Drug design: Difference between revisions

From formulasearchengine
Jump to navigation Jump to search
Newer edit →
en>Antabus
m grammar
 
en>Monkbot
Line 1: Line 1:
Master the art of flying an aircraft virtually - Flight Sim Hardware & Software You need to have heard about the flight simulator hardware. With the help of it, you can undoubtedly have a realistic flying experience, right in front of your computer. If you're actually looking around for the greatest RC flight sim, then you certainly should really spend some time understanding about various features of various software that are available in the industry.
{{Continuum mechanics}}
The expression '''Gay-Lussac's law''' is used for each of the two relationships named after the French chemist [[Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac]] and which concern the properties of [[gases]], though it is more usually applied to his law of combining volumes, the first listed here. The first law relates to volumes before and after a chemical reaction while the second concerns the pressure and temperature relationship for a sample of gas often known as '''[[Gay-Lussac's law#Pressure-temperature law|Amontons' Law]]'''.


The best thing is that you may undoubtedly have the flying experience and learn a lot without spending a lot of cash. That is why many people that are actually into the air travel academy, often prefer learning some fundamentals of flying through the flight sim hardware. The flight simulator hardware can in fact be connected to your own computer and you could use it with the help of joysticks, pedals and so forth controls,. Some RC flight sim applications let you do everything from the computer keyboard.
== Law of combining volumes ==
[[Image:Law of combining volumes.svg|thumb|150px|right|Under [[Standard conditions for temperature and pressure|STP]], a reaction between three cubic meters of hydrogen gas and one cubic meter of nitrogen gas will produce circa two cubic meters of [[ammonia]]]]
The law of combining volumes states that, when gases react together to form other gases, and all volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure:
<blockquote>
'''The ratio between the volumes of the reactant gases and the products can be expressed in simple whole numbers.'''
</blockquote>
For example, Gay-Lussac found that 2 volumes of Hydrogen and 1 volume of Oxygen would react to form 2 volume of gaseous water. In addition to Gay-Lussac's results, [[Amedeo Avogadro]] theorized that, at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gas contain equal numbers of molecules ([[Avogadro's law]]). This hypothesis meant that the previously stated result
:2 volumes of Hydrogen + 1 volume of Oxygen = 2 volumes of gaseous water
could also be expressed as
:2 molecules of Hydrogen + 1 molecule of Oxygen = 2 molecules of water.


There are lot of these programs that can be found in the marketplace and the most recent releases have really comprised a lot of new astonishing characteristics and images. Most of the simulation applications include a lot of graphics and scenery including towns, rivers, cities and roads. Looking at all these matters, you believe your expertise is quite realistic.  [http://Proflightsimulator.co/download-flight-simulator-games/ flightsimulator] Also, if you want to learn and practice the [https://Www.gov.uk/search?q=takeoff takeoff] along with the aircraft's landing, you'll be able to get it done .
The law of combining gases was made public by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1808.<ref>Gay-Lussac (1809) [http://books.google.com/books?id=hnJKAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA207#v=onepage&q&f=false "Mémoire sur la combinaison des substances gazeuses, les unes avec les autres"] (Memoir on the combination of gaseous substances with each other), ''Mémoires de la Société d'Arcueil'' '''2''': 207-234. Available in English at:  [http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/gaylussac.html Le Moyne College].</ref><ref>http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Fe-Ge/Guy-Lussac-Joseph-Louis.html</ref> Avogadro's hypothesis, however, was not initially accepted by chemists until the Italian chemist [[Stanislao Cannizzaro]] was able to convince the First International Chemical Congress in 1860.<ref>Hartley, Harold (1966). "Stanislao Cannizzaro, F.R.S. (1826 – 1910) and the First International Chemical Conference at Karlsruhe". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 21: 56–63. {{doi|10.1098/rsnr.1966.0006}}.</ref>


