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| '''Flotation of flexible objects''' is a phenomena in which the bending of a flexible material allows an object to displace a greater amount of fluid than if it were completely rigid. This ability to displace more fluid translates directly into an ability to support greater loads, giving the flexible structure an advantage over a similarly rigid one. Inspiration to study the effects of [[elasticity (physics)|elasticity]] are taken from nature, where plants and animals living at the water surface have evolved to take advantage of the load-bearing benefits elasticity imparts.
| | Huttons Actual Estate Group is among the fastest growing actual estate firms with over 3000 actual estate consultants and over a decade of mission advertising and consulting experience. Based in 2002, we are primarily based in Singapore with companions at the moment in Malaysia (Huttons OneWorld Snd Bhd) and Philippines (Huttons MHT Co Inc). We're still rising rapidly and quick increasing internationally, making it easier for each our purchasers and buyers to cross-purchase and sell property regionally and abroad.<br><br>A person who works for a real estate company is required to register himself/herself with the CEA, by means of the true property firm that (s)he works for. Not have previously been a sole-proprietor, KEO, director or accomplice of an property agency whose license was revoked. Neither ought to the property agency nor any of its key members or staff maintain a cash-lender's license or be part of a licensed money-lender. The estate agency must fulfil the match and correct standards i.e. not be bankrupt, nor convicted of fraud, dishonesty, or breach of fiduciary duties. Should have passed an industry examination i.e Real Estate Salesperson (RES) exam or equivalent; Rental Period of 4 years (48 months) or LESS Whole rental x 0.004 The due date of every rental payment; or<br><br>15.7.1 The agent doesn't as an middleman typically incur any legal responsibility to the third social gathering below the contract entered into. However, it is attainable for the agent not solely to contract on behalf of the principal but for the agent´s personal benefit too. An excellent instance arises in the case of a companion who negotiates a contract on behalf of the whole partnership. Sometimes the type of phrases used will determine if the agent has contracted personally, either in addition with the principal or generally to the exclusion of the principal.<br><br>Moreover dedicating himself to the IP occupation, Moo Kwang additionally contributes to the training and growth of expectant IP professionals by performing as a mentor and providing practical guidance to patent agent trainees. Moo Kwang is at present an adjunct lecturer at the Nationwide University of Singapore. He lectures on intellectual capital administration and IP rights to engineering undergraduates. Most contracts comprise a description of the property. If you are undecided about areas, you would possibly need to specify the phrases and area within the contract, which can can help you work with different brokers in other areas or at completely different terms. With greater than 20+ years expertise in the property market, it would be my pleasure serving you in your real estate WANTS !<br><br>By the use of the laws , property brokers, also referred to as property brokers, are not allowed to characterize both seller/landlord and purchaser/tenant for a similar property transaction. They might solely represent one aspect of transaction, to avoid a battle of curiosity. Setup Digital Tour & Digital Open House = $300 for each property. ( Click here to view ) Having the maximum publicity to your property is vital HOWEVER are you ready to spend greater than $four,870 monthly to ensure you don't undersell your property and get one of the best returns out of your funding? So you're satisfied you want to be a property agent or actual property skilled after studying about why ? When property is made accessible to the customer for occupation; or Asia Pacific Property Investment Information<br><br>Additionally by using one agent, you'll save beneficial time for yourself and the agent. He or she will then understand your wants and requirements after a number of viewings. Now that is the place we got here unstuck, purely as a result of we didn't know the correct procedure of contacting an agent. He had to contact the owner who also needs to meet us and we needed to make an appointment for this. So the appointment was made for the following week. We wanted to have with us THREE MONTHS HIRE. That is a safety deposit, one month nearly as good faith deposit and one months rent upfront. This added up to $[http://rwdake.com/?option=com_k2&view=itemlist&task=user&id=85482 top 10 residential property developers in singapore],500.00 and we have been actually not anticipating to part out with such a large sum of money at that time! Why do they have an agent then? Ought to I promote or buy first? Service Fees<br><br>That is the booking deposit, normally the quantity is one month's hire. After the landlord signed the Letter of Intent and settle for this layer, he can't rent the property to other social gathering. This residue will become a part of the safety deposit or advance rental after the Tenancy Agreement is signed. The monthly rental value of the furnishings and fittings would be the distinction between the month-to-month gross lease (i.e. the overall rental which you charged your tenant) and 1/12 of the annual worth of the property. If the precise gross rental is decrease than 1/12 of the annual value of the property, you do not want to cost GST on the rental of furniture and fittings. 2014 All Property Solutions Pte Ltd, Agency Licence No. L3010404H. All rights reserved. |
