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| [[File:Cylindrical equal-area projection SW.jpg|400px|thumb|Cylindrical equal-area projection of the world; standard parallel at 40°N.]]
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| [[Image:Tissot indicatrix world map Lambert cyl equal-area proj.svg|400px|thumb|The Lambert cylindrical equal-area projection with [[Tissot's indicatrix]] of deformation]]
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| [[File:Cylindrical Equal-Area Projection Oblique Case Map of the World.png|400px|thumb|Cylindrical equal-area projection with oblique orientation]]
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| In [[cartography]], the '''cylindrical equal-area projection''' is a family of [[Map projections#Cylindrical|cylindrical]], [[Map projection#Equal-area|equal area]] [[map projection]]s.
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| ==Cylindrical projections==
| | Riding along side automobiles and crossing intersections somehow seemed scarier than those single tracks I left behind in the foothills. The mountain bike park is within easy riding distance, approximately 3km from the town centre. High end mountain bikes use carbon fibre frames, or other, more exotic materials to reduce weight and keep stiffness up. The remarkable thing though was an electric bike could cover 25 miles on one charge with a bet of pedal power or up to 15 miles on battery power lone. That kept me looking forward to the book launch and beyond. <br><br>Cross Country and all mountain style riders will lean towards a folding bead tire because they are much lighter and that is a crucial factor in those 2 styles of riding. After their devastating loss to the Dallas Mavericks, there has been a lot of question as to whether they are really capable of winning a title or not. Experts recommend that runners drink only when thirsty. Then, the front Shock absorbers are used as a headset mechanism that connects the front fork to the stem or the handlebars and spokes. If you liked this article so you would like to get more info with regards to [http://www.abcwallpapers.com/profile/ankittredg.html Womens mountain bike sizing.] please visit our own web page. Before heading to your local bike store to see what Santa Cruz bikes are available, it is advisable to visit the Santa Cruz Bicycles website to see all of their latest bikes. <br><br>When the cable is pulled, the two arms are actuated and stopping power is applied to the rims. Verify such elements to get a clear understanding of what you can have with Mongoose. People are buying bicycles to take care of their fitness as many go riding every morning or on weekends instead of jogging. Explore, eat, and shop in places you typicaly wouldn't. You have to make sure that your bike is set as to provide you with maximum comfort you need for a long and rough ride. <br><br>It works great unless you have some physical issue. In between, the biker can perform whatever new trick he or she has learnt up and this trick is known as the gap jump. As the tracks are very rough it is far more difficult on a hardtail bike. People like to ride the mountain bike to those terrains because they enjoy the thrill and the adventure. 7,934,739) CVA is an award-winning cancellation style and now it is recognized with a US Apparent. <br><br>You may even consider purchasing two different helmets and prepare yourself for all sorts of these riding experience. The correct quill stems are sized down with the inside diameter of the fork's steer tube. This may be related to a muscle imbalance between opposing muscle groups in the leg and is commonly related to excessive foot pronation (collapsing arch). Mountain bike wheels provide a good mixture of traction, stability, and sturdiness ; and different riding conditions need specific types of mountain bicycle wheels. If they connect with the wrong part, it could cause you to stop on a dime, which will most likely result in you taking a tumble over the handlebars. |
| {{Main|Map_projection#Cylindrical|l1=Cylindrical map projection}}
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| The term "normal cylindrical projection" is used to refer to any projection in which [[Meridian (geography)|meridians]] are mapped to equally spaced vertical lines and [[circles of latitude]] (parallels) are mapped to horizontal lines (or, [[mutatis mutandis]], more generally, radial lines from a fixed point are mapped to equally spaced parallel lines and concentric circles around it are mapped to perpendicular lines). | |
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| The mapping of meridians to vertical lines can be visualized by imagining a cylinder (of which the axis coincides with the Earth's axis of rotation) wrapped around the Earth and then projecting onto the cylinder, and subsequently unfolding the cylinder. | |
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| By the geometry of their construction, cylindrical projections stretch distances east-west. The amount of stretch is the same at any chosen latitude on all cylindrical projections, and is given by the [[Trigonometric function|secant]] of the [[latitude]] as a multiple of the equator's scale. The various cylindrical projections are distinguished from each other solely by their north-south stretching (where latitude is given by φ):
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| The only cylindrical projections that preserve area have a
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| * North-south compression precisely the reciprocal of east-west stretching (cosine φ): equal-area cylindrical (with many named specializations such as [[Gall–Peters projection|Gall–Peters]] or Gall orthographic, [[Behrmann projection|Behrmann]], and [[Lambert cylindrical equal-area projection|Lambert cylindrical equal-area]]). This divides north-south distances by a factor equal to the secant of the latitude, preserving area but heavily distorting shapes.
