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{{Lie groups |Homogeneous spaces}}
{{Other uses}}
In [[differential geometry]], [[representation theory]] and [[harmonic analysis]], a '''symmetric space''' is a [[smooth manifold]] whose group of symmetries contains an inversion symmetry about every point. There are two ways to formulate the inversion symmetry: via [[Riemannian geometry]] or via [[Lie theory]]. The Lie-theoretic definition is more general and more algebraic.
 
In [[Riemannian geometry]], the inversions are [[geodesic]] symmetries, and these are required to be [[Isometry (Riemannian geometry)|isometries]], leading to the notion of a '''Riemannian symmetric space'''. More generally, in [[Lie theory]] a symmetric space is a [[homogeneous space]] ''G''/''H'' for a Lie group ''G'' such that the stabilizer ''H'' of a point is an open subgroup of the fixed point set of an [[involution (mathematics)|involution]] of ''G''. This definition includes (globally) Riemannian symmetric spaces and [[pseudo-Riemannian manifold|pseudo-Riemannian]] symmetric spaces as special cases.
 
Riemannian symmetric spaces arise in a wide variety of situations in both mathematics and physics. They were first studied extensively and classified by [[Élie Cartan]]. More generally, classifications of [[irreducible representation|irreducible]] and [[semisimple Lie group|semisimple]] symmetric spaces have been given by [[Marcel Berger]]. They are important in representation theory and harmonic analysis as well as differential geometry.
 
==Definition using geodesic symmetries==
Let ''M'' be a connected Riemannian manifold and ''p'' a point of ''M''. A map ''f'' defined on a neighborhood of ''p'' is said to be a '''geodesic symmetry''', if it fixes the point ''p'' and reverses geodesics through that point, i.e. if ''γ'' is a geodesic and <math> \gamma(0)=p</math> then <math>f(\gamma(t))=\gamma(-t).</math> It follows that the derivative of the map at ''p'' is minus the identity map on the  [[tangent space]] of ''p''. On a general Riemannian manifold, ''f'' need not be isometric, nor can it be extended, in general, from a neighbourhood of ''p'' to all of ''M''.
 
''M'' is said to be '''locally Riemannian symmetric''' if its geodesic symmetries are in fact isometric, and '''(globally) Riemannian symmetric''' if in addition its geodesic symmetries are defined on all of ''M''.
 
===Basic properties===
The [[Cartan&ndash;Ambrose&ndash;Hicks theorem]] implies that ''M'' is locally Riemannian symmetric [[if and only if]] its curvature tensor is [[covariant derivative|covariantly constant]], and furthermore that any [[simply connected]], [[complete space|complete]] locally Riemannian symmetric space is actually Riemannian symmetric.
 
Any Riemannian symmetric space ''M'' is complete and Riemannian [[homogeneous space|homogeneous]] (meaning that the isometry group of ''M'' acts transitively on ''M''). In fact, already the identity component of the isometry group acts transitively on ''M'' (because ''M'' is connected).
Locally Riemannian symmetric spaces that are not Riemannian symmetric may be constructed as quotients of Riemannian symmetric spaces by discrete groups of isometries with no fixed points, and as open subsets of (locally) Riemannian symmetric spaces.
 
===Examples===
Basic examples of Riemannian symmetric spaces are [[Euclidean space]], [[sphere]]s, [[projective space]]s, and [[hyperbolic space]]s, each with their standard Riemannian metrics. More examples are provided by compact, semi-simple [[Lie groups]] equipped with a bi-invariant Riemannian metric. An example of a non-Riemannian symmetric space is [[anti-de Sitter space]].
 
Any compact Riemann surface of genus greater than 1 (with its usual metric of constant curvature &minus;1) is a locally symmetric space but not a symmetric space.
 
==General definition==
Let ''G'' be a connected [[Lie group]]. Then a '''symmetric space''' for ''G'' is a homogeneous space ''G''/''H'' where the stabilizer ''H'' of a typical point is an open subgroup of the fixed point set of an [[involution (mathematics)|involution]] ''σ'' in ''Aut(G)''. Thus ''σ'' is an automorphism of ''G'' with ''σ''<sup>2</sup> = id<sub>''G''</sub> and ''H'' is an open subgroup of the set
: <math> G^\sigma=\{ g\in G: \sigma(g) = g\}.</math>
Because ''H'' is open, it is a union of components of ''G''<sup>''σ''</sup> (including, of course, the identity component).
 