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| ==History==
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| In his work "On Floating Bodies", Archimedes<ref name=acottLaw>{{Cite journal|author=Acott, Chris |title=The diving "Law-ers": A brief resume of their lives. |journal=[[South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society]] journal |volume=29 |issue=1 |year=1999 |issn=0813-1988 |oclc=16986801 |url=http://archive.rubicon-foundation.org/5990}}</ref> famously stated:
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| {{Quotation|Any object, wholly or partially immersed in a fluid, is buoyed up by a force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object.| [[Archimedes]] of [[Syracuse, Sicily|Syracuse]]}}
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| While this basic idea carried enormous weight and has come to form the basis of understanding why objects float, it is best applied for objects with a characteristic length scale greater than the [[capillary length]]. What Archimedes had failed to predict was the influence of [[surface tension]] and its impact at small length scales.
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| More recent works, such as that of Keller,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Keller|first=Joseph B.|title=Surface tension force on a partly submerged body|journal=Physics of Fluids|year=1998|volume=10|issue=11|page=3009|accessdate=11 December 2013}}</ref> have extended these principles by considering the role of surface tension forces on partially submerged bodies. Keller, for instance, demonstrated analytically that the weight of water displaced by a [[meniscus]] is equal to the vertical component of the surface tension force.
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| [[File:Water strider.jpg|thumbnail|right|The well known phenomena by which water striders support themselves through surface tension effects can be re-examined by considering the compliance and resultant deformation of the insect's leg at the water line.]]
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| Nonetheless, the role of flexibility and its impact on an object's load-bearing potential is one that did receive attention until the mid-2000s and onward. In an initial study, Vella<ref>{{cite journal|last=Vella|first=Dominic|coauthors=Metcalfe, Paul D.; Whittaker, Robert J.|title=Equilibrium Conditions for the Floating of Multiple Interfacial Objects|journal=Journal of Fluid Mechanics|year=2006|volume=549|pages=215–224}}</ref> studied the load supported by a raft composed of thin, rigid strips. Specifically, he compared the case of floating individual strips to floating an aggregation of strips, wherein the aggregate structure causes portions of the meniscus (and hence, resulting surface tension force) to disappear. By extending his analysis to consider a similar system composed of thin strips of some finite bending stiffness, he found that this later case in fact was able support a greater load.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Vella|first=Dominic|title=The fluid mechanics of floating and sinking|journal=PhD Dissertation (Trinity College, University of Cambridge, Cambridge)|year=2007}}</ref>
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| A well known work in the area of surface tension aided flotation was the analysis of [[water strider]] locomotion along the surface of water.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hu|first=David|coauthors=Chan, Brian; Bush, John W.M.|title=The hydrodynamics of water strider locomotion|journal=Nature|year=2003|volume=424|pages=663–666}}</ref> Using the idea of flexible structures,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Ji|first=Xiang-Ying|coauthors=Wang, Jia-Wen; Feng, Xi-Xiao|title=Role of flexibility in the water repellency of water strider legs: Theory and experiment|journal=Physical Review E|year=2012|volume=85|issue=2}}</ref> Ji et al re-examined this problem by considering the [[stiffness|compliance]] of a water strider leg. By modeling the leg as a compliant structure that deforms at the water surface (rather than pierce it), Ji was able to ascertain what added benefit this flexibility has in supporting the insect. Other studies on the water strider have examined the ways in which flexibility can affect wetting properties of the leg.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Park|first=Kun Joong|coauthors=Kim, Ho-Young|title=Bending of floating flexible legs|journal=Journal of Fluid Mechanics|year=2008|volume=610|pages=381–390}}</ref>
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| Another track of research has been to investigate how exactly the interaction between liquid and a compliant object leads to the resulting deformation. In one example, such analysis has been extended to explain the difficulty in submerging hairs in a fluid.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Anderotti|first=B.|coauthors=Marchand, A.; Das, S.; Snoeijer, J.H.|title=Elastocapillary instability under partial wetting conditions: Bending versus buckling|journal=Physical Review E|year=2011|volume=84}}</ref> These works focus on behavior near the contact line, and consider what role non-linear effects such as slippage play.
