Hermite polynomials: Difference between revisions

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{{For|the most common case of integer degree|Legendre polynomials|associated Legendre polynomials}}
{{no footnotes|date=January 2013}}
 
In mathematics, the '''Legendre functions''' ''P''<sub>λ</sub>, ''Q''<sub>λ</sub> and '''associated Legendre functions''' ''P''{{su|p=&mu;|b=&lambda;}}, ''Q''{{su|p=&mu;|b=&lambda;}} are generalizations of [[Legendre polynomials]] to non-integer degree.
[[File:Associated Legendre Poly.svg|thumb|500px|Associated Legendre polynomial curves for l=5.]]
 
==Differential equation==
Associated Legendre functions are  solutions of the '''general Legendre equation'''
 
:<math>(1-x^2)\,y'' -2xy' + \left[\lambda(\lambda+1) - \frac{\mu^2}{1-x^2}\right]\,y = 0,\,</math>
 
where the complex numbers λ and μ  are called the degree and order of the associated Legendre functions, respectively. The Legendre polynomials are the associated Legendre functions of order μ=0.
 
This is a second order linear equation with three regular singular points (at 1, &minus;1, and ∞). Like all such equations, it can be converted into the [[hypergeometric differential equation]] by a change of variable, and its solutions can be expressed using [[hypergeometric function]]s.
 
==Definition==
These functions may actually be defined for general complex parameters and argument:
 
:<math>P_{\lambda}^{\mu}(z) = \frac{1}{\Gamma(1-\mu)} \left[\frac{1+z}{1-z}\right]^{\mu/2} \,_2F_1 (-\lambda, \lambda+1; 1-\mu; \frac{1-z}{2}),\qquad \text{for } \  |1-z|<2</math>
 
where <math>\Gamma</math> is the [[gamma function]] and <math> _2F_1</math> is the [[hypergeometric function]].
 
The second order differential equation has a second solution,
<math>Q_\lambda^{\mu}(z)</math>, defined as:
 
:<math>Q_{\lambda}^{\mu}(z) = \frac{\sqrt{\pi}\ \Gamma(\lambda+\mu+1)}{2^{\lambda+1}\Gamma(\lambda+3/2)}\frac{e^{i\mu\pi}(z^2-1)^{\mu/2}}{z^{\lambda+\mu+1}} \,_2F_1 \left(\frac{\lambda+\mu+1}{2}, \frac{\lambda+\mu+2}{2}; \lambda+\frac{3}{2}; \frac{1}{z^2}\right),\qquad \text{for}\ \ |z|>1.</math>
 
==Integral representations==
The Legendre functions can be written as contour integrals. For example
:<math>P_\lambda(z) =\frac{1}{2\pi i}
\int_{1,z} \frac{(t^2-1)^\lambda}{2^\lambda(t-z)^{\lambda+1}}dt</math>
where the contour circles around the points 1 and ''z'' in the positive direction and does not circle around &minus;1.
For real x, we have
:<math>P_s(x) = \frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{-\pi}^{\pi}\left(x+\sqrt{x^2-1}\cos\theta\right)^s d\theta = \frac{1}{\pi}\int_0^1\left(x+\sqrt{x^2-1}(2t-1)\right)^s\frac{dt}{\sqrt{t(1-t)}},\qquad s\in\mathbb{C}</math>
 
==Legendre function as characters==
The real integral representation of <math>P_s</math> are very useful in the study of harmonic analysis on <math>L^1(G//K)</math> where <math>G//K</math> is the [[Homogeneous space|double coset space]] of <math>SL(2,\mathbb{R})</math> (see [[Zonal spherical function]]). Actually the Fourier transform on <math>L^1(G//K)</math> is given by
:<math>L^1(G//K)\ni f\mapsto \hat{f}</math>
where
:<math>\hat{f}(s)=\int_1^\infty f(x)P_s(x)dx,\qquad -1\leq\Re(s)\leq 0 </math>
 