As an automorphism of ''G'', ''σ'' fixes the identity element, and hence, by differentiating at the identity, it induces an automorphism of the Lie algebra <math>\mathfrak g</math> of ''G'', also denoted by ''σ'', whose square is the identity. It follows that the eigenvalues of ''σ'' are ±1. The +1 eigenspace is the Lie algebra <math>\mathfrak h</math> of ''H'' (since this is the Lie algebra of ''G''<sup>''σ''</sup>), and the −1 eigenspace will be denoted <math>\mathfrak m</math>. Since ''σ'' is an automorphism of <math>\mathfrak g</math>, this gives a [[direct sum of Lie algebras|direct sum]] decomposition
:<math> \mathfrak g = \mathfrak h\oplus\mathfrak m</math>
with
:<math> [\mathfrak h,\mathfrak h]\subset \mathfrak h,\; [\mathfrak h,\mathfrak m]\subset \mathfrak m,\; [\mathfrak m,\mathfrak m]\subset \mathfrak h.</math>
The first condition is automatic for any homogeneous space: it just says the infinitesimal stabilizer <math>\mathfrak h</math> is a Lie subalgebra of <math>\mathfrak g</math>. The second condition means that <math>\mathfrak m</math> is an <math>\mathfrak h</math>-invariant complement to <math>\mathfrak h</math> in <math>\mathfrak g</math>. Thus any symmetric space is a [[reductive homogeneous space]], but there are many reductive homogeneous spaces which are not symmetric spaces. The key feature of symmetric spaces is the third condition that <math>\mathfrak m</math> brackets into <math>\mathfrak h</math>.
 
Conversely, given any Lie algebra <math> \mathfrak g</math> with a direct sum decomposition satisfying these three conditions, the linear map ''σ'', equal to the identity on <math>\mathfrak h</math> and minus the identity on <math>\mathfrak m</math>, is an involutive automorphism.
 
==Riemannian symmetric spaces are symmetric spaces==
If ''M'' is a Riemannian symmetric space, the identity component ''G'' of the isometry group of ''M'' is a [[Lie group]] acting transitively on ''M'' (''M'' is Riemannian homogeneous). Therefore, if we fix some point ''p'' of ''M'', ''M'' is diffeomorphic to the quotient ''G/K'', where ''K'' denotes the [[isotropy group]] of the action of ''G'' on ''M'' at ''p''. By differentiating the action at ''p'' we obtain an isometric action of ''K'' on T<sub>''p''</sub>''M''. This action is faithful (e.g., by a theorem of Kostant, any isometry in the identity component is determined by its [[jet bundle|1-jet]] at any point) and so ''K'' is a subgroup of the orthogonal group of T<sub>''p''</sub>''M'', hence compact. Moreover, if we denote by ''s''<sub>''p''</sub>: M → M the geodesic symmetry of ''M'' at ''p'', the map
:<math>\sigma: G \to G, h \mapsto s_p \circ h \circ s_p</math>
is an [[Involution (mathematics)|involutive]] Lie group [[automorphism]] such that the isotropy group ''K'' is contained between the fixed point group of ''σ'' and its identity component (hence an open subgroup).
 
To summarize, ''M'' is a symmetric space ''G''/''K'' with a compact isotropy group ''K''. Conversely, symmetric spaces with compact isotropy group are Riemannian symmetric spaces, although not necessarily in a unique way. To obtain a Riemannian symmetric space structure we need to fix a ''K''-invariant inner product on the tangent space to ''G''/''K'' at the identity coset ''eK'': such an inner product always exists by averaging, since ''K'' is compact, and by acting with ''G'', we obtain a ''G''-invariant Riemannian metric ''g'' on ''G''/''K''.
 