In this way , you can definitely enhance your experience day by day with the assistance of this kind of software. Any flight simulator hardware's real aim would be to provide you with the genuine taste of flying up above the sky. You can surely make the whole process because these programs were created in a user friendly manner of learning fairly easy. So this way, it can be treated by you as training material if you want to find out how to fly.
== Pressure-temperature law ==
This law is often referred to as '''Amontons' Law of Pressure-Temperature''' after [[Guillaume Amontons]], who, between 1700 and 1702, discovered the relationship between the pressure and temperature of a fixed mass of gas kept at a constant volume<ref>{{citation | author = Barnett, Martin K. | date = Aug 1941 | title = A brief history of thermometry | journal = Journal of Chemical Education | volume = 18 | issue = 8 | page = 358|bibcode = 1941JChEd..18..358B |doi = 10.1021/ed018p358 }}. [http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed018p358 Extract.]</ref><ref>http://web.fccj.org/~ethall/gaslaw/gaslaw.htm</ref><ref>See:
*  Amontons, G. (presented 1699, published 1732) [http://books.google.com/books?id=_czOAAAAMAAJ&pg=RA1-PA114#v=onepage&q&f=false "Moyens de substituer commodément l'action du feu à la force des hommes et des chevaux pour mouvoir les machines"] (Ways to conveniently substitute the action of fire for the force of men and horses in order to power machines), ''Mémoires de l’Académie des sciences de Paris'', 112-126; see especially pages 113-117.
*  Amontons, G. (presented 1702, published 1743) [http://books.google.com/books?id=P_Wgj2sMY-4C&pg=PA155#v=onepage&q&f=false "Discours sur quelques propriétés de l'Air, & le moyen d'en connoître la température dans tous les climats de la Terre"] (Discourse on some properties of air and on the means of knowing the temperature in all climates of the Earth), ''Mémoires de l’Académie des sciences de Paris'', 155-174.
*  See also:  Fontenelle, B. B. (1743) [http://books.google.com/books?id=P_Wgj2sMY-4C&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q=Amontons&f=false "Sur une nouvelle proprieté de l'air, et une nouvelle construction de Thermométre"] (On a new property of the air and a new construction of thermometer), ''Histoire de l'Academie royale des sciences'', 1-8.</ref> Amontons discovered this while building an "air thermometer".


So you must have access to the greatest flight simulator hardware equipment if you actually want to master the art of flying in the virtual world. You need to create these types of simulators like training devices than computer games that are routine. It is why it would be better if it is possible to get the right kind of flight simulator hardware. Make sure that various hardware controls are supported by the RC flight simulator so that you can surely integrate the entire system according to your own needs.
<blockquote>
'''The pressure of a gas of fixed [[mass]] and fixed [[volume]] is [[Proportionality (mathematics)|directly proportional]] to the gas's absolute temperature.'''
</blockquote>
[[File:Temperature Pressure law.svg|thumb|Illustration of pressure varying with temperature.]]
Simply put, if a gas's temperature increases, then so does its pressure if the mass and volume of the gas are held constant. The law has a particularly simple mathematical form if the temperature is measured on an absolute scale, such as in [[kelvin]]s. The law can then be expressed mathematically as:


The yoke to raise the aircraft and lose it by pulling and pushing it can be used by you. In this way, you can definitely experience a real pilot inside the flight simulator cockpit's role. So when it comes to choosing the right flight simulator hardware and software, you need because there are a number of them being released in the market every now and then to take the right decision. The one which you are going for should really fit and satisfy all of your needs in a proper way.
:<math>{P}\propto{T}</math>
or
:<math>\frac{P}{T}=k</math>


Most of the ones that can be found in the marketplace focus on getting the game's images but they do not really offer you the real experience of the actual flight.<br><br>If you have any kind of queries regarding wherever along with the best way to employ best flight simulator ([http://proflightsimulator.co/become-an-airline-pilot/ just click the up coming web site]), you'll be able to e mail us from our site.
where:
 
:''P'' is the [[pressure]] of the gas
:''T'' is the [[temperature]] of the gas (measured in [[Kelvin]]).
:''k'' is a [[Constant (mathematics)|constant]].
 
