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{{infobox code
| name          = Rank codes
| image          =
| image_caption  =
| hierarchy      = [[Linear block code]]<br>[[Rank error correcting code|Rank code]]
| block_length  = ''n''
| message_length = ''k''
| distance      = ''n'' &minus; ''k'' + 1
| alphabet_size  = ''Q'' = ''q''<sup>''N''</sup>&nbsp; (''q'' prime)
| notation      = [''n'', ''k'', ''d'']-code
| decoding      = [[Berlekamp–Massey algorithm|Berlekamp–Massey]]<br>[[Euclidean algorithm|Euclidean]]<br>''with Frobenius poynomials''
}}


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In [[coding theory]], '''rank codes''' are non-binary<ref name="non-binary">Codes for which each input symbol is from a set of size greater than 2.</ref> [[linear code|linear]] [[error-correcting code]]s over not [[Hamming metric|Hamming]] but ''rank'' metric. They described a systematic way of building codes that could detect and correct multiple [[random error|random]] ''rank'' errors. By adding redundancy with coding ''k''-symbol word to a ''n''-symbol word, a rank code can correct any errors of rank up to ''t''&nbsp;=&nbsp;⌊&nbsp;(''d''&nbsp;&minus;&nbsp;1)&nbsp;/&nbsp;2&nbsp;⌋, where ''d'' is a code distance. As an [[erasure code]], it can correct up to ''d'' &minus; 1 known erasures.
 
A '''rank code''' is an algebraic linear code over the finite field <math>GF(q^N)</math> similar to [[Reed–Solomon error correction|Reed–Solomon code]].
 
The rank of the vector over <math>GF(q^N)</math> is the maximum number of linearly independent components over <math>GF(q)</math>. The rank distance between two vectors over <math>GF(q^N)</math> is the rank of the difference of these vectors.
 
The rank code corrects all errors with rank of the error vector not greater than&nbsp;''t''.
 
== Rank metric ==
Let <math>X^n</math> — ''n''-dimensional vector space over the [[finite field]] <math>GF\left( {q^N } \right)</math>, where <math>q</math> is a prime number, <math>N</math> is a power and <math>\left(u_1, u_2, \dots, u_N\right)</math> with <math>u_i \in GF(q)</math> is a base of the vector space over the field <math>GF\left( {q} \right)</math>.
 
Every element <math>x_i  \in GF\left( {q^N } \right)</math> can be represented as <math>x_i = a_{1i}u_1 + a_{2i}u_2 + \dots + a_{Ni}u_N</math>. Hence, every vector <math>\vec x = \left( {x_1, x_2, \dots, x_n } \right)</math> over <math>GF\left( {q^N } \right)</math> can be written as matrix:
 
: <math>
\vec x = \left\| {\begin{array}{*{20}c}
  a_{1,1} & a_{1,2} & \ldots & a_{1,n} \\
  a_{2,1} & a_{2,2} & \ldots & a_{2,n}  \\
  \ldots & \ldots & \ldots & \ldots \\
  a_{N,1} & a_{N,2} & \ldots & a_{N,n}
\end{array}} \right\|
</math>
 
''Rank of the vector'' <math>\vec x</math> over the field <math>GF\left( {q^N} \right)</math> is a rank of the corresponding matrix <math>A\left( {\vec x} \right)</math> over the field <math>GF\left( {q} \right)</math> denoted by <math>r\left( {\vec x; q} \right)</math>.  
 
The set of all vectors <math>\vec x</math> is a space <math>X^n = A_N^n</math>. The map <math>\vec x \to r\left( \vec x; q \right)</math>) defines a norm over <math>X^n</math> and a ''rank metric'':
 
: <math>
    d\left( {\vec x;\vec y} \right) = r\left( {\vec x - \vec y;q} \right)
</math>
 
==Rank code==
A set <math>\{x_1, x_2, \dots, x_n\}</math> of vectors from <math>X^n</math> is called a code with code distance  <math>d = \min d\left( x_i ,x_j \right)</math> and a ''k''-dimensional subspace of <math>X^n</math> – a linear (''n'', ''k'')-code with distance <math>d \leq n - k + 1</math>.
 
== Generating matrix ==
There is known the only construction of rank code, which is a ''maximum rank distance'' MRD-code with ''d''&nbsp;=&nbsp;''n''&nbsp;&minus;&nbsp;''k''&nbsp;+&nbsp;1.
 
Let's define a Frobenius power <math>[i]</math> of the element <math>x \in GF(q^N)</math> as
 
: <math>
x^{[i]} = x^{q^{i \mod N}}. \,
</math>
 
Then, every vector <math>\vec g = (g_1, g_2, \dots, g_n), ~ g_i \in GF(q^N), ~ n \leq N</math>, linearly independent over <math>GF(q)</math>, defines a generating matrix of the MRD (''n'', ''k'', ''d''&nbsp;=&nbsp;''n''&nbsp;&minus;&nbsp;''k''&nbsp;+&nbsp;1)-code.
 