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| ==Physical explanation of phenomena==
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| In a liquid solution, any given liquid molecule experience strong [[cohesion (chemistry)|cohesive]] forces from neighboring molecules. While these forces are balanced in the bulk, molecules at the surface of the solution are surrounded on one side by water molecules and on the other side by gas molecules. The resulting imbalance of cohesive forces along the surface results in a net "pull" toward the bulk, giving rise to the phenomena of surface tension.
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| [[File:Flexible plate displaced below water line.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Rigid plate submerged below water line. If the plate is flexible, its deformation (dashed) results in the displacement of additional fluid (blue, diagonal). However, doing so results in a simultaneous loss due to the narrowing of the above column (red, vertical).]]
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| When a [[hydrophobic]] object of weight <math>w</math> is placed on the surface of water, its weight begins deforming the water line. The hydrophobic nature of the object means that the water will attempt to minimize contact due to an unfavorable energy tradeoff associated with wetting. As a result, surface tension attempts to pull back on the water line in order to minimize contact with the hydrophobic object and retain a lowest energy state. This action by the surface to pull back on the depressed water interface is the source of a capillary force, which acts tangentially along the contact line and thereby gives rise to a component in the vertical direction. An attempt to further depress the object is resisted by this capillary force until the contact line reaches a vertical position located about two capillary lengths below the undisturbed water line.<ref name=Can_flex>{{cite journal|last=Burton|first=L.J.|coauthors=Bush, J.W.M|title=Can flexibility help you float?|journal=Physics of Fluids|year=2012|volume=24}}</ref> Once this occurs, the meniscus collapses and the object sinks.
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| The more fluid a floating object is able to displace, the greater the load it is able to bear. As a result, the ultimate payoff of flexibility is in determining whether or not a bent configuration results in an increased volume of displaced water. As a flexible object bends, it penetrates further into the water and increases the total fluid displaced above it. However, this bending action necessarily forces the cross-section at the water line to decrease, narrowing the column of displaced water above the object. Thus, whether or not bending is advantageous is ultimately given by a tradeoff of these factors.
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| ==Mathematical model: flotation of hinged plates==
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| ===Two rigid plates connected by a torsional spring===
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| The following analysis is taken largely from the work of Burton and Bush,<ref name=Can_flex /> and offers some mathematical insight into the role that flexibility plays in improving load-bearing characteristics of floating objects.
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| Consider two plates of infinite width, thickness <math>t</math>, and length <math>b</math> that are connected by a torsional spring with spring constant per unit width <math>K_s</math>. Furthermore, let <math>\alpha</math> be the angle between a plate and the horizontal, and <math>\phi</math> the from where the meniscus meets the plate to the horizontal. The distance from the undisturbed water line to the plate's outer edge is <math>h</math>. The density of water is <math>\rho</math>, the density of air is considered negligible, and the plate density, <math>\rho_s</math>, shall be varied. All systems naturally assume a configuration that minimizes total energy. Thus, the goal of this analysis is to identify the configurations (i.e., values of <math>h</math> and <math>\alpha</math>) that result in a stable equilibrium for a given value of <math>\rho_s</math>.
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| For a total system energy of <math>\Pi </math>, it is natural to distinguish sub-components:
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| [[File:Submering hinged plates.jpg|right|frame|Two rigid plates connected by a torsional spring and submerged between the water line. Since the material is taken to be hydrophobic, the water deforms, forming the meniscus at the plate edge.]]
