2007]]<ref>{{cite web | url = http://money.cnn.com/2007/08/10/markets/markets_0315/index.htm | title = CNN Money (2007) | accessdate = 13 September 2010 }}</ref> is another example.
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| The model treats topographical change as a continuum ranging between 0 and 1 that gives the estimated visual fractional change in the environment.
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| === Speed of change ===
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| An emergency is typified by a departure from normal state of affairs. The scale uses the change of the number of victims over time and economical losses over time to calculate a rate of change that is of utmost importance to society (e.g., life and a proxy for quality of life).
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| == Emergency scale mathematical model ==
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| {{refimprove section|talk=talk|date=March 2011}}
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| The scale is a normalized function whose variables are scope (''S''), topography (''T''), and rate of change (''D''), expressed as
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| :<math>E = Emergency = f(S,T,D)</math>.
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| These parameters are defined as follows:
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| === Scope ===
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| :<math>\hbox{Scope}=\tfrac{\hbox{RawScope}}{\hbox{MaxScope}}</math>
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| :where
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| :<math>\hbox{RawScope}=\left(\tfrac{\hbox{Victims}}{\hbox{Population}} + \tfrac{\hbox{Monetary Losses}}{\hbox{GNP}}\right)^W</math>
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| :where
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| :<math>W=\left( \tfrac{\ln(\hbox{Victims})}{\ln(\hbox{Monetary Losses})} \right)^\beta</math>
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| :''β'' is a coefficient which the model creator calculated to be 1.26 ± 0.03,
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| :and
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| :<math>\hbox{MaxScope}=\left(\tfrac{0.7*\hbox{Population}}{\hbox{Population}} + \tfrac{0.5*\hbox{GNP}}{\hbox{GNP}}\right)^V</math>,
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| :where
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| :<math>V= \tfrac{\ln(\hbox{Victims})}{\ln(\hbox{Monetary Losses})}</math>
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| The model loosely assumes that a society whose majority of the population (70% in this model) is affected and half of its GNP is drained as a result of a calamity reaches a breaking point of disintegration. Sociologists and economists may come up with a better estimate.
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| === Topographical change ===
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| :<math>\tfrac{\hbox{Volume before the event}}{\hbox{Volume after the event}}</math> or zero for non-topographical events.
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| === Rate of change ===
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| :<math>\tfrac {d(\hbox{Victims})}{d(\hbox{Time})}</math> and <math>\tfrac {d(\hbox{Losses})}{d(\hbox{Time})}</math>
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| comprise the rate of change that is of utmost importance to society and therefore incorporated in the model.
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| == Simplified scale for public communications ==
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| In some instances, it may be preferable to have an integral scale to more simply and dramatically convey the extent of an emergency, with a range, say, from 1 to 10, and 10 representing the direst emergency. This can be obtained from the function above in any number of ways. One of them is the [[ceiling function]]{{clarify|reason=should this perhaps be "maximum"?|date=March 2011}}. Another one is a single number representing the volume under the 3D emergency scale.
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| == References ==
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| {{reflist|2}}
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| == External links ==
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| {{Wiktionary|disaster}}
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| * {{cite web | url = http://memagazine.asme.org/web/LargeScale_Disasters.cfm | title = Large-Scale Disasters as Dynamical Systems | publisher = [[ASME]] }} (provides an alternative measure of general disaster scaling)
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| {{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}
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| [[Category:Emergency management]]
| |
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