This law holds true because temperature is a measure of the average [[kinetic energy]] of a substance; as the kinetic energy of a gas increases, its particles collide with the container walls more rapidly, thereby exerting increased pressure.
 
For comparing the same substance under two different sets of conditions, the law can be written as:
 
:<math>\frac{P_1}{T_1}=\frac{P_2}{T_2} \qquad \mathrm{or} \qquad {P_1}{T_2}={P_2}{T_1}.</math>
 
Because Amontons discovered the law beforehand, Gay-Lussac's name is now generally associated within chemistry with the law of combining volumes discussed in the section above. Some introductory physics textbooks still define the pressure-temperature relationship as Gay-Lussac's law.<ref>Tippens, Paul E. (2007). Physics, 7th ed. McGraw-Hill. 386-387.</ref><ref>Cooper, Crystal (Feb. 11, 2010). "Gay-Lussac's Law". Bright Hub Engineering. Retrieved from http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/26213-gay-lussacs-law/ on July 8, 2013.</ref> Gay-Lussac primarily investigated the relationship between volume and temperature and published it in 1802, but his work did cover some comparison between pressure and temperature.<ref>Crosland, Maurice P. (2004). Gay-Lussac: Scientist and Bourgeois. Cambridge University Press. 119-120.</ref> Given the relative technology to both men, Amonton was only able to work with air as a gas, where Gay-Lussac was able to experiment with multiple types of common gases, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen.<ref>Astimov, Issac (1966). Understanding Physics - Motion, Sound, and Heat. Walker and Co. 191-192.</ref> Gay-Lussac did attribute his findings to [[Jacques Charles]] because he used much of Charles's unpublished data from 1787 - hence, the law became known as [[Charles's law]] or the Law of Charles and Gay-Lussac<ref>Gay-Lussac (1802) [http://books.google.com/books?id=Z6ctSn3TIeYC&pg=PA137#v=onepage&q&f=false "Recherches sur la dilatation des gaz et des vapeurs"] (Researches on the expansion of gases and vapors) ''Annales de Chimie'' '''43''': 137-175.  On page 157, Gay-Lussac mentions the unpublished findings of Charles:  "Avant d'aller plus loin, je dois prévenir que quoique j'eusse reconnu un grand nombre de fois que les gaz oxigène, azote, hydrogène et acide carbonique, et l'air atmosphérique se dilatent également depuis 0° jusqu'a 80°, le cit. Charles avait remarqué depuis 15 ans la même propriété dans ces gaz ; mais n'avant jamais publié ses résultats, c'est par le plus grand hasard que je les ai connus."  (Before going further, I should inform [you] that although I had recognized many times that the gases oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbonic acid [i.e., carbon dioxide], and atmospheric air also expand from 0° to 80°, citizen Charles had noticed 15 years ago the same property in these gases; but having never published his results, it is by the merest chance that I knew of them.)  Available in English at:  [http://web.lemoyne.edu/~giunta/gaygas.html#foot1 Le Moyne College].</ref> However, in recent years the term has fallen out of favor.
 
Gay-Lussac's (Amontons') Law, [[Charles' Law]], and [[Boyle's law]] form the [[combined gas law]]. These three gas laws in combination with [[Avogadro's Law]] can be generalized by the [[ideal gas law]].
 
