Photoconductive atomic force microscopy: Difference between revisions

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[[File:Kinetic scheme.jpg|thumb|right| Figure 1. A kinetic scheme with 18 states]]
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In [[physics]], [[chemistry]] and related fields, a '''kinetic scheme''' is a network of states and connections between them representing the scheme of a dynamical process. Usually a kinetic scheme represents a [[Markovian process]], while for non-Markovian processes generalized kinetic schemes are used. Figure 1 shows an illustration of a kinetic scheme.


==A Markovian kinetic scheme==
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===Description of the form of a kinetic scheme===
A '''kinetic scheme''' is a network of states. Each state is special, usually, has a special number, representing a specific state in the system (although repetitions of states may occur and this depends on the system). Each pair of connected states has at least one rate; a rate <math>A_{ji}</math> is directional and connects states ''i'' with ''j''. Indeed, when [[detailed balance]] exists in a system, the following relation holds, <math>A_{ji}P_{i}(t\rightarrow\infty)=A_{ij}P_{j}(t\rightarrow\infty)</math>, for every connected states ''i'' and ''j''. (The result represents the fact that any closed loop in a Markovian network in equilibrium does not have a net flow.)
 
===Mathematical description===
The '''kinetic scheme''' is described with a [[master equation]]: a first-order [[differential equation]] for the [[probability]] of a system to occupy each one its states at time ''t''; written in a matrix form, we see: <math> \frac{d\vec{P}}{dt}=\mathbf{A}\vec{P}</math>, where <math>\vec{P}</math> is a column vector (where element ''i'' represents state ''i''), and <math>\mathbf{A}</math> is the matrix of connections. In a Markovian '''kinetic scheme''' the connections are simply numbers (and any jumping time probability density function for state ''i'' is an exponential, with a rate equal the value of all the exiting connections).  
Matrix <math>\mathbf{A}</math> can also represent birth and death, meaning that probability is injected (birth) or taken from (death) the system, where then, the process is not in equilibrium. (These terms are different than a [[birth-death process]], where there we have simply a linear '''kinetic scheme''').
 
===Specific Markovian kinetic schemes===
* A [[birth-death process]] is a linear one-dimensional Markovian kinetic scheme.
* [[Michaelis–Menten kinetics]] are a type of a Markovian '''kinetic scheme''' when solved with the steady state assumption for the creation of intermediates in the reaction pathway.
 
==Generalizations of Markovian kinetic schemes==
 
* '''A kinetic scheme with time dependent rates''': When the connections depend on the actual time (i.e. matrix <math>\mathbf{A}</math> depends on the time, <math>\mathbf{A}\rightarrow\mathbf{A}(t)</math> ), the process is not Markovian, and the master equation obeys, <math> \frac{d\vec{P}}{dt}=\mathbf{A}(t)\vec{P}</math>. The reason for a time dependent rates is, for example, a time dependent external field applied on a Markovian kinetic scheme (thus making the process a not Markovian one).
* '''A semi-Markovian kinetic scheme''': When the connections represent multi exponential jumping time probability density functions, the process is [[Semi-Markov process|semi-Markovian]], and the equation of motion is an [[integro-differential equation]] termed the generalized master equation: <math> \frac{d\vec{P}}{dt}= \int^t_0 \mathbf{A}(t- \tau )\vec{P}( \tau )d \tau </math>.
An example for such a process is a [[reduced dimensions form]].  
* '''The Fokker Planck equation''': when expanding the master equation of the kinetic scheme in a continuous space coordinate, one finds the [[Fokker Planck equation]].
 
==See also==
* [[Markov process]]
* [[Continuous-time Markov process]]
* [[Master equation]]
* [[Detailed balance]]
* [[Graph theory]]
* [[Semi-Markov process]]
 
==References==
*{{cite book | author=van Kampen, N. G. | title=Stochastic processes in physics and chemistry | publisher=North Holland |year=1981 |isbn=0-444-52965-9 |isbn=978-0-444-52965-7}}
*{{cite book | author= Erhan Cinlar | title=Introduction to Stochastic Processes | publisher=Prentice Hall Inc, New Jesry |year=1975 |isbn=978-0-486-49797-6}}
*{{cite book | author=Risken, H. | title=The Fokker-Planck Equation | publisher=Springer |year=1984 |isbn=3-540-61530-X}}
 
[[Category:Biophysics]]
[[Category:Physical chemistry]]
[[Category:Theoretical physics]]
[[Category:Statistical mechanics]]
[[Category:Probability theory]]
[[Category:Stochastic processes]]
[[Category:Concepts in physics]]

Revision as of 20:17, 22 February 2014

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