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The '''reserve requirement''' (or '''cash reserve ratio''') is a [[central bank]] regulation employed by most, but not all, of the world's central banks, that sets the minimum ''fraction'' of customer [[Deposit account|deposits]] and [[Promissory note|notes]] that each [[commercial bank]] must hold as [[bank reserves|reserves]] (rather than lend out). These '''required reserves''' are normally in the form of [[currency|cash]] stored physically in a [[bank vault]] (vault cash) or deposits made with a central bank.
{{Redirect|Ubh}}
{{Infobox unbihexium}}
'''Unbihexium''' ({{IPAc-en|icon|ˌ|uː|n|b|aɪ|ˈ|h|ɛ|k|s|i|ə|m}}), also known as '''[[Mendeleev's predicted elements|eka]]-[[plutonium]]''' or element 126, is a hypothetical [[chemical element]] with [[atomic number]] 126 and symbol Ubh. It is of interest because of its location at the peak of the hypothesized [[island of stability]].


The required reserve ratio is sometimes used as a tool in [[monetary policy]], influencing the country's borrowing and [[interest rate]]s by changing the amount of funds available for banks to make loans with.<ref>[http://www.cbr.ru/eng/analytics/standart_system/print.asp?file=policy_e.html Central Bank of Russia]</ref> Western central banks rarely alter the reserve requirements because it would cause immediate liquidity problems for banks with low [[excess reserves]]; they generally prefer to use [[open market operation]]s (buying and selling government-issued [[Bond (finance)|bonds]]) to implement their monetary policy. The [[People's Bank of China]] uses changes in reserve requirements as an inflation-fighting tool,<ref>{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/7089307.stm | work=BBC News | title=China moves to cool its inflation | date=2007-11-11}}</ref> and raised the reserve requirement ten times in 2007 and eleven times since the beginning of 2010.
==History==
The first attempt to synthesize unbihexium was performed in 1971 by Bimbot ''et al.'' using the hot fusion reaction:


An institution that holds reserves in excess of the required amount is said to hold ''[[excess reserves]]''.
:<math>\,^{232}_{90}\mathrm{Th} + \,^{84}_{36}\mathrm{Kr} \to \,^{316}_{126}\mathrm{Ubh} ^{*} \to \  no \ atoms</math>


==Effects on money supply==
A high energy [[alpha particle]] was observed and taken as possible evidence for the synthesis of unbihexium. Recent research{{which?|date=October 2011}} suggests that this is highly unlikely as the sensitivity of experiments performed in 1971 would have been several orders of magnitude too low according to current understanding.


===The conventional view===
To date, no other attempt has been made to synthesize unbihexium.
The economic theory that a reserve requirement can act as a tool of monetary policy is frequently found in economics textbooks. The higher the reserve requirement is set, the theory supposes, the less funds banks will have to loan out{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}}
, leading to lower money creation and perhaps ultimately to higher purchasing power of the money previously in use.  The effect is multiplied, because money obtained as loan proceeds can be re-deposited; a portion of those deposits may again be loaned out{{Citation needed|date=October 2014}}, and so on. The effect on the money supply is governed by the following formulas:


:<math>M_1=MB*m \,</math> : definitional relationship between monetary base ''MB'' (bank reserves plus currency held by the non-bank public) the narrowly defined [[money supply]], <math>M_1</math>,
==Target-projectile combinations leading to Z=126 compound nuclei==
The table below contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with Z=126. The only practical [[isotope]]s of unbihexium that would be considerably longer-lived than others are <sup>310</sup>Ubh and <sup>322</sup>Ubh.


:<math>m=\frac{(1+c)}{(c+R)} = \frac{1+\frac{C}{D}}{\frac{C}{D}+R}</math> : derived formula for the [[money multiplier]] ''m'', the factor by which lending and re-lending leads <math>M_1</math> to be a multiple of the monetary base:
{|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
 
!Target!!Projectile!!CN!!Attempt result
where notationally,
|-
 
!<sup>232</sup>Th
:<math>c  =</math> the currency ratio: the ratio of the public's holdings of currency (undeposited cash) to the public's holdings of [[demand deposit]]s; and
|<sup>84</sup>Kr||<sup>316</sup>Ubh||{{No|Failure to date}}
 
|}
:<math>R  =</math> the total reserve ratio (the ratio of legally required plus non-required reserve holdings of banks to demand deposit liabilities of banks).
 