==See also==
{{portal|Underwater diving}}
* [[Avogadro's law]]
* [[Boyle's law]]
* [[Charles' law]]
* [[Combined gas law]]
 
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
 
== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | author=Castka, Joseph F.; Metcalfe, H. Clark; Davis, Raymond E.; Williams, John E. | title=Modern Chemistry | publisher=Holt, Rinehart and Winston | year=2002 | isbn=0-03-056537-5}}
* {{cite book | author=Guch, Ian | title=The Complete Idiot's Guide to Chemistry | publisher=Alpha, Penguin Group Inc. | year=2003 | isbn=1-59257-101-8}}
* {{cite book | author=Mascetta, Joseph A. | title=How to Prepare for the SAT II Chemistry | publisher=Barron's | year=1998 | isbn=0-7641-0331-8}}
 
==External links==
* [http://www.webqc.org/gay_lussac_gas_law.html Gay-Lussac's law calculator]
* http://www.ausetute.com.au/gaylusac.html
* http://chemed.chem.purdue.edu/genchem/topicreview/bp/ch4/gaslaws3.html#amonton
* http://www.bookrags.com/biography/joseph-louis-gay-lussac-wsd/
 
{{Diving medicine, physiology and physics}}
 
{{DEFAULTSORT:Gay-Lussac's Law}}
[[Category:Gas laws]]
 
[[de:Thermische Zustandsgleichung idealer Gase#Gesetz von Gay-Lussac]]

Revision as of 05:20, 17 January 2014

Template:Continuum mechanics The expression Gay-Lussac's law is used for each of the two relationships named after the French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and which concern the properties of gases, though it is more usually applied to his law of combining volumes, the first listed here. The first law relates to volumes before and after a chemical reaction while the second concerns the pressure and temperature relationship for a sample of gas often known as Amontons' Law.

Law of combining volumes

Under STP, a reaction between three cubic meters of hydrogen gas and one cubic meter of nitrogen gas will produce circa two cubic meters of ammonia

The law of combining volumes states that, when gases react together to form other gases, and all volumes are measured at the same temperature and pressure:

The ratio between the volumes of the reactant gases and the products can be expressed in simple whole numbers.

For example, Gay-Lussac found that 2 volumes of Hydrogen and 1 volume of Oxygen would react to form 2 volume of gaseous water. In addition to Gay-Lussac's results, Amedeo Avogadro theorized that, at the same temperature and pressure, equal volumes of gas contain equal numbers of molecules (Avogadro's law). This hypothesis meant that the previously stated result

2 volumes of Hydrogen + 1 volume of Oxygen = 2 volumes of gaseous water

could also be expressed as

2 molecules of Hydrogen + 1 molecule of Oxygen = 2 molecules of water.

The law of combining gases was made public by Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac in 1808.[1][2] Avogadro's hypothesis, however, was not initially accepted by chemists until the Italian chemist Stanislao Cannizzaro was able to convince the First International Chemical Congress in 1860.[3]

Pressure-temperature law

This law is often referred to as Amontons' Law of Pressure-Temperature after Guillaume Amontons, who, between 1700 and 1702, discovered the relationship between the pressure and temperature of a fixed mass of gas kept at a constant volume[4][5][6] Amontons discovered this while building an "air thermometer".

The pressure of a gas of fixed mass and fixed volume is directly proportional to the gas's absolute temperature.

File:Temperature Pressure law.svg
Illustration of pressure varying with temperature.

Simply put, if a gas's temperature increases, then so does its pressure if the mass and volume of the gas are held constant. The law has a particularly simple mathematical form if the temperature is measured on an absolute scale, such as in kelvins. The law can then be expressed mathematically as:

or

where:

P is the pressure of the gas
T is the temperature of the gas (measured in Kelvin).
k is a constant.

This law holds true because temperature is a measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance; as the kinetic energy of a gas increases, its particles collide with the container walls more rapidly, thereby exerting increased pressure.

