Main Page: Difference between revisions

From formulasearchengine
Jump to navigation Jump to search
← Older editNewer edit →
No edit summary
mNo edit summary
Line 1: Line 1:
{{About|the Filipino president|grandson|Mar Roxas|the municipality|Pres. Manuel A. Roxas, Zamboanga del Norte|other places that now bear his name|Roxas (disambiguation)}}
The '''poundal''' (symbol: '''pdl''') is a [[Units of measurement|unit]] of [[force]] that is part of the [[foot–pound–second system]] of units, in [[Imperial units]] introduced in 1877, and is from the specialized subsystem of  English absolute (a coherent system).
{{refimprove|date=March 2013}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2011}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
|name          = Manuel A. Roxas
|image        = Manuel A Roxas.jpg
|office        = [[List of Presidents of the Philippines|5th]] [[President of the Philippines]] <br><small>[[Commonwealth of the Philippines|3rd President of the Commonwealth]] <br>[[Third Republic of the Philippines|1st president of the Third Republic]]</small>
|vicepresident = [[Elpidio Quirino]]
|term_start    = 28 May 1946
|term_end      = 15 April 1948
|predecessor  = [[Sergio Osmeña]]
|successor    = [[Elpidio Quirino]]
|office2        = [[Senate President of the Philippines#List of Senate Presidents|2nd]] [[President of the Senate of the Philippines]]
|president2    = [[Sergio Osmeña]]
|term_start2    = 9 July 1945
|term_end2      = 25 May 1946
|predecessor2  = [[Manuel L. Quezon]]
|successor2    = [[José Avelino]]
|office3      = [[Senator of the Philippines]]
|term_start3  = 9 July 1945
|term_end3    = 25 May 1946
|office4      = [[Secretary of Finance (Philippines)|Secretary of Finance]]
|term_start4  = 21 August 1941
|term_end4    = 29 December 1941
|president4    = [[Manuel L. Quezon]]
|predecessor4  = [[Antonio de Las Alas]]
|successor4    = [[Serafin Marabut]]
|office5        = [[Speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives#List of Speakers|2nd]] [[Speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives]]
|term_start5    = 1922
|term_end5      = 1933
|predecessor5  = [[Sergio Osmeña]]
|successor5    = [[Quintin Paredes]]
|office6      = Member of the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|Philippine House of Representatives]] from [[Capiz]]' [[Legislative districts of Capiz#1st District|1st District]]
|term_start6  = 1921
|term_end6    = 1938
|predecessor6  = Antonio Habana
|successor6    = Ramon A. Arnaldo
|office7      = [[Capiz|Governor of Capiz]]
|term_start7  = 1919
|term_end7    = 1921
|predecessor7 =
|successor7    =
|birth_name    = Manuel Acuña Roxas
|birth_date    = {{birth date|df=yes|1892|1|1}}
|birth_place  = [[Roxas City|Capiz]] <small>(now Roxas City)</small>, [[Capiz|Capiz Province]], [[Spanish East Indies]] (present-day [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)#U.S. Territory (1901–1935)|Philippines]])
|death_date    = {{death date and age|df=yes|1948|4|15|1892|1|1}}
|death_place  = [[Clark Air Base]], Philippines
|resting_place = [[Manila North Cemetery]], [[Santa Cruz, Manila]], Philippines
|party        = [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] <small>(1945–1948)</small>
|otherparty    = [[Nacionalista Party]] (Before 1945)
|profession    = [[Lawyer]], [[Soldier]]
|spouse        = [[Trinidad Roxas|Trinidad de Leon]]
|children      = [[Gerardo Roxas]]<br>Ruby Roxas
|religion      = Roman Catholicism
|alma_mater    = [[University of Manila]]<br />[[University of the Philippines College of Law]]
|signature    = Roxas Sig.png
<!--Military service-->
|nickname      =
|allegiance    = {{flag|Philippines}}
|branch        = [[Philippine Army]]
|serviceyears  = 1941&ndash;1945
|rank          =
|unit          =
|commands      =
|battles      = [[World War II]]
|awards        =
}}


'''Manuel Acuña Roxas''' (1 January 1892 – 15 April 1948) was the fifth [[President of the Philippines]], the last of the [[Commonwealth of the Philippines]] and the first of the sovereign [[History of the Philippines (1946–65)|Third Philippine Republic]]. He ruled as President from the [[Philippines]]' independence from the [[United States of America]] on 4 July 1946 until his abrupt death in 1948.
:<math>1\,\text{pdl} = 1\,\tfrac{\text{lb}_m \cdot \text{ft}}{\text{s}^2} </math>
The poundal is defined as the force necessary to accelerate 1 [[pound-mass]] to 1 foot per second per second.
1 pdl = {{val|0.138254954376|ul=N}} exactly.<!-- 1 pound-mass expressed in kilograms, times 1 foot expressed in meters, equals 1 poundal expressed in newtons -->


==Personal life==
== Background ==
English units require re-scaling of either force or mass to eliminate a numerical proportionality constant in the equation ''F = ma''. The poundal represents one choice, which is to rescale units of force. Since a pound of ''force'' ([[pound force]]) accelerates a pound of ''mass'' ([[Pound (mass)|pound mass]]) at 32.174&nbsp;049&nbsp;ft/s<sup>2</sup> (9.80665&nbsp;m/s<sup>2</sup>; the [[Standard gravity|acceleration of gravity]], ''g''), we can scale down the unit of force to compensate, giving us one that accelerates 1 pound mass at 1&nbsp;ft/s<sup>2</sup> rather than at 32.174&nbsp;049&nbsp;ft/s<sup>2</sup>; and that is the poundal, which is approximately {{Frac|1|32}} of a pound force.