To show that ''G''/''K'' is Riemannian symmetric, consider any point ''p'' = ''hK'' (a coset of ''K'', where ''h'' ∈ ''G'') and define
:<math>s_p: M \to M, h'K \mapsto h \sigma(h^{-1}h')K</math>
where ''σ'' is the involution of ''G'' fixing ''K''. Then one can check that ''s''<sub>''p''</sub> is an isometry with (clearly) ''s''<sub>''p''</sub>(''p'') = ''p'' and (by differentiating) d''s''<sub>''p''</sub>  equal to minus the identity on T<sub>''p''</sub>''M''. Thus ''s''<sub>''p''</sub> is a geodesic symmetry and, since ''p'' was arbitrary, ''M'' is a Riemannian symmetric space.
 
If one starts with a Riemannian symmetric space ''M'', and then performs these two constructions in sequence, then the Riemannian symmetric space yielded is isometric to the original one. This shows that the "algebraic data" (''G'',''K'',''σ'',''g'') completely describe the structure of ''M''.
 
==Classification of Riemannian symmetric spaces==
{{main|List of simple Lie groups}}
 
The algebraic description of Riemannian symmetric spaces enabled [[Élie Cartan]] to obtain a complete classification of them in 1926.
 
For a given Riemannian symmetric space ''M'' let (''G'',''K'',''σ'',''g'') be the algebraic data associated to it. To classify possibly isometry classes of ''M'', first note that the [[universal cover]] of a Riemannian symmetric space is again Riemannian symmetric, and the covering map is described by dividing the connected isometry group ''G'' of the covering by a subgroup of its center. Therefore we may suppose without loss of generality that ''M'' is simply connected. (This implies ''K'' is connected by the [[long exact sequence of a fibration]], because ''G'' is connected by assumption.)
 
===Classification scheme===
A simply connected Riemannian symmetric space is said to be '''irreducible''' if it is not the product of two or more Riemannian symmetric spaces. It can then be shown that any simply connected Riemannian symmetric space is a Riemannian product of irreducible ones. Therefore we may further restrict ourselves to classifying the irreducible, simply connected Riemannian symmetric spaces.
 
The next step is to show that any irreducible, simply connected Riemannian symmetric space ''M'' is of one of the following three types:
 
1. '''Euclidean type''': ''M'' has vanishing curvature, and is therefore isometric to a [[Euclidean space]].
 
2. '''Compact type''': ''M'' has nonnegative (but not identically zero) [[sectional curvature]].
 
3. '''Non-compact type''': ''M'' has nonpositive (but not identically zero) sectional curvature.
 
A more refined invariant is the '''rank''', which is the maximum dimension of a subspace of the tangent space (to any point) on which the curvature is identically zero. The rank is always at least one, with equality if the sectional curvature is positive or negative.  If the curvature is positive, the space is of compact type, and if negative, it is of  noncompact type.  The spaces of Euclidean type have rank equal to their dimension and are isometric to a Euclidean space of that dimension. Therefore it remains to classify the irreducible, simply connected Riemannian symmetric spaces of compact and non-compact type. In both cases there are two classes.
 
A. ''G'' is a (real) simple Lie group;
 
B. ''G'' is either the product of a compact simple Lie group with itself (compact type), or a complexification of such a Lie group (non-compact type).
 
The examples in class B are completely described by the classification of [[simple Lie group]]s. For compact type, ''M'' is a compact simply connected simple Lie group, ''G'' is ''M''&times;''M'' and ''K'' is the diagonal subgroup. For non-compact type, ''G'' is a simply connected complex simple Lie group and ''K'' is its maximal compact subgroup. In both cases, the rank is the [[rank of a Lie group|rank of ''G'']].
 
The compact simply connected Lie groups are the universal covers of the classical Lie groups <math>\mathrm{SO}(n)</math>, <math>\mathrm{SU}(n)</math>, <math>\mathrm{Sp}(n)</math> and the five [[Exceptional Lie group#Exceptional algebras|exceptional Lie groups]] ''E<sub>6</sub>'', ''E<sub>7</sub>'', ''E<sub>8</sub>'', ''F<sub>4</sub>'', ''G<sub>2</sub>''.
 
The examples of class A are completely described by the classification of noncompact simply connected real simple Lie groups. For non-compact type, ''G'' is such a group and ''K'' is its maximal compact subgroup. Each such example has a corresponding example of compact type, by considering a maximal compact subgroup of the complexification of ''G'' which contains ''K''. More directly, the examples of compact type are classified by involutive automorphisms of compact simply connected simple Lie groups ''G'' (up to conjugation). Such involutions extend to involutions of the complexification of ''G'', and these in turn classify non-compact real forms of ''G''.
 