==References==
 
* {{AS ref|8|332}}
* {{citation|first1=Richard|last1=Courant|authorlink1=Richard Courant|first2=David|last2=Hilbert|authorlink2=David Hilbert|year=1953|title=Methods of Mathematical Physics, Volume 1|publisher=Interscience Publisher, Inc|publication-place=New York}}.
*{{dlmf|first=T. M. |last=Dunster|id=14|title=Legendre and Related Functions}}
*{{eom|id=L/l058030|first=A.B.|last= Ivanov}}
*{{Citation | last1=Snow | first1=Chester | title=Hypergeometric and Legendre functions with applications to integral equations of potential theory | url=http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015023896346 | publisher=U. S. Government Printing Office | location=Washington, D.C. | series=National Bureau of Standards Applied Mathematics Series, No. 19 | mr=0048145 | year=1952|origyear=1942}}
*{{Citation | last1=Whittaker | first1=E. T. |authorlink1=E. T. Whittaker| last2=Watson | first2=G. N. | authorlink2=G. N. Watson|title=A Course in Modern Analysis | publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] | isbn=978-0-521-58807-2 | year=1963 }}
 
==External links==
*[http://functions.wolfram.com/HypergeometricFunctions/LegendrePGeneral/ Legendre function P] on the Wolfram functions site.
*[http://functions.wolfram.com/HypergeometricFunctions/LegendreQGeneral/ Legendre function Q] on the Wolfram functions site.
*[http://functions.wolfram.com/HypergeometricFunctions/LegendreP2General/ Associated Legendre function P] on the Wolfram functions site.
*[http://functions.wolfram.com/HypergeometricFunctions/LegendreQ2General/ Associated Legendre function Q] on the Wolfram functions site.
 
[[Category:Hypergeometric functions]]

Revision as of 12:52, 15 January 2014

28 year-old Painting Investments Worker Truman from Regina, usually spends time with pastimes for instance interior design, property developers in new launch ec Singapore and writing. Last month just traveled to City of the Renaissance. Template:No footnotes

In mathematics, the Legendre functions Pλ, Qλ and associated Legendre functions PTemplate:Su, QTemplate:Su are generalizations of Legendre polynomials to non-integer degree.

File:Associated Legendre Poly.svg
Associated Legendre polynomial curves for l=5.

Differential equation

Associated Legendre functions are solutions of the general Legendre equation

(1x2)y2xy+[λ(λ+1)μ21x2]y=0,

where the complex numbers λ and μ are called the degree and order of the associated Legendre functions, respectively. The Legendre polynomials are the associated Legendre functions of order μ=0.

This is a second order linear equation with three regular singular points (at 1, −1, and ∞). Like all such equations, it can be converted into the hypergeometric differential equation by a change of variable, and its solutions can be expressed using hypergeometric functions.

Definition

These functions may actually be defined for general complex parameters and argument:

Pλμ(z)=1Γ(1μ)[1+z1z]μ/22F1(λ,λ+1;1μ;1z2),for |1z|<2

where Γ is the gamma function and 2F1 is the hypergeometric function.

The second order differential equation has a second solution, Qλμ(z), defined as:

Qλμ(z)=πΓ(λ+μ+1)2λ+1Γ(λ+3/2)eiμπ(z21)μ/2zλ+μ+12F1(λ+μ+12,λ+μ+22;λ+32;1z2),for|z|>1.

Integral representations

The Legendre functions can be written as contour integrals. For example

Pλ(z)=12πi1,z(t21)λ2λ(tz)λ+1dt

where the contour circles around the points 1 and z in the positive direction and does not circle around −1. For real x, we have

Ps(x)=12πππ(x+x21cosθ)sdθ=1π01(x+x21(2t1))sdtt(1t),s

Legendre function as characters

The real integral representation of Ps are very useful in the study of harmonic analysis on L1(G//K) where G//K is the double coset space of SL(2,) (see Zonal spherical function). Actually the Fourier transform on L1(G//K) is given by

L1(G//K)ff^

where

f^(s)=1f(x)Ps(x)dx,1(s)0

References

  • Template:AS ref
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

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    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010.
  • Template:Dlmf
  • Template:Eom
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010

External links