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| <math> \Pi = U - V </math> <br />
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| :<math> V </math>: Work done on the system
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| :<math> U </math>: System potential energy
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| In defining <math>V</math>, there are several associated components:
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| <math> V = W_{H,i} + W_{H,p} - W_{g,p} + W_{\sigma} </math> <br />
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| :<math>W_{H,i} </math> is the work done on the interface by hydrostatic pressure
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| :<math>W_{H,p} </math> is the work done on the plates by hydrostatic pressure
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| :<math>W_{g,p} </math> is the work done on the plates by gravitational force
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| :<math>W_{\sigma} </math> is the work done on the plates by surface tension forces
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| Similarly, the system potential energy, <math>U</math>, is taken to be composed of two terms:
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| <math>U = S + E_s </math> <br />
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| :<math> S </math> is the [[surface energy]] of the water/air interface
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| :<math> E_s </math> is the energy stored in the torsional spring and is equal to <math>E_s = K_s(2\alpha)^2/2 </math>
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| There are two ways in which the system energy can change by an incremental amount. The first is a translation of the center of mass of the plates by some distance <math>\delta h</math>. The second is an incremental change, <math>\delta \alpha</math> in the hinge angle. Such a change will induce a new moment.
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| As mentioned, the system will seek the orientation that minimizes <math>\delta \Pi = \delta U - \delta V </math> in order to find point of stable equilibrium. Writing out these terms more explicitly:
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| <math> \delta V = \delta W_{H,i} + \delta W_{H,p} - \delta W_{g,p} + \delta W_{\sigma} </math> <br />
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| :<math> \delta W_{H,i} = \rho g\int \eta(x)dx\delta\epsilon </math>
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| :<math> \delta W_{H,p} = \rho g\left( \left(2bh \text{cos}\alpha + b^2 \text{cos}\alpha \text{sin}\alpha\right) \delta h + \left( \frac{b^3}{3}\text{sin}\alpha + b^2 h\right) \delta\alpha\right) </math>
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| :<math> \delta W_{g,p} = \rho_s g t\left(2b\delta h + b^2 \text{cos}\left(\alpha\right)\delta\alpha\right) </math>
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| :<math> \delta W_{\sigma} = 2\sigma\left( \text{sin}\phi\delta h + b\left(\text{sin}\left(\phi-\alpha\right)\delta\alpha\right)\right) </math>
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| <math> \delta U = \sigma\delta \mathcal{L} + 4K_s\alpha\delta\alpha </math>
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| Here, <math>\eta(x)</math> is the equation air/water interface, <math>\delta\epsilon</math> is the incremental displacement of the interface, and <math>\sigma</math> is the surface tension of water.
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| For a given value of <math>\rho_s</math>, stable equilibrium configurations are identified as being those values of <math>h</math> and <math>\alpha</math> that satisfy
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| <math> \frac{\delta\Pi}{\delta h} = 0 </math> <br />
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| <br />
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| <math> \frac{\delta\Pi}{\delta\alpha} = 0 </math>
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| Taken in a different light, these conditions can be seen as identifying <math>h</math> and <math>\alpha</math> that result in zero net force and zero net torque for a given <math>\rho_s</math>.
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| ===Analytical results for maximum load===
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| Defining non-dimensional plate length <math>\beta = \frac{b}{2 l_c}</math>, non-dimensional plate edge depth <math> H = \frac{h}{l_c}</math>, and non-dimensional load <math>D = \frac{\rho_s-\rho}{\rho}\frac{t}{l_c}</math>, Burton and Bush derived the following analytical results:
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| <math> H_{\text{max}, D} = \frac{2\left(\sqrt{2}+\beta\right)}{\sqrt{4+2\sqrt{2}\beta + \beta^2}} </math> <br />
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| <math> \alpha_{\text{max}, D} = \text{arcos}\left( \sqrt{\frac{1}{2} + \frac{8+\beta^2\left(-2+\sqrt{2}\beta\right)}{16+\beta^2} }\right) </math> <br />
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| <math> D_{\text{max}} = \frac{\beta}{4} + \sqrt{2} + \frac{1}{\beta} </math>
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| The equations for <math>H</math> and <math>\alpha</math> give the configuration parameters that give the maximum value of <math>D</math>. For further insight, it is helpful to examine various regimes of the non-dimensional plate length, <math>\beta</math>.