However, in the United States (and other countries except Brazil, China, India, Russia), the reserve requirements are generally not frequently altered to implement monetary policy because of the short-term disruptive  effect on financial markets. {{Citation needed|date=May 2014}}
 
===The endogenous money view===
Some economists dispute the conventional theory of the reserve requirement. Criticisms of the conventional theory are usually associated with theories of [[endogenous money]].
 
Jaromir Benes and Michael Kumhof of the IMF Research Department report that the “deposit multiplier“ of the undergraduate economics textbook, where monetary aggregates are created at the initiative of the central bank, through an initial injection of high-powered money into the banking system that gets multiplied through bank lending, turns the actual operation of the monetary transmission mechanism on its head. Most times when banks ask for replenishment of depleted reserves, the central bank obliges.<ref>Benes, Jaromir, and Michael Kumhof. The chicago plan revisited. International Monetary Fund, 2012.‏ http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2012/wp12202.pdf</ref> Reserves therefore impose no constraints as the deposit multiplier is simply, in the words of Kydland and Prescott (1990), a myth. And because of this, private banks are almost fully in control of the money creation process.<ref>Benes, Kumhof. http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2012/wp12202.pdf</ref>
 
==Required reserves==
 
===United States===
In the United States, a reserve requirement (or '''liquidity ratio''') is a minimum value, set by the Board of Governors of the [[Federal Reserve System]], of the ratio of required reserves to some category of deposits held at depository institutions (e.g., [[commercial bank]] including US branch of a foreign bank, [[savings and loan association]], [[savings bank]], [[credit union]]). The only deposit categories currently subject to reserve requirements are net transactions accounts, mainly checking accounts. The total amount of all net transaction accounts held in USA depository institutions, plus US currency held by the nonbank public, is called [[Money supply#Empirical measures|M1]].
 
A depository institution can satisfy its reserve requirements by holding either [[Bank vault|vault]] cash or [[Bank reserves|reserve deposit]]s. An institution that is a member of the Federal Reserve System must hold its reserve deposits at a Federal Reserve Bank. Nonmember institutions can elect to hold their reserve deposits at a member institution on a pass-through basis.<ref name="federalreserve">[http://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/reservereq.htm FRB: Reserve Requirements<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>


A depository institution's reserve requirements vary by the dollar amount of net transaction accounts held at that institution. Effective January 23, 2014, institutions with net transactions accounts:
Another way to synthesize unbihexium would be to overshoot it by fusion of <sup>130</sup>Te and <sup>204</sup>Hg; successive alpha decay of the compound nucleus <sup>334</sup>Utb would land right on <sup>322</sup>Ubh (predicted to be relatively stable). <sup>130</sup>Te constitutes about 34% of the natural element; however, <sup>204</sup>Hg only constitutes about 7% of natural mercury. This method of synthesis could also be used to synthesize <sup>298</sup>[[Flerovium|Fl]], after the alpha decay of <sup>322</sup>Ubh.
* Of less than $13.3 million have no minimum reserve requirement;
* Between $13.3 million and $89.0 million must have a liquidity ratio of 3%;
* Exceeding $89.0 million must have a liquidity ratio of 10%.<ref name="federalreserve" />
The numerical amounts stated above are recalculated annually according to a statutory formula.


Effective December 27, 1990, a liquidity ratio of zero has applied to [[Certificate of deposit|CDs]], savings deposits, and [[time deposit]]s, owned by entities other than households, and the Eurocurrency liabilities of depository institutions. Deposits owned by foreign corporations or governments are currently not subject to reserve requirements.<ref name="federalreserve" />
==Stable unbihexium==
Calculations according to the [[Hartree-Fock method|Hartree-Fock]]-Bogoliubov Method using the non-relativistic Skyrme interaction have proposed Z=126 as a [[nuclear shell model|closed proton shell]]. In this region of the periodic table, N=184 and N=196 have been suggested as [[nuclear shell model|closed neutron shell]]s. Therefore the isotopes of most interest are <sup>310</sup>Ubh and <sup>322</sup>Ubh, for these might be considerably longer-lived than other isotopes.
When an institution fails to satisfy its reserve requirements, it can make up its deficiency with reserves borrowed either from a Federal Reserve Bank, or from an institution holding reserves in excess of reserve requirements. Such loans are typically due in 24 hours or less.