Róxas was married to Trinidad de Leon at Our Lady of Remedies Church located at Barangay Sibul, [[San Miguel, Bulacan]] in 1921. The couple had two children, Ma. Rosario ("Ruby"), who married Vicente Róxas (no relation) and [[Gerardo Roxas|Gerardo Manuel ("Gerry")]], who married Judy Araneta.
For example, a force of 1200 poundals is required to accelerate a person of 150 pounds mass at 8 feet per second squared:
:<math>150\,\text{lb}_m \cdot 8\,\tfrac{\text{ft}}{\text{s}^2} = 1200\,\text{pdl}</math>


His son, Gerry, became a member of the [[Philippine House of Representatives]] and a leader of [[Liberal Party of the Philippines]]. Gerry's sons, [[Gerry Roxas|Gerardo, Jr. ("Dinggoy")]] and [[Mar Roxas|Manuel II ("Mar")]], served as representatives from Capiz. In 2004, Mar became a [[Senate of the Philippines|Senator]] and was also elected president of the [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]]. His daughter-in-law, Judy, continues to be a prominent and driving force of the Liberal Party.
{{GravEngAbs}}
The poundal-as-force, pound-as-mass system is contrasted with an alternative system in which pounds are used as ''force'' (pounds-force), and instead, the ''mass'' unit is rescaled by a factor of roughly 32. That is, one pound-force will accelerate one pound-mass at 32 feet per second squared; we can scale ''up'' the unit of ''mass'' to compensate, which will be accelerated by 1&nbsp;ft/s<sup>2</sup> (rather than 32&nbsp;ft/s<sup>2</sup>) given the application of one pound force; this gives us a unit of mass called the [[Slug (mass)|slug]], which is about 32 pounds mass. Using this system (slugs and pounds-force), the above expression could be expressed as:
:<math>4.66\,\text{slug} \cdot 8\,\tfrac{\text{ft}}{\text{s}^2} = 37.3\,\text{lb}_F</math>


Daughter Ruby has an only son, named Manuel ("Manolo").
Note: Slugs (32.174&nbsp;049&nbsp;{{lbm}}) and poundals (1/32.174&nbsp;049&nbsp;{{lbf}}) are never used in the same system, since they are opposite solutions of the same problem.


== Early life and career ==
Rather than changing either force or mass units, one may choose to express acceleration in units of the [[standard gravity|acceleration due to Earth's gravity]] (called ''g''). In this case, we can keep both pounds-mass and pounds-force, such that applying one pound force to one pound mass accelerates it at one unit of acceleration (''g''):
Róxas, child of [[Gerardo Róxas, Sr.]] and [[Rosario Acuña]] was born on [[New Year's Day]] 1892 in [[Capiz]] (present-day Roxas City). He was a posthumous child, as his father Gerardo had died after having been mortally wounded by Spanish [[Guardia Civil|guardias civiles]] the year before. He and his older brother, Mamerto, to be raised by their mother and her father, Don Eleuterio Acuña.
:<math>150\,\text{lb}_m \cdot 0.249\,g = 37.3\,\text{lb}_F</math>


The young Manuel received his early education in the public schools of Capiz, and at age twelve attended [[St. Joseph's Academy]]{{disambiguation needed|date=June 2013}} in [[Taiwan]], but due to [[homesickness]], he went back to Capiz. He eventually transferred to [[Arellano (Manila North) High School|Manila High School]] (later named Araullo High School), graduating with honours in 1909.
Expressions derived using poundals for force and {{lbm}} for mass (or {{lbf}} for force and slugs for mass) have the advantage of not being tied to conditions on the surface of the earth. Specifically, computing ''F'' = ''ma'' on the moon or in deep space as poundals, {{lbm}}·ft/s<sup>2</sup> or {{lbf}} = slug·ft/s<sup>2</sup>, avoids the constant tied to acceleration of gravity on earth.


Roxas began his law studies at a private law school established by [[George A. Malcolm]], the first dean of the [[University of the Philippines College of Law]]. On his second year, he enrolled at [[University of the Philippines]], where he was elected president of both his class and the student council. In 1913, Roxas obtained his law degree, graduated class [[valedictorian]], and subsequently topped the bar examinations with a grade of 92% on the same year.<ref>[[Philippine Bar Examination]]</ref>
== Conversion ==
{{Units of force}}


==Lineage==
== See also ==
 
[[Slug (mass)]]
Róxas was a descendant of Antonio Róxas y Ureta, brother of Domingo Róxas y Ureta (a progenitor of the Róxas-[[Zobel de Ayala family|Zobel de Ayala]] clan).
 
Antonio Róxas y Ureta married Lucina Arroyo and would have a son named Juan Pablo Róxas y Arroyo, who in turn had a son named Caetano Róxas, the father of Antonio Róxas, who in turn became the grandfather of Manuel Róxas.
 