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| Any particular cylindrical equal-area map has a pair of identical latitudes of opposite sign (or else the equator) at which the east-west scale matches the north-south-scale.
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| ==Description==
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| ===Formulae===
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| All cylindrical equal-area projections use the formula:
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| :<math>x = ( \lambda - \lambda_0 ) \cos \phi_0\,</math>
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| :<math>y = \sin \phi / \cos \phi_0\,</math>
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| where <math>\lambda\,</math> is the longitude, <math>\lambda_0\,</math> is the central meridian, <math>\phi\,</math> is the latitude, and <math>\phi_0\,</math> is the standard latitude,<ref>[http://pubs.er.usgs.gov/usgspubs/pp/pp1395 ''Map Projections - A Working Manual''], [[United States Geological Survey|USGS]] Professional Paper 1395, John P. Snyder, 1987, pp.76–85</ref> all expressed in radians.
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| Some cartographers prefer to work in degrees, rather than radians, and use the equivalent formula:
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| :<math>x = ( \lambda - \lambda_0 ) (\cos \phi_0) \pi / 180^\circ</math>
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| :<math>y = \sin \phi / \cos \phi_0\,</math>
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| ===Simplified formula===
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| Stripping out unit conversion and uniform scaling, the formulae may be written:
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| :<math>x = ( \lambda - \lambda_0 ) S\,</math>
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| :<math>y = \sin\phi\,</math>
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| Hence the sphere is mapped onto a stretched vertical cylinder. The stretch factor S is what distinguishes the variations of cylindric equal-area projection.
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| ===Discussion===
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| The various specializations of the cylindric equal-area projection differ only in the ratio of the vertical to horizontal axis. This ratio determines the ''standard parallel'' of the projection, which is the parallel at which there is no distortion and along which distances match the stated scale. There are always two standard parallels on the cylindric equal-area projection, each at the same distance north and south of the equator. The standard parallels of the Gall–Peters are 45° N and 45° S. Several other specializations of the equal-area cylindric have been described, promoted, or otherwise named.<ref name="Snyder2">Snyder, John P. (1989). ''An Album of Map Projections'' p. 19. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1453. (Mathematical properties of the Gall–Peters and related projections.)</ref><ref name="Monmonier">Monmonier, Mark (2004). ''Rhumb Lines and Map Wars: A Social History of the Mercator Projection'' p. 152. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press. (Thorough treatment of the social history of the Mercator projection and Gall–Peters projections.)</ref><ref name="Smyth">Smyth, C. Piazzi. (1870). ''On an Equal-Surface Projection and its Anthropological Applications''. Edinburgh: Edmonton & Douglas. (Monograph describing an equal-area cylindric projection and its virtues, specifically disparaging Mercator's projection.)</ref><ref>
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| Weisstein, Eric W. "Cylindrical Equal-Area Projection." From MathWorld—A Wolfram Web Resource. http://mathworld.wolfram.com/CylindricalEqual-AreaProjection.html
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| </ref>
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| {| class="wikitable"
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| |+Named specializations of the cylindrical equal-area projection
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| |-
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| ! Projection
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| ! Image
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| ! Creator<br>(year)
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| ! Standard parallels N/S
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| ! Width/height aspect ratio
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| ! Notes
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| |-
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| | cylindrical equal-area || || || <math>\phi_0\,</math>
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| | <math>\pi(\cos \phi_0)^2\,</math>
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| | Base projection for all the others.
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| | [[Lambert cylindrical equal-area projection|Lambert]]
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| | [[File:Tissot indicatrix world map Lambert cyl equal-area proj.svg|150px]]
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| | [[Johann Heinrich Lambert]]<br>(1772)
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| | Equator (0°)
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| | <math>\pi \approx 3.14</math>
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| | [[Behrmann projection|Behrmann]]
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| | [[File:Tissot indicatrix world map Behrmann equal-area proj.svg|150px]]
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| | Walter Behrmann<br>(1910) || 30°
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| | <math>3\pi/4 \approx 2.36 \approx</math> [[silver ratio|<math>\delta_S</math>]] ||
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| | [[Smyth equal-surface]]<br>= Craster rectangular || || [[Charles Piazzi Smyth|Charles Piazzi Smyth]]<br>(1870) || 37°04'
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| | <math>2.0</math> ||
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| |-
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| | Trystan Edwards || || Trystan Edwards (1953) || 37°24'
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| | <math>\approx 2.0</math> ||
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| |-
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| | [[Hobo–Dyer projection|Hobo–Dyer]]
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| | [[File:Tissot indicatrix world map Hobo-Dyer equal-area proj.svg|150px]]
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| | Mick Dyer<br>(2002) || 37°30'
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| | <math>\approx 2.0</math> ||
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| |-
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| | [[Gall–Peters projection|Gall–Peters]]<br>= Gall orthographic<br>= Peters
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| | [[File:Tissot indicatrix world map Gall-Peters equal-area proj.svg|150px]]
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| | [[James Gall]]<br>(1855)
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| | 45°
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| | <math>\pi/2 \approx 1.57 </math>
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| | Promoted by Arno Peters as a new invention in 1967.