An institution's overnight reserves, averaged over some maintenance period, must equal or exceed its average required reserves, calculated over the same maintenance period. If this calculation is satisfied, there is no requirement that reserves be held at any point in time. Hence reserve requirements play only a limited role in money creation in the USA - and since [[quantitative easing]] began in 2008, they have been even less important, as an enormous glut of excess reserves now exists (over the whole system; theoretically, though, individual banks may still run into temporary shortfalls).
==Predicted chemistry==
Unbihexium is predicted to belong to a new block of [[Valence electron|valence]] g-electron atoms, although the g-block's position left of the [[f-block]] is speculative. The expected electron configuration is [Uuo]5[[g-orbital|g]]<sup>6</sup> 8[[s-orbital|s]]<sup>2</sup> although there may be a smearing out of the energies of 5g, 6f and 7[[d-orbital|d]] orbitals.


The [[International Banking Act of 1978]] requires branches of foreign banks operating in the US to follow the same required reserve ratio standards.<ref name=effects>{{cite journal
Recent calculations have suggested a stable [[Fluoride|monofluoride]] UbhF may be possible, resulting from a bonding interaction between the 5g [[Atomic orbital|orbital]] on Ubh and the 2[[p-orbital|p]] orbital on [[fluorine]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jacoby|first=Mitch|title=As-yet-unsynthesized superheavy atom should form a stable diatomic molecule with fluorine|journal=Chemical & Engineering News|year=2006|volume=84|issue=10|pages=19|url=http://pubs.acs.org/cen/news/84/i10/8410notw9.html|accessdate=2008-01-14}}</ref> Other predicted oxidation states include III, IV, VI, and VIII.
| last =Ahorny
| first =Joseph
|author2=Saunders, Anthony |author3=Swary, Itzhak
  | title =The Effects of the International Banking Act on Domestic Bank Profitability and Risk
| work =Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking
| publisher =JSTOR
| year =1985
| jstor =1992444}}</ref><ref name=bank>{{cite web
| title =International Banking Act of 1978
| work =Banking Law 101
| url =http://www.csbs.org/bankinglaw101/Wiki%20Pages/International%20Banking%20Act%20of%201978.aspx}}</ref>


===Countries without reserve requirements===
==Unbihexium in popular culture==  
Canada, the UK, New Zealand, Australia and Sweden have no reserve requirements.
The science fiction short story "Silence is Golden" by American science fiction author [[Lou Antonelli]] is based on the supposed discovery of unbihexium in a Texas open-pit mine. The story, published by Revolution Science Fiction in August 2003, received an Honorable Mention in "The Year's Best Science Fiction, 21st annual collection" (St. Martin's Press, New York, N.Y. [[Gardner Dozois]], ed. 2004).  
 
This does not mean that banks can - even in theory - create money without limit. On the contrary: banks are constrained by [[capital requirements]], which are arguably more important than reserve requirements even in countries that have reserve requirements.
 
It also does not mean that a commercial bank's overnight reserves can become ''negative'', in these countries. On the contrary: the central bank will ''always'' step in to lend the necessary reserves if necessary so that this does not happen: this is sometimes described as "defending the payment system". Historically, a central bank might once have run out of reserves to lend and so have had to suspend redemptions, but this cannot happen anymore to modern central banks because of the end of the [[gold standard]] worldwide, which means that all nations use a [[fiat currency]].
 
It is sometimes argued that the requirement not to have a negative reserve balance at the central bank constitutes a reserve requirement of zero. However, mathematically, a requirement to hold zero reserves does not correspond to any ratio; it is more permissive than any ratio. So this can be true only if a broader definition of reserve requirement is adopted. Moreover, such a zero reserve requirement cannot be explained by a theory that holds that monetary policy works by varying the quantity of money using the reserve requirement.
 
Even in the United States, which retains formal (though now mostly irrelevant) reserve requirements, the notion of controlling the money supply by targeting the quantity of base money fell out of favour many years ago, and now the pragmatic explanation of monetary policy refers to targeting the ''interest rate'' to control the broad money supply.
 
====United Kingdom====
In the UK the term [[clearing banks]] is sometimes used, meaning banks that have direct access to the clearing system. However, for the purposes of clarity, the term ''commercial banks'' will be used for the remainder of this section.
 