Prominent relatives from the line of Antonio Róxas:
* Felix Róxas y Arroyo (1820–?) - son of Antonio Róxas and father of Felix Róxas y Fernandez, the first Filipino qualified architect.
* Felipe Róxas y Arroyo (1840–1899) - son of Antonio Róxas and brother of Felix Róxas y Arroyo, the painter who emigrated to Paris.
* Felix Róxas y Fernandez (1864–1936) - son of Felix Róxas y Arroyo, mayor of Manila from 1905 to 1917.
* [[Margarita Moran-Floirendo]], (born Maria Margarita Róxas-Moran), former [[Miss Universe 1973|Miss Universe of 1973]].
 
==Political career==
{{unreferenced section|date=April 2012}}
 
Roxas occupied more important positions in the Philippine government than any other Filipino had ever held before him.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} Starting in 1917 he was a member of the [[municipal council]] of Capiz. He became the youngest governor of his province and served in this capacity from 1919 to 1922.
 
He was elected to the Philippine House of Representatives in 1922, and for twelve consecutive years was [[Speaker of the House (Philippines)|Speaker of the House]]. He was member of the Constitutional Convention 1934 to 1935, Secretary of Finance, Chairman of the [[National Economic Council (Philippines)|National Economic Council]], Chairman of the [[National Development Company]] and many other government corporations and agencies, Brigadier General in the [[USAFFE]], and Guerilla leader.
 
===Senate===
[[File:Embassy of Gabon in the United States.JPG|thumb|right|Former diplomatic residence of Manuel Roxas in Washington, D.C.]]
After the amendments to the 1935 Philippine Constitution were approved in 1941, he was elected (1941) to the Philippine Senate, but was unable to serve until 1945 because of the outbreak of World War II.
 
Having enrolled prior to World War II as an officer in the reserves, he was made liaison officer between the Commonwealth government and the United States Army Forces in the Far East headquarters of General [[Douglas MacArthur]]. He accompanied President Quezon to [[Corregidor Island|Corregidor]] where he supervised the destruction of Philippine currency to prevent its capture by the Japanese. When Quezon left Corregidor, Roxas went to Mindanao to direct the resistance there. It was prior to Quezon's departure that he was made Executive Secretary and designated as successor to the presidency in case Quezon or Vice-President [[Sergio Osmeña]] were captured or killed. Roxas was captured in 1942 by the Japanese invasion forces.  Roxas became chief advisor to [[Jose P. Laurel]], but secretly sympathetic to the guerrilla movement,<ref name=Keats>Keats, J., 1963, They Fought Alone, New York: J.B. Lippincott Company</ref>{{rp|208-209}} he passed information via Ramona (Mona) Snyder to [[List_of_American_guerrillas_in_the_Philippines|Edwin Ramsey]].<ref name=Lapham>Lapham, R., and Norling, B., 1996, Lapham's Raiders, Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky, ISBN 0813119499</ref>{{rp|57-58}}{{discuss|section=Collaboration with Japanese}}
 
When the Congress of the Philippines was convened in 1945, the legislators elected in 1941 chose Roxas as Senate President.
 
== Presidential election of 1946 ==
{{Infobox President styles
|name=Manuel A. Roxas
|dipstyle= His Excellency
|offstyle= Your Excellency
|altstyle= Mister President
}}
Prior to the [[Philippine general election, 1946|Philippine national elections of 1946]], at the height of the last [[Commonwealth of the Philippines|Commonwealth]] elections, Senate President Roxas and his friends left from the [[Nacionalista Party]] and formed the [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]]. Roxas became their candidate for President and [[Elpidio Quirino]] for Vice-President. The Nacionalistas, on the other hand, had Osmeña for President and Senator [[Eulogio Rodriguez]] for Vice-President. Roxas had the staunch support of General MacArthur. Osmeña refused to campaign, saying that the Filipino people knew his reputation. On the 23 April 1946, Roxas won 54 percent of the vote, and the Liberal Party won a majority in the legislature.<ref>{{cite video
| year =1946
| title =Video: Air Freight by Parachute etc. (1946)
| url =http://www.archive.org/details/gov.archives.arc.39113
| publisher =[[Universal Newsreel]]
| accessdate =20 February 2012
}}</ref>
 
=== Last President of the Commonwealth ===
[[File:Manuelroxasinaguration.jpg|thumb|right|President Manuel Roxas was inaugurated as the 5th President of the Philippines and the first president of the Third Republic on 4 July 1946 at the Independence Grandstand (now Quirino Grandstand), Manila.]]
Roxas served as the President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines in a brief period, from 28 May 1946 to 4 July 1946 during which time Roxas helped prepared the groundwork for an independent Philippines.
 
On 8 May 1946, prior to his inauguration, President-elect Roxas, accompanied by [[High Commissioner to the Philippines|US High Commissioner]] [[Paul V. McNutt]], left for the United States.
 
On 28 May 1946, Roxas was inaugurated as the last President of the Commonwealth of the Philippines. The inaugural ceremonies were held in the ruins of the Legislative Building (now part of the [[National Museum of the Philippines]]) and were witnessed by about 200,000 people.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}} In his address, he outlined the main policies of his administration, mainly: closer ties with the United States; adherence to the newly created [[United Nations]]; national reconstruction; relief for the masses; social justice for the working class; the maintenance of peace and order; the preservation of individual rights and liberties of the citizenry; and honesty and efficiency of government.
 