In both class A and class B there is thus a correspondence between symmetric spaces of compact type and non-compact type. This is known as duality for Riemannian symmetric spaces.
 
===Classification result===
Specializing to the Riemannian symmetric spaces of class A and compact type, Cartan found that there are the following seven infinite series and twelve exceptional Riemannian symmetric spaces ''G''/''K''. They are here given in terms of ''G'' and ''K'', together with a geometric interpretation, if readily available. The labelling of these spaces is the one given by Cartan.
 
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Label
! ''G''
! ''K''
! Dimension
! Rank
! Geometric interpretation
|-
| AI
| <math>\mathrm{SU}(n)\,</math>
| <math>\mathrm{SO}(n)\,</math>
| width="120pt" |<math>(n-1)(n+2)/2</math>
| ''n''&nbsp;&minus;&nbsp;1
| Space of real structures on <math>\mathbb{C}^n</math> which leave the complex determinant invariant
|-
| AII
| <math>\mathrm{SU}(2n)\,</math>
| <math>\mathrm{Sp}(n)\,</math>
| <math>(n-1)(2n+1) </math>
| ''n''&nbsp;&minus;&nbsp;1
| Space of quaternionic structures on <math>\mathbb{C}^{2n}</math> compatible with the Hermitian metric
|-
| AIII
| <math>\mathrm{SU}(p+q)\,</math>
| <math>\mathrm{S}(\mathrm{U}(p) \times \mathrm{U}(q))\,</math>
| <math>2pq </math>
| min(''p'',''q'')
| [[Grassmannian]] of complex ''p''-dimensional subspaces of <math>\mathbb{C}^{p+q}</math>
|-
| BDI
| <math>\mathrm{SO}(p+q)\,</math>
| <math>\mathrm{SO}(p) \times \mathrm{SO}(q)\,</math>
| <math> pq </math>
| min(''p'',''q'')
| [[Grassmannian]] of oriented real ''p''-dimensional subspaces of <math>\mathbb{R}^{p+q}</math>
|-
| DIII
| <math>\mathrm{SO}(2n)\,</math>
| <math>\mathrm{U}(n)\,</math>
| <math> n(n-1) </math>
| [''n''/2]
| Space of orthogonal complex structures on <math>\mathbb{R}^{2n}</math>
|-
| CI
| <math>\mathrm{Sp}(n)\,</math>
| <math>\mathrm{U}(n)\,</math>
| <math> n(n+1) </math>
| ''n''
| Space of complex structures on <math>\mathbb{H}^n</math> compatible with the inner product
|-
| CII
| <math>\mathrm{Sp}(p+q)\,</math>
| <math>\mathrm{Sp}(p) \times \mathrm{Sp}(q)\,</math>
| <math> 4pq </math>
| min(''p'',''q'')
| [[Grassmannian]] of quaternionic ''p''-dimensional subspaces of <math>\mathbb{H}^{p+q}</math>
|-
| EI
| <math>E_6\,</math>
| <math>\mathrm{Sp}(4)/\{\pm I\}\,</math>
| 42
| 6
|
|-
| EII
| <math>E_6\,</math>
| <math>\mathrm{SU}(6)\cdot\mathrm{SU}(2)\,</math>
| 40
| 4
| Space of symmetric subspaces of <math>(\mathbb C\otimes\mathbb O)P^2</math> isometric to <math>(\mathbb C\otimes \mathbb H)P^2</math>
|-
| EIII
| <math>E_6\,</math>
| <math>\mathrm{SO}(10)\cdot\mathrm{SO}(2)\,</math>
| 32
| 2
| Complexified [[Cayley projective plane]] <math>(\mathbb C\otimes\mathbb O)P^2</math>
|-
| EIV
| <math>E_6\,</math>
| <math>F_4\,</math>
| 26
| 2
| Space of symmetric subspaces of <math>(\mathbb C\otimes\mathbb O)P^2</math> isometric to <math>\mathbb{OP}^2</math>
|-
| EV
| <math>E_7\,</math>
| <math>\mathrm{SU}(8)/\{\pm I\}\,</math>
| 70
| 7
|
|-
| EVI
| <math>E_7\,</math>
| <math>\mathrm{SO}(12)\cdot\mathrm{SU}(2)\,</math>
| 64
| 4
| [[Rosenfeld projective plane]] <math>(\mathbb H\otimes\mathbb O)P^2</math> over <math>\mathbb H\otimes\mathbb O</math>
|-
| EVII
| <math>E_7\,</math>
| <math>E_6\cdot\mathrm{SO}(2)\,</math>
| 54
| 3
| Space of symmetric subspaces of <math>(\mathbb{H}\otimes\mathbb O)P^2</math> isomorphic to <math>(\mathbb{C}\otimes\mathbb O)P^2</math>
|-
| EVIII
| <math>E_8\,</math>
| <math>\mathrm{Spin}(16)/\{\pm vol\}\,</math>
| 128
| 8
| [[Rosenfeld projective plane]] <math>(\mathbb O\otimes\mathbb O)P^2</math>
|-
| EIX
| <math>E_8\,</math>
| <math>E_7\cdot\mathrm{SU}(2)\,</math>
| 112
| 4
| Space of symmetric subspaces of <math>(\mathbb{O}\otimes\mathbb O)P^2</math> isomorphic to <math>(\mathbb{H}\otimes\mathbb O)P^2</math>
|-
| FI
| <math>F_4\,</math>
| <math>\mathrm{Sp}(3)\cdot \mathrm{SU}(2)\,</math>
| 28
| 4
| Space of symmetric subspaces of <math>\mathbb{O}P^2</math> isomorphic to <math>\mathbb{H}P^2</math>
|-
| FII
| <math>F_4\,</math>
| <math>\mathrm{Spin}(9)\,</math>
| 16
| 1
| [[Cayley projective plane]] <math>\mathbb{O}P^2</math>
|-
| G
| <math>G_2\,</math>
| <math>\mathrm{SO}(4)\,</math>
| 8
| 2
| Space of subalgebras of the [[octonion|octonion algebra]] <math>\mathbb{O}</math> which are isomorphic to the [[quaternion|quaternion algebra]] <math>\mathbb{H}</math>
|}
 