The [[Bank of England]], which is the central bank for the entire [[United Kingdom]], previously held to a voluntary reserve ratio system, with no minimum reserve requirement set. In theory, this meant that commercial banks could retain zero reserves. However, the average cash reserve ratio across the entire [[United Kingdom]] banking system was higher during that period, at about 0.15% {{asof|1999|lc=1}}.<ref name="monetary-economics" />
 
From 1971 to 1980, the commercial banks all agreed to a reserve ratio of 1.5%. However, in 1981 this requirement was abolished.<ref name="monetary-economics" />
 
From 1981 to 2009, each commercial bank set out its own monthly voluntary reserve target in a contract with the Bank of England. Both shortfalls and excesses of reserves relative to the commercial bank's own target over an averaging period of one day<ref name="monetary-economics" /> would result in a charge, incentivising the commercial bank to stay near its target, a system known as ''reserves averaging''.
 
Upon the parallel introduction of quantitative easing and [[interest on excess reserves]] in 2009, banks were no longer required to set out a target, and so were no longer penalised for holding excess reserves; indeed, they were proportionally compensated for holding all their reserves at the Bank Rate (the Bank of England now uses the same interest rate for its bank rate, its deposit rate and its interest rate target).<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/markets/Pages/sterlingoperations/monetarypolicy.aspx|title = Sterling Operations - Implementation of Monetary Policy|accessdate = 26 August 2013|publisher = Bank of England}}</ref> Indeed, in the absence of an agreed target, the concept of excess reserves does not really apply to the Bank of England any more, so it is technically incorrect to call its new policy "interest on excess reserves".
 
====Canada====
Canada abolished its reserve requirement in 1992.<ref name='monetary-economics'>{{cite book|title=Monetary Economics|edition=2nd|author=Jagdish Handa|publisher=Routledge|year=2008|page=347}}</ref>
 
===Other countries===
Other countries have ''required reserve ratios'' (or RRRs) that are statutorily enforced (sourced from Lecture 8, Slide 4: Central Banking and the Money Supply, by Dr. Pinar Yesin, University of Zurich, based on 2003 survey of CBC participants at the Study Center Gerzensee<ref>[http://www.iew.unizh.ch/study/courses/downloads/lecture8_467.pdf Monetary Macroeconomics by Dr. Pinar Yesin]</ref>):
 