On 3 June 1946, Roxas appeared for the first time before a [[joint session]] of Congress to deliver his first [[State of the Nation Address (Philippines)|State of the Nation Address]]. Among other things, he told the members of the Congress the grave problems and difficulties the Philippines face and reported on his special trip to the United States to discuss the approval for independence.<ref>''[[Official Gazette (Philippines)|Official Gazette]]'' (Manila, May 1946) vol. 42 no. 5, pp. 1151–1165</ref>
 
On 21 June, he reappeared in front of another joint session of the Congress and urged the acceptance of two laws passed by the [[Congress of the United States]] on 30 April 1946—the [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]], of Philippine Rehabilitation Act, and the [[Bell Trade Act]] or Philippine Trade Act.<ref>''[[Official Gazette (Philippines)|Official Gazette]]'', July 1946, vol. 42 no. 7, pp. 1625–1628</ref> Both recommendations were accepted by the Congress.
 
=== First President of the Third Republic (1946–1948) ===
[[File:1946-07-15 Philippines Independence Proclaimed.ogv|thumb|right|Short American [[newsreel]] of Philippine independence ceremonies on July 4, 1946 with brief footage of Roxas taking the Oath of Office.]]
 
Manuel Roxas' term as the President of the Commonwealth ended on the morning of 4 July 1946, when the [[Third Republic of the Philippines]] was inaugurated and independence from the United States proclaimed. The occasion, attended by some 300,000 people, was marked by the simultaneous lowering of the [[Flag of the United States|Stars and Stripes]] and raising of the [[Flag of the Philippines|National Flag]], a [[21-gun salute]], and the pealing of church bells. Roxas then swore the Oath of Office as the first President of the new Republic.
 
The inaugural ceremonies took place at [[Luneta Park]] in the [[City of Manila]]. On the Grandstand alone were around 3,000 dignitaries and guests, consisting of President Roxas, Vice-President Quirino, their respective parties and the Cabinet; the last High Commissioner to the Philippines and first [[Embassy of the United States|Ambassador to the Philippines]] Paul McNutt; General [[Douglas MacArthur]] (coming from [[Tokyo]]); [[United States Postmaster General]] [[Robert E. Hannegan]]; a delegation from the United States Congress led by [[State of Maryland|Maryland]] Senator [[Millard Tydings]] (author of the Tydings–McDuffie Act) and [[State of Missouri|Missouri]] Representative [[C. Jasper Bell]] (author of the Bell Trade Act); and former [[Governor-General of the Philippines|Civil Governor-General]] [[Francis Burton Harrison]].
 
==Presidency==
 
===Administration and cabinet===
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
{| cellpadding="1" cellspacing="4"  style="margin:3px; border:3px solid #000; margin:auto;"
|-
! style="background:#000;" colspan="3"|
|-
|align="left"|'''OFFICE'''||align="left"|'''NAME'''||align="left"|'''TERM'''
|-
! style="background:#000;" colspan="3"|
|-
|[[President of the Philippines|President]] || '''Manuel Roxas''' || 28 May 1946 – 15 April 1948
|-
|[[Vice-President of the Philippines|Vice-President]] || '''[[Elpidio Quirino]]''' || 28 May 1946 – 17 April 1948
|-
! style="background:#000;" colspan="3"|
|-
|[[Department of Foreign Affairs (Philippines)|Secretary of Foreign Affairs]] || '''[[Elpidio Quirino]]''' || 5 July 1946 – 17 April 1948
|-
|[[Department of the Interior and Local Government|Secretary of the Interior]] || '''[[José Zulueta]]''' || 28 May 1946 – 17 April 1948
|-
|[[Department of Finance (Philippines)|Secretary of Finance]] || '''[[Elpidio Quirino]]''' || 28 May 1946 – 23 November 1946
|-
| || '''[[Miguel Cuaderno]]''' || 24 November 1946 – 17 April 1948
|-
|[[Department of Justice (Philippines)|Secretary of Justice]] || '''[[Ramón Ozaeta]]''' || 28 May 1946 – 17 April 1948
|-
|[[Department of Agriculture (Philippines)|Secretary of Agriculture and Commerce]] || '''[[Mariano Garchitorena]]''' || 28 May 1946 – 17 April 1948
|-
|[[Department of Public Works and Highways (Philippines)|Secretary of Public Works and Communications]] || '''[[Ricardo Nepumoceno]]''' || 28 May 1946 – 17 April 1948
|-
|[[Department of Education (Philippines)|Secretary of Public Instruction]] || '''[[Manuel Gallego]]''' || 28 May 1946 – 17 April 1948
|-
|[[Department of Labor and Employment (Philippines)|Secretary of Labor and Employment]] || '''[[Pedro Magsalin]]''' || 28 May 1946 – 17 April 1948
|-
|[[Department of National Defense (Philippines)|Secretary of National Defense]] || '''[[Ruperto Kangleon]]''' || 28 May 1946 – 17 April 1948
|-
|[[Department of Health (Philippines)|Secretary of Health and Public Welfare]] || '''[[Antonio Villarama]]''' || 28 May 1946 – 17 April 1948
|-
|[[Department of Social Welfare and Development (Philippines)|Commissioner of Social Welfare]] || '''[[Asuncion A. Perez]]''' || 1946
|-
| || '''[[Antonio Villarama]]''' || 1946-1948
|-
|[[Commission on Audit (Philippines)|General Auditing Office]] || '''[[Sotero Cabahug]]''' || 1945–1946
|-
|[[Executive Secretary (Philippines)|Secretary to the President]] || '''[[Emilio M. Abello]]''' || 30 May 1946 – 4 July 1946
|-
|[[Executive Secretary (Philippines)|Chief of the Executive Office]] || '''[[Emilio M. Abello]]''' || 4 July 1946 – 3 September 1947
|-
| || '''Nicanor Roxas''' || 10 September 1947 – 3 October 1947
|-
|[[Executive Secretary (Philippines)|Executive Secretary]] || '''Nicanor Roxas''' || 4 October 1947 – 6 February 1948
|-
||| '''[[Emilio M. Abello]]''' || 26 February 1948 – 17 April 1948
|-
|[[Resident Commissioner of the Philippines|Resident Commissioner of the Philippines to the United States Congress]] || '''[[Carlos P. Romulo]]''' || 1946-1947
|}
{{Col-end}}
 