===As Grassmannians===
A more modern classification {{Harv|Huang|Leung|2011}} uniformly classifies the Riemannian symmetric spaces, both compact and non-compact, via a [[Freudenthal magic square]] construction. The irreducible compact Riemannian symmetric spaces are, up to finite covers, either a compact simple Lie group, a Grassmannian, a [[Lagrangian Grassmannian]], or a [[double Lagrangian Grassmannian]] of subspaces of <math>(\mathbf A \otimes \mathbf B)^n,</math> for normed division algebras '''A''' and '''B'''. A similar construction produces the irreducible non-compact Riemannian symmetric spaces.
 
==Symmetric spaces in general==
 
An important class of symmetric spaces generalizing the Riemannian symmetric spaces are '''pseudo-Riemannian symmetric spaces''', in which the Riemannian metric is replaced by a [[pseudo-Riemannian metric]] (nondegenerate instead of positive definite on each tangent space). In particular, '''Lorentzian symmetric spaces''', i.e., ''n'' dimensional pseudo-Riemannian symmetric spaces of signature (''n''&nbsp;&minus;&nbsp;1,1), are important in [[general relativity]], the most notable examples being [[Minkowski space]], [[De Sitter space]] and [[anti de Sitter space]] (with zero, positive and negative curvature respectively). De Sitter space of dimension ''n'' may be identified with the 1-sheeted hyperboloid in a Minkowski space of dimension ''n''&nbsp;+&nbsp;1.
 
Symmetric and locally symmetric spaces in general can be regarded as affine symmetric spaces. If ''M'' = ''G''/''H'' is a symmetric space, then Nomizu showed that there is a ''G''-invariant [[torsion-free]] [[affine connection]] on ''M'' whose [[curvature of a connection|curvature]] is [[parallel transport|parallel]]. Conversely a manifold with such a connection is locally symmetric (i.e., its [[universal cover]] is a symmetric space). Such manifolds can also be described as those affine manifolds whose geodesic symmetries are all globally defined affine diffeomorphisms, generalizing the Riemannian and pseudo-Riemannian case.
 