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- align="center"
! Country !! data-sort-type="number" | Required reserve (in %)!! Note
|- align="right"
|[[Australia]]||None||Statutory Reserve Deposits abolished in 1988, <br>replaced with 1% Non-callable Deposits<ref>"Inquiry into the Australian Banking Industry, Reserve Bank of Australia, January 1991</ref>
|- align="right"
|[[New Zealand]]||None||
1999 [http://www.cnb.cz/m2export/sites/www.cnb.cz/cs/menova_politika/mp_nastroje/download/menove_nastroje.xls]
|- align="right"
|[[Sweden]]||None||
|- align="right"
|[[Eurozone]]||1.00||Effective January 18, 2012.<ref>[https://www.ecb.europa.eu/mopo/implement/mr/html/calc.en.html <en> European Central Bank, minimum reserve requirements]</ref> Down from 2% since Jan 1999.
|- align="right"
|[[Czech Republic]]||2.00||Since October 7, 2009
|- align="right"
||[[Hungary]]||2.00|| Since November 2008
|- align="right"
|[[South Africa]]||2.50||
|- align="right"
|[[Switzerland]]||2.50||
|- align="right"
|[[Latvia]]||3.00||Just after the Parex Bank bailout (24.12.2008), Latvian Central Bank <br>decreased the RRR from 7% (?) down to 3%<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.bank.lv/eng/main/all/noract/mon_oper/reserve/reserve_ratio_n21 | title= Minimum Reserve Ratio | work= Bank of Latvia | accessdate=2010-12-29}}</ref>
|- align="right"
|[[Poland]]||3.50||  as of 31 dec 2010 <ref>[http://www.nbp.pl/homen.aspx?f=/en/onbp/informacje/polityka_pieniezna.html Narodowy Bank Polski - Internet Information Service<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref>
|- align="right"
|[[Romania]]||10.00||  as of 30 jan 2013 for [[Romanian leu|lei]]. And 16% for foreign currency<ref>http://www.bnr.ro/Reserve-requirements-3658.aspx</ref>
|- align="right"
|[[Russia]]||4.00|| Effective April 1, 2011, up from 2.5% in January 2011.<ref>[http://www.cbr.ru/eng/analytics/standart_system/print.asp?file=policy_e.html Central bank of Russia] Required reserve ratio on credit institutions' liabilities to non-resident has been raised to 4.0%</ref>
|- align="right"
|[[Chile]]||4.50||
|- align="right"
|[[India]]||4.00|| January 2013, as per [[Reserve Bank of India|RBI]].<ref>[http://profit.ndtv.com/news/economy/article-we-will-walk-the-path-alone-says-chidambaram-on-growth-challenge-312661?pfrom=home-otherstories] ndtv.com</ref>
|- align="right"
|[[Bangladesh]]||6.00|| Raised from 5.50. Effective from 15 December 2010
|- align="right"
|[[Lithuania]]||6.00||
|- align="right"
|[[Nigeria]]||20.00||Raised from 15.00. Effective from 25 November 2014<ref>http://businessdayonline.com/2014/11/banks-squeezed-further-as-n40bn-may-vanish-from-industry-wide-profits/#.VHbDB51fqUk</ref>
|- align="right"
||[[Pakistan]]||5.00||Since November 1, 2008
|- align="right"
|[[Taiwan]]||7.00||<ref>[http://www.cbc.gov.tw/public/data/EBOOKXLS/P077.pdf Liquidity ratio and liquid reserves of deposit money banks]. Data released by Taiwan's central bank in October 2010.</ref>
|- align="right"
||[[Turkey]]||8.50||Since February 19, 2013
|- align="right"
||[[Jordan]]||8.00||
|- align="right"
|[[Zambia]]||8.00||
|- align="right"
||[[Burundi]]||8.50||
|- align="right"
||[[Ghana]]||9.00||
|- align="right"
||[[Israel]]||9.00||the Required Reserve Ratio is called Minimum Capital Ratio<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.bankisrael.gov.il/deptdata/pikuah/nihul_takin/eng/311_et.pdf | title= Minimum capital ratio | work= Bank of Israel | accessdate=2010-12-29}}</ref>
|- align="right"
|[[Mexico]]||10.50||
|- align="right"
|[[Sri Lanka]]||8.00||With effect from 29 April 2011. 8% of total rupee deposit liabilities.
|- align="right"
||[[Bulgaria]]||10.00||Banks shall maintain minimum required reserves to the amount of 10% of the deposit base <br> (effective from December 1, 2008) with two exceptions (effective from January 1, 2009): <br>1. on funds attracted by banks from abroad: 5%; <br>2. on funds attracted from state and local government budgets: 0%.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://bnb.bg/bnbweb/groups/public/documents/bnb_law/regulations_minimumrequired_en.pdf | title= Ordinance No. 21 of the BNB on the Minimum Required Reserves Maintained with the Bulgarian National Bank by Banks | work= Bulgarian National Bank}}</ref>
|- align="right"
||[[Croatia]]||14.00||Down from 17%, effective from 2009-01-14<ref>[http://www.hnb.hr/propisi/odluke-centralno/h-obvezna%20rezerva.pdf] (in Croatian)</ref>
|- align="right"
|[[Costa Rica]]||15.00||
|- align="right"
|[[Malawi]]||15.00||
|- align="right"
||[[Nepal]]||5.00||From the monetary policy announcement for FY 2011/12 CRR reduced from 5.5% to 5%
|- align="right"
|[[Hong Kong]]||18.00||
|- align="right"
||[[Brazil]]||20.00|| Up from 15%, effective from 2010-12-06 - Ratio is for requirement on term deposits.<ref>[http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-12-03/brazil-banks-stocks-drop-on-reserve-requirement-raise.html Business week - Brazil reserve requirement raise]</ref><br>RRR for foreign currency positions increased to 43.00 on 2010 July 15 [http://www.businessweek.com/news/2010-07-22/brazil-signals-rate-increases-to-end-as-growth-cools.html]
|- align="right"
||[[China]]||20.50||Ratio is for major [[Chinese banks|Chinese Banks]] on 2012-02-24;<ref>[http://www.fxstreet.com/fundamental/analysis-reports/economics-weekly/2012/02/24/ China cut the required reserve ratio (RRR) for all banks by 50bp] http://www.fxstreet.com on Feb 22nd 2012</ref> down from a 21.5% high in June 2011.<br>Small and medium-size banks have a lower rate of 18.50%.
|- align="right"
||[[Tajikistan]]||20.00||
|- align="right"
||[[Suriname]]||25.00||Down from 27%, effective from 2007-01-01<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.cbvs.sr/english/publicaties-reserve.htm | title= Reserve base en Kasreserve | publisher=[[Centrale Bank van Suriname]] | accessdate=2009-12-21}}</ref>
|- align="right"
||[[Lebanon]]||30.00||[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7764657.stm]
|- align="right"
|}
 