: <math>
G = \left\| {\begin{array}{*{20}c}
  g_1 & g_2 & \dots & g_n \\
  g_1^{[m]} & g_2^{[m]} & \dots & g_n^{[m]}  \\
  g_1^{[2 m]} & g_2^{[2 m]} & \dots & g_n^{[2 m]}  \\
  \dots & \dots & \dots & \dots  \\
  g_1^{[k m]} & g_2^{[k m]} & \dots & g_n^{[k m]}
\end{array}} \right\|,
</math>
 
where <math>\gcd(m,N) = 1</math>.
 
== Applications ==
There are several proposals for public-key cryptosystems based on rank codes. However, most of them have been proven insecure (see e.g. Journal of Cryptology,
April 2008<ref>http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00145-007-9003-9)</ref>).
 
Rank codes are also suitable for [[network coding]].
 
==See also==
* [[Linear code]]
* [[Reed–Solomon error correction]]
* [[Berlekamp–Massey algorithm]]
* [[Network coding]]
 
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
 
==References==
*{{Citation
|first=Ernst M.
|last=Gabidulin
|title=Theory of codes with maximum rank distance
|journal=Problems of Information Transmission
|volume=21
|issue=1
|year=1985
|pages=1–12
|url=http://www.mathnet.ru/php/archive.phtml?wshow=paper&jrnid=ppi&paperid=967&option_lang=eng
}}
*{{Citation
|first= Alexander
|last= Kshevetskiy
|first2= Ernst M.
|last2= Gabidulin
|title=The new construction of rank codes
|journal=Proceedings of IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory (ISIT) 2005
|year=4–9 Sept. 2005
|pages=2105–2108
|isbn = 0-7803-9151-9
|url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=1523717
}}
*{{Citation
|first= Ernst M.
|last= Gabidulin
|first2= Nina I.
|last2= Pilipchuk
|title=A new method of erasure correction by rank codes
|journal=Proceedings of the 2003 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory
|date=June 29–July 4, 2003
|pages=423
|isbn = 0-7803-7728-1
|url=http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/freeabs_all.jsp?arnumber=1228440
}}
 
[[Category:Error detection and correction]]
[[Category:Coding theory]]

Revision as of 10:29, 23 January 2014

Template:Infobox code

In coding theory, rank codes are non-binary[1] linear error-correcting codes over not Hamming but rank metric. They described a systematic way of building codes that could detect and correct multiple random rank errors. By adding redundancy with coding k-symbol word to a n-symbol word, a rank code can correct any errors of rank up to t = ⌊ (d − 1) / 2 ⌋, where d is a code distance. As an erasure code, it can correct up to d − 1 known erasures.

A rank code is an algebraic linear code over the finite field GF(qN) similar to Reed–Solomon code.

The rank of the vector over GF(qN) is the maximum number of linearly independent components over GF(q). The rank distance between two vectors over GF(qN) is the rank of the difference of these vectors.

The rank code corrects all errors with rank of the error vector not greater than t.

Rank metric

Let Xnn-dimensional vector space over the finite field GF(qN), where q is a prime number, N is a power and (u1,u2,,uN) with uiGF(q) is a base of the vector space over the field GF(q).

Every element xiGF(qN) can be represented as xi=a1iu1+a2iu2++aNiuN. Hence, every vector x=(x1,x2,,xn) over GF(qN) can be written as matrix:

x=a1,1a1,2a1,na2,1a2,2a2,naN,1aN,2aN,n

Rank of the vector x over the field GF(qN) is a rank of the corresponding matrix A(x) over the field GF(q) denoted by r(x;q).

The set of all vectors x is a space Xn=ANn. The map xr(x;q)) defines a norm over Xn and a rank metric:

d(x;y)=r(xy;q)

Rank code

A set {x1,x2,,xn} of vectors from Xn is called a code with code distance d=mind(xi,xj) and a k-dimensional subspace of Xn – a linear (n, k)-code with distance dnk+1.

Generating matrix

There is known the only construction of rank code, which is a maximum rank distance MRD-code with d = n − k + 1.

Let's define a Frobenius power [i] of the element xGF(qN) as

x[i]=xqimodN.

Then, every vector g=(g1,g2,,gn),giGF(qN),nN, linearly independent over GF(q), defines a generating matrix of the MRD (n, k, d = n − k + 1)-code.

G=g1g2gng1[m]g2[m]gn[m]g1[2m]g2[2m]gn[2m]g1[km]g2[km]gn[km],

where gcd(m,N)=1.

Applications

There are several proposals for public-key cryptosystems based on rank codes. However, most of them have been proven insecure (see e.g. Journal of Cryptology, April 2008[2]).

Rank codes are also suitable for network coding.

See also

Notes

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References

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    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

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    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

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  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

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    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

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  1. Codes for which each input symbol is from a set of size greater than 2.
  2. http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00145-007-9003-9)