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| | Balthasart || || M. Balthasart<br>(1935) || 50°
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| | <math>\approx 1.3</math>
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| | Tobler's world in a square || || [[Waldo Tobler]] (1993) || 55.65°
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| | <math>1.0</math>
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| |}
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| ==History==
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| The invention of the Lambert cylindrical equal-area projection is attributed to the [[Alsace|Alsatian]] mathematician [[Johann Heinrich Lambert]] in 1772.<ref name="mulcahy_lambert">{{cite web
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| | last =Mulcahy
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| | first =Karen
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| | authorlink =
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| | coauthors =
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| | title =Cylindrical Projections
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| | work =
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| | publisher = [[City University of New York]]
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| | date =
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| | url =http://www.geo.hunter.cuny.edu/mp/cylind.html
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| | doi =
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| | accessdate = 2007-03-30 }}</ref> Variations of it appeared over the years by inventors who stretched the height of the Lambert and compressed the width commensurately in various ratios. See [[#Discussion|Named specializations]] table.
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| The [[Tobler hyperelliptical projection]], first described by Tobler in 1973, is a further generalization of the cylindrical equal-area family.
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| The [[HEALPix]] projection is an equal-area hybrid combination of: the Lambert cylindrical equal-area projection, for the equatorial regions of the sphere; and an interrupted Collignon projection, for the polar regions.
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| ==See also==
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| *[[Lambert azimuthal equal-area projection]]
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| *[[Lambert conformal conic projection]]
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist}}
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| ==External links==
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| * [http://www.radicalcartography.net/?projectionref Table of examples and properties of all common projections], from radicalcartography.net
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| * [http://www.uff.br/mapprojections/LambertCylindricalEqualArea_en.html An interactive Java Applet to study the metric deformations of the Lambert Cylindrical Equal-Area Projection].
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| {{Map Projections}}
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| [[Category:Cartographic projections]]
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| [[ca:Projecció cilíndrica equivalent]]
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| [[nl:Orthografische cilinderprojectie]]
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| [[ja:ランベルト正積円筒図法]]
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| [[sv:Lamberts cylindriska ytriktiga projektion]]
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Riding along side automobiles and crossing intersections somehow seemed scarier than those single tracks I left behind in the foothills. The mountain bike park is within easy riding distance, approximately 3km from the town centre. High end mountain bikes use carbon fibre frames, or other, more exotic materials to reduce weight and keep stiffness up. The remarkable thing though was an electric bike could cover 25 miles on one charge with a bet of pedal power or up to 15 miles on battery power lone. That kept me looking forward to the book launch and beyond.
Cross Country and all mountain style riders will lean towards a folding bead tire because they are much lighter and that is a crucial factor in those 2 styles of riding. After their devastating loss to the Dallas Mavericks, there has been a lot of question as to whether they are really capable of winning a title or not. Experts recommend that runners drink only when thirsty. Then, the front Shock absorbers are used as a headset mechanism that connects the front fork to the stem or the handlebars and spokes. If you liked this article so you would like to get more info with regards to Womens mountain bike sizing. please visit our own web page. Before heading to your local bike store to see what Santa Cruz bikes are available, it is advisable to visit the Santa Cruz Bicycles website to see all of their latest bikes.
When the cable is pulled, the two arms are actuated and stopping power is applied to the rims. Verify such elements to get a clear understanding of what you can have with Mongoose. People are buying bicycles to take care of their fitness as many go riding every morning or on weekends instead of jogging. Explore, eat, and shop in places you typicaly wouldn't. You have to make sure that your bike is set as to provide you with maximum comfort you need for a long and rough ride.
It works great unless you have some physical issue. In between, the biker can perform whatever new trick he or she has learnt up and this trick is known as the gap jump. As the tracks are very rough it is far more difficult on a hardtail bike. People like to ride the mountain bike to those terrains because they enjoy the thrill and the adventure. 7,934,739) CVA is an award-winning cancellation style and now it is recognized with a US Apparent.
You may even consider purchasing two different helmets and prepare yourself for all sorts of these riding experience. The correct quill stems are sized down with the inside diameter of the fork's steer tube. This may be related to a muscle imbalance between opposing muscle groups in the leg and is commonly related to excessive foot pronation (collapsing arch). Mountain bike wheels provide a good mixture of traction, stability, and sturdiness ; and different riding conditions need specific types of mountain bicycle wheels. If they connect with the wrong part, it could cause you to stop on a dime, which will most likely result in you taking a tumble over the handlebars.