===Historical changes in reserve ratios===
In some countries, the ''cash reserve ratios'' have decreased over time; in some countries they have increased:<ref>IMF Financial Statistic Yearbook</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- align="center"
!Country||1968||1978||1988||1998
|- align="right"
|[[United Kingdom]]||20.5||15.9||5.0||3.1
|- align="right"
|[[Turkey]]||58.3||62.7||30.8||18.0
|- align="right"
|[[Germany]]||19.0||19.3||17.2||11.9
|- align="right"
|[[United States]]||12.3||10.1||8.5||10.3
|- align="right"
|[[India]]<ref>http://www.rbi.org.in/scripts/chro_bankrate.aspx Reserve Bank of India</ref>||3||6||10||10-11
|}
(Ratios are expressed in percentage points.)


==See also==
==See also==
{{colbegin}}
*[[Island of stability]]: [[Flerovium]]–[[Unbinilium]]–Unbihexium
* [[Bank regulation]]
*[[Unbipentium]]–[[Unbiseptium]]
* [[Basel accord]]s
*[[Period 8 element]]
* [[Capital Requirement]]
* [[Capital adequacy ratio]]
* [[Excess reserves]]
* [[Financial repression]]
* [[Fractional-reserve banking]]
* [[Full-reserve banking]]
* [[Islamic banking]]
* [[Monetary policy of central banks]]
* [[Money creation]]
* [[Money supply]]
* [[Negative interest on excess reserves]]
* [[Statutory Liquidity Ratio]]
* [[Tier 1 capital]]
* [[Tier 2 capital]]
{{colend}}


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Reflist}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}


==External links==
{{Compact extended periodic table}}
* [http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title12/12cfr204_main_02.tpl Title 12 of the Code of Federal Regulations (12CFR) PART 204--RESERVE REQUIREMENTS OF DEPOSITORY INSTITUTIONS (REGULATION D)]  (See Section §204.4 for current reserve requirements.)
*[http://www.newyorkfed.org/aboutthefed/fedpoint/fed45.html Reserve Requirements - Fedpoints -  Federal Reserve Bank of New York]
*[http://www.federalreserve.gov/monetarypolicy/reservereq.htm Reserve Requirements - The Federal Reserve Board]
*[http://www.hussmanfunds.com/html/fedirrel.htm Hussman Funds - Why the Federal Reserve is Irrelevant - August 2001]
*[http://www.islamic-finance.com/item113_f.htm Don't mention the reserve ratio]


{{Central banks}}
[[Category:Chemical elements]]
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2010}}
[[Category:Hypothetical chemical elements]]


{{DEFAULTSORT:Reserve Requirement}}
[[de:Unbihexium]]
[[Category:Banking]]
[[el:Ουνμπιχέξιο]]
[[Category:Monetary policy]]
[[fr:Unbihexium]]
[[Category:Financial ratios]]
[[ko:운비헥슘]]
[[Category:Financial economics]]
[[id:Unbiheksium]]
[[mrj:Унбигексий]]
[[ja:ウンビヘキシウム]]
[[pl:Unbihexium]]
[[ru:Унбигексий]]
[[sk:Unbihexium]]
[[vi:Unbihexi]]
[[zh:Ubh]]

Revision as of 23:29, 12 August 2014

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my page - www.hostgator1centcoupon.info Template:Infobox unbihexium Unbihexium (Template:IPAc-en), also known as eka-plutonium or element 126, is a hypothetical chemical element with atomic number 126 and symbol Ubh. It is of interest because of its location at the peak of the hypothesized island of stability.

History

The first attempt to synthesize unbihexium was performed in 1971 by Bimbot et al. using the hot fusion reaction:

90232Th+3684Kr→126316Ubh*→noatoms

A high energy alpha particle was observed and taken as possible evidence for the synthesis of unbihexium. Recent researchTemplate:Which? suggests that this is highly unlikely as the sensitivity of experiments performed in 1971 would have been several orders of magnitude too low according to current understanding.

To date, no other attempt has been made to synthesize unbihexium.