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| ====Case 1: Small scale <math>\beta << H </math>==== | |
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| When the characteristic plate length is much smaller than the characteristic plate edge depth, the effects of gravity, surface tension, and spring energy become dominant. In this limiting case, it turns out that flexibility does not improve load-bearing capabilities of the plates; indeed, the optimal configuration is a flat plate. Since the plate length is so much smaller than the displacement from the undisturbed water line, the extra fluid displaced by bending a rigid plate is outweighed by the loss of fluid in the column above the plate.
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| ====Case 2: Mid scale <math> \beta \sim H </math> ====
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| In this regime, flexibility may or may not improve load-bearing capabilities of the plates. The two characteristics lengths are of comparable dimension, so particular values for each determine whether or not additional fluid displaced through bending exceeds fluid lost through the narrowing of the column.
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| ====Case 3: Large scale <math>\beta >> H </math>====
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| In this regime, the benefit of flexibility is most pronounced. The characteristic plate length is significantly longer than the characteristic depth to which the plate is submerged beneath the water line. As a result, the narrowing column above the plate is negligible, which the additional displacement of water due to bending is significant.
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| ===Extensions to continuously deformable body===
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| To relate the this mathematical to physical systems, the above analysis can be extended to continuously deformable bodies. Generalizing the equations of the two plate system allows one to write a corresponding set of equations for the case of a continuously deformable plate. This continuously deformable plate is composed of <math>n</math> sub-plates, where similar force and torque equilibrium conditions described before must be satisfied for each sub-plate. Such analysis reveals that for a highly compliant 2D structure with a characteristic length much greater than the capillary length, the shape bearing the highest load is a perfect semi-circle. As stiffness increases, the semi-circle is deformed to shapes with lower [[curvature]].
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| This initial look at continuously deformable bodies represents an initial stab into a very complicated problem. With the groundwork laid here in this analysis, it is likely that future works will implement this general ideology in a finite element approach. Doing so will allow much closer simulation of real world phenomena and will aid in determining how effects of elasticity can aid in the design of robots, instruments, and other devices that operate along the water line.
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| ==Examples in nature==
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| ===Fire ants===
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| [[File:Fire ants cluster in water.jpg|thumbnail|left|To survive floods, colonies of fire ants will join limbs to create a living raft.]]
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| In the Brazilian rain forest, sudden rainfall can trigger flooding at a moment's notice. Given that flooding can potentially destroy a colony and drown the insects, [[fire ants]] have developed a unique adaptation to this situation. While individual fire ants are hydrophobic and flounder at the waters surface, large groups of ants can link together to form a living raft. As the queen and larvae are evacuated from the flooding colony, they sit upon this living raft, floating along the waterline until reaching some solid land.
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| The importance of flexibility in this self-assembled ant raft is several fold. The extra weight-bearing that flexibility imparts is vital as hungry fish will swim along the underside of the raft and eat at many of the members. Furthermore, as waves travel along the water surface, the ant raft's flexibility allows it to effectively "roll" with the wave and minimize disturbances it would otherwise cause for a similar but rigid structure.
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| ===Aquatic vegetation===
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| [[File:Dscn3156-daisy-water 1200x900.jpg|thumbnail|right|To protect its reproductive material, the daisy's petals fold in during floods to prevent the rush of water.]]
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| Among aquatic vegetation, the [[Nymphaeaceae|lily pad]] is perhaps the most recognizable, commonly associated with ponds and lakes. Their flexibility allows for increased loads, enabling them to support animals, such as frogs, many times their own weight.
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| Some aquatic flowers, such as the daisy [[Bellis perennis]], use compliance as a survival mechanism. Such flowers have roots that extend down to the underlying soil, anchoring the flower to the surface of the water. When flooding occurs, the petals pull inward and deform the water line, shielding the genetic material in the core.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Reis|first=Pedro M.|coauthors=Hure, Jérémy; Jung, Sungwan; Bush, John, W.M.; Clanet, Cristophe|title=Grabbing water|journal=Soft Matter|year=2010|volume=6|pages=5705–5708}}</ref> Some flowers are even known to completely close up into a shell in this fashion, trapping air inside.