===Classification results===
The classification of Riemannian symmetric spaces does not extend readily to the general case for the simple reason that there is no general splitting of a symmetric space into a product of irreducibles. Here a symmetric space ''G''/''H'' with Lie algebra
:<math>\mathfrak g = \mathfrak h\oplus \mathfrak m</math>
is said to be irreducible if <math>\mathfrak m</math> is an [[irreducible representation]] of <math>\mathfrak h</math>. Since  <math>\mathfrak h</math> is not semisimple (or even reductive) in general, it can have [[indecomposable module|indecomposable]] representations which are not irreducible.
 
However, the irreducible symmetric spaces can be classified. As shown by [[Katsumi Nomizu]], there is a dichotomy: an irreducible symmetric space ''G''/''H'' is either flat (i.e., an affine space) or <math>\mathfrak g</math> is semisimple. This is the analogue of the Riemannian dichotomy between Euclidean spaces and those of compact or noncompact type, and it motivated M. Berger to classify semisimple symmetric spaces (i.e., those with  <math>\mathfrak g</math>  semisimple) and determine which of these are irreducible. The latter question is more subtle than in the Riemannian case: even if <math>\mathfrak g</math> is simple, ''G''/''H'' might not be irreducible.
 
As in the Riemannian case there are semisimple symmetric spaces with ''G'' = ''H'' &times; ''H''. Any semisimple symmetric space is a product of symmetric spaces of this form with symmetric spaces such that <math>\mathfrak g</math> is simple. It remains to describe the latter case. For this, one needs to classify involutions ''σ'' of a (real) simple Lie algebra <math>\mathfrak g</math>. If <math>\mathfrak g^c</math> is not simple, then <math>\mathfrak g</math> is a complex simple Lie algebra, and the corresponding symmetric spaces have the form ''G''/''H'', where ''H'' is a real form of ''G'': these are the analogues of the Riemannian symmetric spaces ''G''/''K'' with ''G'' a complex simple Lie group, and ''K'' a maximal compact subgroup.
 
Thus we may assume <math>\mathfrak g^c</math> is simple. The real subalgebra <math>\mathfrak g</math> may be viewed as the fixed point set of a complex [[antilinear]] involution ''τ'' of <math>\mathfrak g^c</math>, while ''σ'' extends to a complex antilinear involution of <math>\mathfrak g^c</math> commuting with ''τ'' and hence also a complex linear involution ''σ''∘''τ''.
 
The classification therefore reduces to the classification of commuting pairs of antilinear involutions of a complex Lie algebra. The composite ''σ''∘''τ'' determines a complex symmetric space, while ''τ'' determines a real form. From this it is easy to construct tables of symmetric spaces for any given <math>\mathfrak g^c</math>, and furthermore, there is an obvious duality given by exchanging ''σ'' and ''τ''. This extends the compact/non-compact duality from the Riemannian case, where either ''σ'' or ''τ'' is a [[Cartan involution]], i.e., its fixed point set is a maximal compact subalgebra.
 