Target-projectile combinations leading to Z=126 compound nuclei

The table below contains various combinations of targets and projectiles which could be used to form compound nuclei with Z=126. The only practical isotopes of unbihexium that would be considerably longer-lived than others are 310Ubh and 322Ubh.

Target Projectile CN Attempt result
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In the final six month of 2013, $1.1 billion worth of potential transactions have been referred to worldwide agents by Juwai.com, the most important real estate portal that targets Chinese language patrons trying abroad. It was unclear what number of deals were actually completed. He and his co-employee in New York were referred a Chinese businessman by Juwai.com on the http://bh-weddings.club/ finish of last 12 months. The shopper gave them a budget of $one hundred million to put money into actual property in New York. They've been communicating over QQ Chat, a preferred immediate messenger in China run by Tencent, and the buyer has made plans to visit the U.S. metropolis to check out his options. Though most buyers want to check out properties in individual earlier than shopping for, some have agreed to long-distance offers. Condominium net presence

Majority of dwelling-patrons begin their search online via portals equivalent to PropertyGuru It is handy, fast, and photographs can be found. All through its historical past, ERA has achieved quite a few "firsts" within the business together with the primary to provide an expert actual property training program, and the primary to be licensed SISIR ISO 9002 compliant. With the present market scenario it's essential to restructure your portfolio to HEDGE YOUR DANGERS so you can MAKE THE UTMOST PROFIT. Are you searching for an alternate job with no financial limits ? Maybeare simply tired of your demanding boss and questioning if the rumor of how well paid real property agents is true? What are some practical tips for fulfillment in the real property business?

Only if you go each paper within the RES exams, can you apply for the salesperson license with Council of Estate Agency through Knight Frank. An annual payment of $299.60 is payable to CEA for this license via Knight Frank. Create a Monetary Finances.is important given the up and down of this unstable market place. Your monetary budget ought to plan to your advertising costs, any further costs equivalent to schooling and your forecasted income. Attention-grabbing, fascinated or still uncertain? Name Leon Low @ 9369 5588 and you could find out extra on how he and his Team members can assist you on this Real Property Enterprise. See you real soon! By guest contributor Getty Goh, Director of Ascendant Property , a real estate analysis and funding consultancy agency.

Successful advertising and marketing efforts herald several affords. The dilemma facing all sellers is which provide to just accept. Smart cash would be on the highest provide with the least connected circumstances. Not all consumers would be willing to wait too long for an acceptance of their offer. Effective negotiating requires being prompt. In the event you feel it is a fair offer in your property, it's clever to negotiate instantly and enter into a gross sales contract. It might never be repeated. A chook in the hand is value two within the bush. All the time discuss with your agent as to the eligibility of the buyer, completion interval, and your legal obligations as a vendor.

You have excitedly moved into your new crib, solely to grasp that the air-con is not working and the plumbing is choked. Can your agent negotiate with the vendor to pay for the repairs? Sorry, his palms are tied. To assist me understand and cater to your wants, inform me extra about your self and what you are searching for in my Buying or Renting enquiry type (click on green text accordingly). RES is the new and only business entry qualifying exams for Actual Estate Salespersons. Updates on the foundations, regulations, insurance policies and procedures pertaining to real property agency follow. Paper 2 - Actual Estate Salespersons Apply and Rules Most profitable real property transactions are performed thru exclusive agency - the popular methodology by each brokers and sellers.

Underneath this arrangement, it's a healthy transaction and competition between purchaser and vendor's brokers. Of course buyer's agent will work very laborious to get you the listings to view and negotiate for you the property you need to purchase, while the vendor's agent would do the identical for their seller to earn the commission. Right now, we have lost all confidence in obtaining our dream house and at a superb deal by means of agents here except we wish to undergo this very frustrating and worrying dwelling buying course of in Singapore again. WE would in all probability just purchase in Hong Kong or again home in New York where real property agents have been more professionally educated and operated. bookstores and shops Mighty Minds Singapore Streets Listing Expat Properties

Another way to synthesize unbihexium would be to overshoot it by fusion of 130Te and 204Hg; successive alpha decay of the compound nucleus 334Utb would land right on 322Ubh (predicted to be relatively stable). 130Te constitutes about 34% of the natural element; however, 204Hg only constitutes about 7% of natural mercury. This method of synthesis could also be used to synthesize 298Fl, after the alpha decay of 322Ubh.