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| [[Category:Fluid dynamics]]
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| [[Category:Concepts in physics]]
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Huttons Actual Estate Group is among the fastest growing actual estate firms with over 3000 actual estate consultants and over a decade of mission advertising and consulting experience. Based in 2002, we are primarily based in Singapore with companions at the moment in Malaysia (Huttons OneWorld Snd Bhd) and Philippines (Huttons MHT Co Inc). We're still rising rapidly and quick increasing internationally, making it easier for each our purchasers and buyers to cross-purchase and sell property regionally and abroad.
A person who works for a real estate company is required to register himself/herself with the CEA, by means of the true property firm that (s)he works for. Not have previously been a sole-proprietor, KEO, director or accomplice of an property agency whose license was revoked. Neither ought to the property agency nor any of its key members or staff maintain a cash-lender's license or be part of a licensed money-lender. The estate agency must fulfil the match and correct standards i.e. not be bankrupt, nor convicted of fraud, dishonesty, or breach of fiduciary duties. Should have passed an industry examination i.e Real Estate Salesperson (RES) exam or equivalent; Rental Period of 4 years (48 months) or LESS Whole rental x 0.004 The due date of every rental payment; or
15.7.1 The agent doesn't as an middleman typically incur any legal responsibility to the third social gathering below the contract entered into. However, it is attainable for the agent not solely to contract on behalf of the principal but for the agent´s personal benefit too. An excellent instance arises in the case of a companion who negotiates a contract on behalf of the whole partnership. Sometimes the type of phrases used will determine if the agent has contracted personally, either in addition with the principal or generally to the exclusion of the principal.
Moreover dedicating himself to the IP occupation, Moo Kwang additionally contributes to the training and growth of expectant IP professionals by performing as a mentor and providing practical guidance to patent agent trainees. Moo Kwang is at present an adjunct lecturer at the Nationwide University of Singapore. He lectures on intellectual capital administration and IP rights to engineering undergraduates. Most contracts comprise a description of the property. If you are undecided about areas, you would possibly need to specify the phrases and area within the contract, which can can help you work with different brokers in other areas or at completely different terms. With greater than 20+ years expertise in the property market, it would be my pleasure serving you in your real estate WANTS !
By the use of the laws , property brokers, also referred to as property brokers, are not allowed to characterize both seller/landlord and purchaser/tenant for a similar property transaction. They might solely represent one aspect of transaction, to avoid a battle of curiosity. Setup Digital Tour & Digital Open House = $300 for each property. ( Click here to view ) Having the maximum publicity to your property is vital HOWEVER are you ready to spend greater than $four,870 monthly to ensure you don't undersell your property and get one of the best returns out of your funding? So you're satisfied you want to be a property agent or actual property skilled after studying about why ? When property is made accessible to the customer for occupation; or Asia Pacific Property Investment Information
Additionally by using one agent, you'll save beneficial time for yourself and the agent. He or she will then understand your wants and requirements after a number of viewings. Now that is the place we got here unstuck, purely as a result of we didn't know the correct procedure of contacting an agent. He had to contact the owner who also needs to meet us and we needed to make an appointment for this. So the appointment was made for the following week. We wanted to have with us THREE MONTHS HIRE. That is a safety deposit, one month nearly as good faith deposit and one months rent upfront. This added up to $top 10 residential property developers in singapore,500.00 and we have been actually not anticipating to part out with such a large sum of money at that time! Why do they have an agent then? Ought to I promote or buy first? Service Fees
That is the booking deposit, normally the quantity is one month's hire. After the landlord signed the Letter of Intent and settle for this layer, he can't rent the property to other social gathering. This residue will become a part of the safety deposit or advance rental after the Tenancy Agreement is signed. The monthly rental value of the furnishings and fittings would be the distinction between the month-to-month gross lease (i.e. the overall rental which you charged your tenant) and 1/12 of the annual worth of the property. If the precise gross rental is decrease than 1/12 of the annual value of the property, you do not want to cost GST on the rental of furniture and fittings. 2014 All Property Solutions Pte Ltd, Agency Licence No. L3010404H. All rights reserved.