====Domestic policies====
 
=====Economy=====
{{Infobox
|name        =
|bodystyle    =
|title        = <small>Economy of the Philippines under</small><br />President Manuel Roxas<br /><small>1946–1948</small>
|abovestyle = background: lightblue;
|headerstyle = background: lightblue;
|labelstyle = font-weight: normal;
|header1  = Population
|label2  = '''1948'''
|data2    = <math>\approx</math> 19.23&nbsp;million
|header3  = Gross Domestic Product
|label4  = '''1947'''
|data4    =  {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 85, 269 million
|label6 = '''Growth rate, 1947–48'''
|data6 = 39.5%
|header7 = Per capita income
|label8 = '''1947'''
|data8 =  {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 4,434
|header10 = Total exports
|label11 = '''1947'''
|data11 =  {{increase}} [[Philippine peso|Php]] 24, 824 million
|header13 = [[Exchange rate]]s
|data14 = 1 US$ = [[Philippine peso|Php]] 2.00<br /> 1 [[Philippine peso|Php]] = US$ 0.50
|data15 = ''Sources'': [http://filipinopresidency.multiply.com/photos/album/26#photo=15 Philippine Presidency Project]<br />{{cite book|last=Malaya|first=Jonathan|author2=Eduardo Malaya |title=So Help Us God... The Inaugurals of the Presidents of the Philippines|publisher=Anvil Publishing, Inc.}}
}}
No sooner had the fanfare of the [[independence]] festivities ended that the government and the people quickly put all hands to work in the tasks of rescuing the country from its dire economic straits. Reputed to be the most bombed and destroyed country in the world, the Philippines was in a sorry mess. Only [[Stalingrad]] and [[Warsaw]], for instance, could compare with [[Manila]] in point of destruction. All over the country more than a million people were unaccounted for. The war casualties as such could very well reach the two million mark. Conservative estimates had it that the [[Philippines]] had lost about two thirds of her material wealth.<ref name="autogenerated1961">Molina, Antonio. ''The Philippines: Through the centuries''. Manila: University of Sto. Tomas Cooperative, 1961. Print.</ref>
 
The country was facing near bankruptcy.<ref name="autogenerated1961"/> There was no national economy, no export trade. Indeed, production for exports had not been restored. On the other hand, imports were to reach the amount of three million dollars. There was need of immediate aid from the [[United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration]]. Something along this line was obtained. Again, loans for the United States, as well as some increase in the national revenues, were to help the new Republic.<ref name="autogenerated1961"/>
 
President Roxas, with bold steps, met the situation with the same confidence he exuded in his inaugural address, when he said: "The system of free but guided enterprise is our system". Among the main remedies proposed was the establishment of the Philippine Rehabilitation Finance Corporation. This entity would be responsible for the construction of twelve thousand houses and for the grant of easy-term loans in the amount of 177,000,000 pesos. Another proposal was the creation of the [[Central Bank of the Philippines]] to help stabilize the Philippine dollar reserves and coordinate and the nations banking activities gearing them to the economic progress.
 
Concentrating on the sugar industry, President Roxas would exert such efforts as to succeed in increasing production from 13,000 tons at the time of the Philippine liberation to an all-high of one million tons.<ref name="autogenerated1961"/>
 
=====Reconstruction after the war=====
The [[World War II|postwar]] Philippines had burned cities and towns, ruined farms and factories, blasted roads and bridges, shattered industries and commerce, and thousands of massacred victims. The war had paralyzed the educational system, where 80% of the school buildings, their equipment, laboratories and furniture were destroyed.<ref>Gallego, Manuel V. "The Technique of Japanese Cultural Invasion." ''Philippine Journal of Education.'' Manila, November 1946, p. 94</ref> Numberless books, invaluable documents and works of art, irreplaceable historical relics and family [[heirloom]]s, hundreds of churches and temples were burned. The reconstruction of the damaged school buildings alone cost more than [[Philippine peso|Php]] 126,000,000.
 