For comparing the same substance under two different sets of conditions, the law can be written as:

Because Amontons discovered the law beforehand, Gay-Lussac's name is now generally associated within chemistry with the law of combining volumes discussed in the section above. Some introductory physics textbooks still define the pressure-temperature relationship as Gay-Lussac's law.[7][8] Gay-Lussac primarily investigated the relationship between volume and temperature and published it in 1802, but his work did cover some comparison between pressure and temperature.[9] Given the relative technology to both men, Amonton was only able to work with air as a gas, where Gay-Lussac was able to experiment with multiple types of common gases, such as oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen.[10] Gay-Lussac did attribute his findings to Jacques Charles because he used much of Charles's unpublished data from 1787 - hence, the law became known as Charles's law or the Law of Charles and Gay-Lussac[11] However, in recent years the term has fallen out of favor.

Gay-Lussac's (Amontons') Law, Charles' Law, and Boyle's law form the combined gas law. These three gas laws in combination with Avogadro's Law can be generalized by the ideal gas law.

See also

Sportspersons Hyslop from Nicolet, usually spends time with pastimes for example martial arts, property developers condominium in singapore singapore and hot rods. Maintains a trip site and has lots to write about after touring Gulf of Porto: Calanche of Piana.

References

43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.

Further reading

  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534

External links

Template:Diving medicine, physiology and physics

de:Thermische Zustandsgleichung idealer Gase#Gesetz von Gay-Lussac

  1. ↑ Gay-Lussac (1809) "Mémoire sur la combinaison des substances gazeuses, les unes avec les autres" (Memoir on the combination of gaseous substances with each other), Mémoires de la Société d'Arcueil 2: 207-234. Available in English at: Le Moyne College.
  2. ↑ http://www.chemistryexplained.com/Fe-Ge/Guy-Lussac-Joseph-Louis.html
  3. ↑ Hartley, Harold (1966). "Stanislao Cannizzaro, F.R.S. (1826 – 1910) and the First International Chemical Conference at Karlsruhe". Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 21: 56–63. 21 year-old Glazier James Grippo from Edam, enjoys hang gliding, industrial property developers in singapore developers in singapore and camping. Finds the entire world an motivating place we have spent 4 months at Alejandro de Humboldt National Park..
  4. ↑ Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010. Extract.
  5. ↑ http://web.fccj.org/~ethall/gaslaw/gaslaw.htm
  6. ↑ See:
  7. ↑ Tippens, Paul E. (2007). Physics, 7th ed. McGraw-Hill. 386-387.
  8. ↑ Cooper, Crystal (Feb. 11, 2010). "Gay-Lussac's Law". Bright Hub Engineering. Retrieved from http://www.brighthubengineering.com/hvac/26213-gay-lussacs-law/ on July 8, 2013.
  9. ↑ Crosland, Maurice P. (2004). Gay-Lussac: Scientist and Bourgeois. Cambridge University Press. 119-120.
  10. ↑ Astimov, Issac (1966). Understanding Physics - Motion, Sound, and Heat. Walker and Co. 191-192.
  11. ↑ Gay-Lussac (1802) "Recherches sur la dilatation des gaz et des vapeurs" (Researches on the expansion of gases and vapors) Annales de Chimie 43: 137-175. On page 157, Gay-Lussac mentions the unpublished findings of Charles: "Avant d'aller plus loin, je dois prévenir que quoique j'eusse reconnu un grand nombre de fois que les gaz oxigène, azote, hydrogène et acide carbonique, et l'air atmosphérique se dilatent également depuis 0° jusqu'a 80°, le cit. Charles avait remarqué depuis 15 ans la même propriété dans ces gaz ; mais n'avant jamais publié ses résultats, c'est par le plus grand hasard que je les ai connus." (Before going further, I should inform [you] that although I had recognized many times that the gases oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen, and carbonic acid [i.e., carbon dioxide], and atmospheric air also expand from 0° to 80°, citizen Charles had noticed 15 years ago the same property in these gases; but having never published his results, it is by the merest chance that I knew of them.) Available in English at: Le Moyne College.
Retrieved from "https://en.formulasearchengine.com/index.php?title=Drug_design&oldid=5657"