Stable unbihexium

Calculations according to the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov Method using the non-relativistic Skyrme interaction have proposed Z=126 as a closed proton shell. In this region of the periodic table, N=184 and N=196 have been suggested as closed neutron shells. Therefore the isotopes of most interest are 310Ubh and 322Ubh, for these might be considerably longer-lived than other isotopes.

Predicted chemistry

Unbihexium is predicted to belong to a new block of valence g-electron atoms, although the g-block's position left of the f-block is speculative. The expected electron configuration is [Uuo]5g6 8s2 although there may be a smearing out of the energies of 5g, 6f and 7d orbitals.

Recent calculations have suggested a stable monofluoride UbhF may be possible, resulting from a bonding interaction between the 5g orbital on Ubh and the 2p orbital on fluorine.[1] Other predicted oxidation states include III, IV, VI, and VIII.

Unbihexium in popular culture

The science fiction short story "Silence is Golden" by American science fiction author Lou Antonelli is based on the supposed discovery of unbihexium in a Texas open-pit mine. The story, published by Revolution Science Fiction in August 2003, received an Honorable Mention in "The Year's Best Science Fiction, 21st annual collection" (St. Martin's Press, New York, N.Y. Gardner Dozois, ed. 2004).

See also

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro. 30 year-old Entertainer or Range Artist Wesley from Drumheller, really loves vehicle, property developers properties for sale in singapore singapore and horse racing. Finds inspiration by traveling to Works of Antoni Gaudí.

Template:Compact extended periodic table

de:Unbihexium el:Ουνμπιχέξιο fr:Unbihexium ko:운비헥슘 id:Unbiheksium mrj:Унбигексий ja:ウンビヘキシウム pl:Unbihexium ru:Унбигексий sk:Unbihexium vi:Unbihexi zh:Ubh

  1. ↑ One of the biggest reasons investing in a Singapore new launch is an effective things is as a result of it is doable to be lent massive quantities of money at very low interest rates that you should utilize to purchase it. Then, if property values continue to go up, then you'll get a really high return on funding (ROI). Simply make sure you purchase one of the higher properties, reminiscent of the ones at Fernvale the Riverbank or any Singapore landed property Get Earnings by means of Renting

    In its statement, the singapore property listing - website link, government claimed that the majority citizens buying their first residence won't be hurt by the new measures. Some concessions can even be prolonged to chose teams of consumers, similar to married couples with a minimum of one Singaporean partner who are purchasing their second property so long as they intend to promote their first residential property. Lower the LTV limit on housing loans granted by monetary establishments regulated by MAS from 70% to 60% for property purchasers who are individuals with a number of outstanding housing loans on the time of the brand new housing purchase. Singapore Property Measures - 30 August 2010 The most popular seek for the number of bedrooms in Singapore is 4, followed by 2 and three. Lush Acres EC @ Sengkang

    Discover out more about real estate funding in the area, together with info on international funding incentives and property possession. Many Singaporeans have been investing in property across the causeway in recent years, attracted by comparatively low prices. However, those who need to exit their investments quickly are likely to face significant challenges when trying to sell their property – and could finally be stuck with a property they can't sell. Career improvement programmes, in-house valuation, auctions and administrative help, venture advertising and marketing, skilled talks and traisning are continuously planned for the sales associates to help them obtain better outcomes for his or her shoppers while at Knight Frank Singapore. No change Present Rules

    Extending the tax exemption would help. The exemption, which may be as a lot as $2 million per family, covers individuals who negotiate a principal reduction on their existing mortgage, sell their house short (i.e., for lower than the excellent loans), or take part in a foreclosure course of. An extension of theexemption would seem like a common-sense means to assist stabilize the housing market, but the political turmoil around the fiscal-cliff negotiations means widespread sense could not win out. Home Minority Chief Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) believes that the mortgage relief provision will be on the table during the grand-cut price talks, in response to communications director Nadeam Elshami. Buying or promoting of blue mild bulbs is unlawful.

    A vendor's stamp duty has been launched on industrial property for the primary time, at rates ranging from 5 per cent to 15 per cent. The Authorities might be trying to reassure the market that they aren't in opposition to foreigners and PRs investing in Singapore's property market. They imposed these measures because of extenuating components available in the market." The sale of new dual-key EC models will even be restricted to multi-generational households only. The models have two separate entrances, permitting grandparents, for example, to dwell separately. The vendor's stamp obligation takes effect right this moment and applies to industrial property and plots which might be offered inside three years of the date of buy. JLL named Best Performing Property Brand for second year running

    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
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