The new Republic began to function on an annual deficit of over Php 200,000,000 with little prospect of a balanced budget for some years to come.<ref>Message of His Excellency Manuel Roxas, President of the Philippines to the Second Congress delivered on 3 June 1946. Manila. Bureau of Printing, 1946, p. 6</ref> [[Manila]] and other cities then were infested with criminal gangs which used techniques of American [[gangster]]s in some activities–bank [[holdup]]s, [[kidnapping]] and [[burglar]]ies. In rural regions, especially the provinces of [[Central Luzon]] and the [[Southern Tagalog]] regions, the [[Hukbalahap]]s and brigands terrorized towns and [[barrio]]s.
 
=====Agrarian reform=====
{{See also|Land reform in the Philippines}}
 
In 1946, shortly after his induction to Presidency, Manuel Roxas proclaimed the Rice Share Tenancy Act of 1933 effective throughout the country.<ref name="autogenerated2">Manapat, Carlos, et al.'' Economics, Taxation, and Agrarian Reform''. Quezon City: C&E Pub., 2010.Print.</ref> However problems of [[land tenure]] continued. In fact these became worse in certain areas.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> Among the remedial measures enacted was Republic Act No. 1946 likewise known as the Tenant Act which provided for a 70–30 sharing arrangements and regulated share-tenancy contracts.<ref name="autogenerated2"/> It was passed to resolve the ongoing peasant unrest in Central Luzon.<ref name="autogenerated2"/>
 
===== Amnesty proclamation =====
President Roxas, on 28 January 1948, granted full amnesty to all so-called Philippine collaborators, many of whom were on trial or awaiting to be tried, particularly former President [[José P. Laurel]] (1943–1945).<ref name="autogenerated1961"/> The Amnesty Proclamation did not apply to those "collaborators", who were charged with the commission of common crimes, such as murder, rape, and arson. The presidential decision did much<ref name="autogenerated1961"/> to heal a standing wound that somehow threatened to divide the people's sentiments. It was a much-called for measure to bring about a closer unity in the trying times when such was most needed for the progress of the nation.<ref name="autogenerated1961"/>
 
===== ''Huks'' outlawed =====
Disgusted with the crimes being committed by ''[[HUKBALAHAP|Hukbó ng Bayan Laban sa Hapón]]'' (Nation's Army Against the Japanese, also called "the Huks") and possessing evidence of their subversion, Roxas issued a proclamation outlawing the Huk movement on 6 March 1948.<ref name="autogenerated1961"/>  It had become an imperative in view of the resurgence of Huk depredations, following the unseating of the seven Communists, led by Huk Supremo [[Luis Taruc]] through acts of terrorism.<ref name="autogenerated1961"/>
 
==== Foreign policy ====
 
===== Treaty of General Relations =====
On 5 August 1946, the [[Congress of the Philippines]] ratified the Treaty of General Relations that had been entered into by and between the [[Republic of the Philippines]] and the United States on 4 July 1946.<ref name="autogenerated1961"/> Aside from withdrawing her sovereignty from the Philippines and recognizing her independence, the Treaty reserved for the United States some bases for the mutual protection of both countries; consented that the United States represent the Philippines in countries where the latter had not yet established diplomatic representation; made the Philippines assume all debts and obligations of the former government in the Philippines; and provided for the settlement of property rights of the citizens of both countries.<ref name="autogenerated1961"/>
 
===== United States military bases =====
[[File:ManuelRoxas Last.jpg|thumb|225px|One of the last pictures of President Manuel Roxas.]]
Although Roxas was successful in getting rehabilitation funds from the United States after independence, he was forced{{according to whom|date=March 2013}} to concede military bases (23 of which were leased for 99 years), trade restriction for the Philippine citizens, and special privileges for U.S. property owner and investor.{{citation needed|date=March 2013}}
 
=====Parity Rights Amendment=====
On 11 March 1947, Philippine voters, agreeing with Roxas, ratified in a nationwide [[plebiscite]] the "[[Philippine Parity Rights plebiscite, 1947|parity amendment]]" to the [[1935 Constitution of the Philippines]], granting United States citizens the right to dispose of and utilize Philippine natural resources, or ''[[parity rights]]''.
 
====Assassination attempt====
The night before the plebiscite, Roxas narrowly escaped assassination by Julio Guillen, a disgruntled barber from [[Tondo, Manila]], who hurled a [[grenade]] at the platform on [[Plaza Miranda]] immediately after Roxas had addressed a rally.<ref>Guillen was arrested, tried by the court for attempted assassination, and was sentenced to die. On 16 April 1950, he was executed in an [[electric chair]] at [[Muntinlupa]].</ref>
 
====Controversies====
His administration was marred by graft and corruption; moreover, the abuses of the provincial military police contributed to the rise of the left-wing (Huk) movement in the countryside. His heavy-handed attempts to crush the Huks led to widespread peasant disaffection.
 
The good record of Roxas administration was marred by two failures: the failure to curb graft and corruption in the government, as evidenced by the [[Surplus War Property scandal]], the [[Chinese immigration scandal]] and the [[School supplies scandal]]; and the failure to check and stop the communist [[Hukbalahap]] movement.
 
