Ground loop (electricity)

In abstract algebra, the term associator is used in different ways as a measure of the nonassociativity of an algebraic structure.

Ring theory

For a nonassociative ring or algebra $R$, the associator is the multilinear map $[\cdot ,\cdot ,\cdot ]:R\times R\times R\to R$ given by

$[x,y,z]=(xy)z-x(yz).$

Just as the commutator measures the degree of noncommutativity, the associator measures the degree of nonassociativity of $R$. It is identically zero for an associative ring or algebra.

The associator in any ring obeys the identity

$w[x,y,z]+[w,x,y]z=[wx,y,z]-[w,xy,z]+[w,x,yz].$

The associator is alternating precisely when $R$ is an alternative ring.

The associator is symmetric in its two rightmost arguments when $R$ is a pre-Lie algebra.

The nucleus is the set of elements that associate with all others: that is, the n in R such that

$[n,R,R]=[R,n,R]=[R,R,n]=\{0\}.$

Quasigroup theory

A quasigroup Q is a set with a binary operation $\cdot :Q\times Q\to Q$ such that for each a,b in Q, the equations $a\cdot x=b$ and $y\cdot a=b$ have unique solutions x,y in Q. In a quasigroup Q, the associator is the map $(\cdot ,\cdot ,\cdot ):Q\times Q\times Q\to Q$ defined by the equation

$(a\cdot b)\cdot c=(a\cdot (b\cdot c))\cdot (a,b,c)$

for all a,b,c in Q. As with its ring theory analog, the quasigroup associator is a measure of nonassociativity of Q.

Higher-dimensional algebra

In higher-dimensional algebra, where there may be non-identity morphisms between algebraic expressions, an associator is an isomorphism

$a_{x,y,z}:(xy)z\mapsto x(yz).$

Category theory

In category theory, the associator expresses the associative properties of the internal product functor in monoidal categories.

See also

• Commutator

References

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