== Death ==
[[File:Roxas Tomb.jpg|thumb|Gravesite of Manuel Roxas]]
Roxas did not finish his full four-year term. On the morning of 15 April 1948 Roxas delivered a speech before the United States Thirteenth Air Force. After the speech, he felt dizzy and was brought to the residence of Major General [[Eugene L. Eubank|E.L. Eubank]] at [[Clark Field]], [[Pampanga]]. He died later that night of a [[heart attack]].<ref>[http://www.op.gov.ph/museum/pres_roxas.asp Office of the President of the Philippines]</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Dante C. Simbulan|title=The Modern Principalia: The Historical Evolution of the Philippine Ruling Oligarchy|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=55ZQdJG1G6IC|year=2005|publisher=UP Press|isbn=978-971-542-496-7|page=[http://books.google.com.ph/books?id=55ZQdJG1G6IC&pg=PA228 228] (note 15)}}</ref> Roxas' term as President is thus the third shortest, lasting one year, ten months, and 18 days.
 
On 17 April 1948, two days after Roxas' death, Vice-President [[Elpidio Quirino]] took the oath of office as [[President of the Philippines]].
 
==Legacy==
[[File:New PHP100 Banknote (Obverse).jpg|thumb|right|220px|Philippine 100 peso bill]]
[[File:Phil2pisocomm.jpg|thumbnail| 1992 Two Peso Manuel Roxas Commemorative Coin]]
 
In his honour [[Roxas, Capiz]] and [[Roxas, Isabela]] were named after him. [[Roxas Boulevard|Dewey Boulevard]] in the [[City of Manila]] was renamed in his memory, and he is currently depicted on the 100 [[Philippine peso]] bill.


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
* Obert, Edward  F., “Thermodynamics”, McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc., New York 1948; Chapter I, Survey of Dimensions and Units, pages 1–24.
 
{{reflist}}
===Bibliography===
* {{cite book | author=Zaide, Gregorio F. | title=Philippine History and Government|publisher=National Bookstore Printing Press |year=1984}}
* {{cite book|last=Zaide|first=Gregorio|title=Philippine Political and Cultural History: the Philippines since British Invasion|publisher=McCullough Printing Company|location=Manila, Philippines|year=1956|edition=1957 Revised}}
 
== External links ==
{{Wikisource author}}
* [http://www.pangulo.ph The Philippine Presidency Project]
* [http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/phtoc.html A Country Study: Philippines]
* [http://www.depedmares.com Manuel A. Roxas Elementary School]
 
{{s-start}}
{{s-par|ph-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Antonio Habana]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=Member of the [[House of Representatives of the Philippines|House of Representatives]] from [[Capiz]]'s [[Legislative districts of Capiz#1st District|1st]] district|years=1922–1934}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ramon Arnaldo]]}}
|-
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Sergio Osmeña]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[House of Representatives of the Philippines|Speaker of the House of Representatives]]|years=1922–1933}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Quintin Paredes]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Antonio de Las Alas]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Department of Finance (Philippines)|Secretary of Finance]]|years=1938–1941}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Serafin Marabut]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Jorge B. Vargas]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Executive Secretary (Philippines)|Executive Secretary]]|years=1942}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Arturo Rotor]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[José Yulo]]|as=[[Speaker of the Philippine House of Representatives|Speaker of the National Assembly]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Senate President of the Philippines|President of the Senate]]|years=1945–1946}}
{{s-aft|after=[[José Avelino]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Sergio Osmeña]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of the Philippines]]<br />(Commonwealth)|years=28 May 1946 – 4 July 1946}}
{{s-aft|after=(Abolition)}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=Manuel Roxas<br>(Commonwealth)}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[President of the Philippines]]|years=28 May 1946 – 15 April 1948}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Elpidio Quirino]]}}
|-
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-new|office}}
{{s-ttl|title=Leader of the [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]]|years=1946–1948}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Elpidio Quirino]]}}
{{s-end}}
{{Navboxes
|title=Articles related to Manuel Roxas
|list1=
{{Philippine Presidents}}
{{Philippine Senate Presidents}}
{{HouseSpeakerPH}}
{{Presidential election in the Philippines, 1946}}
{{Roxas cabinet}}
}}
{{Authority control|VIAF=92574928}}
{{use dmy dates|date=April 2013}}


{{Persondata
<!--Categories-->
| NAME              = Roxas, Manuel
[[Category:Units of force]]
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES =
[[Category:Imperial units]]
| SHORT DESCRIPTION = Filipino politician
[[Category:Customary units of measurement in the United States]]
| DATE OF BIRTH    = 1 January 1892
| PLACE OF BIRTH    = [[Roxas City|Capiz]], [[History of the Philippines (1898–1946)#U.S. Territory (1901–1935)|Philippines]] <small>(now Roxas City)</small>
| DATE OF DEATH    = 15 April 1948
| PLACE OF DEATH    = [[Clark Air Base]], Philippines
}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Roxas, Manuel}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1948 deaths]]
[[Category:Candidates for President of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Deaths from myocardial infarction]]
[[Category:Filipino anti-communists]]
[[Category:Filipino collaborators with Imperial Japan]]
[[Category:Filipino lawyers]]
[[Category:Filipino Roman Catholics]]
[[Category:Liberal Party (Philippines) politicians]]
[[Category:Members of the Cabinet of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Members of the Senate of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Nacionalista Party politicians]]
[[Category:People from Capiz]]
[[Category:Presidents of the Philippines]]
[[Category:Roxas family]]
[[Category:Speakers of the House of Representatives of the Philippines]]
[[Category:University of the Philippines alumni]]

Revision as of 18:53, 12 August 2014

The poundal (symbol: pdl) is a unit of force that is part of the foot–pound–second system of units, in Imperial units introduced in 1877, and is from the specialized subsystem of English absolute (a coherent system).

1pdl=1lbm⋅fts2

The poundal is defined as the force necessary to accelerate 1 pound-mass to 1 foot per second per second. 1 pdl = Template:Val exactly.

Background

English units require re-scaling of either force or mass to eliminate a numerical proportionality constant in the equation F = ma. The poundal represents one choice, which is to rescale units of force. Since a pound of force (pound force) accelerates a pound of mass (pound mass) at 32.174 049 ft/s2 (9.80665 m/s2; the acceleration of gravity, g), we can scale down the unit of force to compensate, giving us one that accelerates 1 pound mass at 1 ft/s2 rather than at 32.174 049 ft/s2; and that is the poundal, which is approximately Template:Frac of a pound force.

For example, a force of 1200 poundals is required to accelerate a person of 150 pounds mass at 8 feet per second squared:

150lbm⋅8fts2=1200pdl

Template:GravEngAbs The poundal-as-force, pound-as-mass system is contrasted with an alternative system in which pounds are used as force (pounds-force), and instead, the mass unit is rescaled by a factor of roughly 32. That is, one pound-force will accelerate one pound-mass at 32 feet per second squared; we can scale up the unit of mass to compensate, which will be accelerated by 1 ft/s2 (rather than 32 ft/s2) given the application of one pound force; this gives us a unit of mass called the slug, which is about 32 pounds mass. Using this system (slugs and pounds-force), the above expression could be expressed as:

4.66slug⋅8fts2=37.3lbF

Note: Slugs (32.174 049 Template:Lbm) and poundals (1/32.174 049 Template:Lbf) are never used in the same system, since they are opposite solutions of the same problem.

Rather than changing either force or mass units, one may choose to express acceleration in units of the acceleration due to Earth's gravity (called g). In this case, we can keep both pounds-mass and pounds-force, such that applying one pound force to one pound mass accelerates it at one unit of acceleration (g):

150lbm⋅0.249g=37.3lbF

Expressions derived using poundals for force and Template:Lbm for mass (or Template:Lbf for force and slugs for mass) have the advantage of not being tied to conditions on the surface of the earth. Specifically, computing F = ma on the moon or in deep space as poundals, Template:Lbm·ft/s2 or Template:Lbf = slug·ft/s2, avoids the constant tied to acceleration of gravity on earth.

Conversion

Hostgator Review http://webhogwarts.altervista.org/groups/hostgator-kara-cuma/; Let's have a look on world's web hosting companies: Thousands and hundreds of internet hosts scattered worldwide and their company purpose is simple - to obtain recognized and make profit. With a lot sound around the hosting market, it is a challenging job for us to pick up the right hosting. It's not too difficult for me to find Hostgator - a hosting service that stood out from the rest with outstanding attributes. What I am going to perform in this article is to review Hostgator hosting in addition to exposing the technique of Hostgator success.

In any internet business, we depend on excellent internet hosts to offer stable and reliable web hosting services. Hostgator offers timely and promising qualities.

Hostgator offers a lot of plans to consumers. Nearly all the plans provided are cost effective. Hostgator shared hosting are charged $4.95 regular monthly for the basic shared hosting packaged. At charges which start from $9.95 yearly, you can delight in much more compact packages which really include a bunch of things. Although there still have a lot bundles which providing cheaper rates, however if you start to research and attempt Hostgator, you will feel that every dollar and cent you invested is just not squandered. Do your very own research on the attributes consisted of in every bundles Hostgator offering, then you can distinguish the distinctions with others plans offered by various other web hosts.

For exaple, Hostgator helps you to back up the internet sites promptly and securely. You have the option to host limitless domains, sub domains and FTP accounts. Of cause, the attribute which mentioned simply now will not be readily available if you are the basic hosting bundle customer.

Also, Hostgator provides control board as well. This function helps individuals to manage their domains and sub domains in more versatile way. Besides, the control panel trial which is available in basic provides the helpful help devices to new users. Out of many host worldwide, Hostgator's cpanel can be said succeeding the top position amongst them.

In term of consumer supports, Hostgator has an extremely strong customer care team which working 24/7 to help you take on all types of problems pertinent to their products. You can either call them with phone or live chat with them through net. You can also email your problems to them. They will feedback immediately without taking any fees. This is why previously, Hostgator still the very best selection for clients.

A last words for those who are starting - don't be scare by exactly what you are reading as developing an excellent website is not that difficult. The work is in fact pretty easy and direct as long as you're getting the right info. To obtain begun, you'll initially need a domain name and a trusted hosting service.

See also

Slug (mass)

References

  • Obert, Edward F., “Thermodynamics”, McGraw-Hill Book Company Inc., New York 1948; Chapter I, Survey of Dimensions and Units, pages 1–24.

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

Retrieved from "https://en.formulasearchengine.com/index.php?title=Main_Page&oldid=46853"