===Tables===
The following table indexes the real symmetric spaces by complex symmetric spaces and real forms, for each classical and exceptional complex simple Lie group.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="text-align:left" | ''G''<sup>c</sup> = SL(''n'','''C''')
! ''G''<sup>c</sup>/SO(''n'','''C''')
! ''G''<sup>c</sup>/S(GL(''k'','''C''')&times;GL(''l'','''C''')), ''k''+''l''=''n''
! ''G''<sup>c</sup>/Sp(''n'','''C'''), ''n'' even
|-
! style="text-align:left" | ''G'' = SL(''n'','''R''')
| ''G''/SO(''k'',''l'')
| ''G''/S(GL(''k'','''R''')&times;GL(''l'','''R''')) <br/> or ''G''/GL(''n''/2,'''C'''), ''n'' even
| ''G''/Sp(''n'','''R'''), ''n'' even
|-
! style="text-align:left" | ''G'' = SU(''p'',''q''), ''p'' + ''q'' = ''n''
| ''G''/SO(''p'',''q'') <br/> or SU(''p'',''p'')/Sk(''p'','''H''')
| ''G''/S(U(''k''<sub>p</sub>,''k''<sub>''q''</sub>)&times;U(''l''<sub>''p''</sub>,''l''<sub>''q''</sub>)) <br/> or SU(''p'',''p'')/GL(''p'','''C''')
| ''G''/Sp(''p''/2,''q''/2), ''p'',''q'' even <br/> or SU(''p'',''p'')/Sp(2''p'','''R''')
|-
! style="text-align:left" | ''G''=SL(''n''/2,'''H'''), ''n'' even
| ''G''/Sk(''n''/2,'''H''')
| ''G''/S(GL(''k''/2,'''H''')&times;GL(''l''/2,'''H''')), ''k'',''l'' even <br/> or ''G''/GL(''n''/2,'''C''')
| ''G''/Sp(''k''/2,''l''/2), ''k'',''l'' even, ''k''+''l''=''n''
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="text-align:left" | ''G''<sup>c</sup>=SO(''n'','''C''')
! ''G''<sup>c</sup>/SO(''k'','''C''')&times;SO(''l'','''C'''), ''k''+''l''=''n''
! ''G''<sup>c</sup>/GL(''n''/2,'''C'''), ''n'' even
|-
! style="text-align:left" | ''G''=SO(''p'',''q'')
| ''G''/SO(''k''<sub>''p''</sub>,''k''<sub>''q''</sub>)&times;SO(''l''<sub>''p''</sub>,''l''<sub>''q''</sub>) <br/> or SO(''n'',''n'')/SO(''n'','''C''')
| ''G''/U(''p''/2,''q''/2), ''p'',''q'' even <br/> or SO(''n'',''n'')/GL(''n'','''R''')
|-
! style="text-align:left" | ''G''&nbsp;=&nbsp;Sk(''n''/2,'''H'''), ''n'' even
| ''G''/Sk(''k''/2,''l''/2), ''k'',''l'' even <br/> or ''G''/SO(''n''/2,'''C''')
| ''G''/U(''k''/2,''l''/2), ''k'',''l'' even <br/> or ''G''/SL(''n''/4,'''H''')
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="text-align:left" | ''G''<sup>c</sup>&nbsp;=&nbsp;Sp(2''n'','''C''')
! ''G''<sup>c</sup>/Sp(2''k'','''C''')&times;Sp(2''l'','''C'''), ''k''&nbsp;+&nbsp;''l''&nbsp;=&nbsp;''n''
! ''G''<sup>c</sup>/GL(''n'','''C''')
|-
! style="text-align:left" | ''G''&nbsp;=&nbsp;Sp(''p'',''q''), ''p''&nbsp;+&nbsp;''q''&nbsp;=&nbsp;''n''
| ''G''/Sp(''k''<sub>p</sub>,''k''<sub>''q''</sub>)&times;Sp(''l''<sub>''p''</sub>,''l''<sub>''q''</sub>) <br/> or Sp(''n'',''n'')/Sp(''n'','''C''')
| ''G''/U(''p'',''q'') <br/>or Sp(''p'',''p'')/GL(''p'','''H''')
|-
! style="text-align:left" | ''G''&nbsp;=&nbsp;Sp(2''n'','''R''')
| ''G''/Sp(2''k'','''R''')&times;Sp(2''l'','''R''') <br/>or ''G''/Sp(''n'','''C''')
| ''G''/U(''k'',''l''), ''k''&nbsp;+&nbsp;''l''&nbsp;=&nbsp;''n'' <br/> or ''G''/GL(''n'','''R''')
|}
 
For exceptional simple Lie groups, the Riemannian case is included explicitly below, by allowing ''σ'' to be the identity involution (indicated by a dash). In the above tables this is implicitly covered by the case ''kl''=0.
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="text-align:left" | ''G''<sub>2</sub><sup>''c''</sup>
! &ndash;
! ''G''<sub>2</sub><sup>c</sup>/SL(2,'''C''')&times; SL(2,'''C''')
|-
! ''G''<sub>2</sub>
| &ndash;
| ''G''<sub>2</sub>/SU(2)&times;SU(2)
|-
! ''G''<sub>2(2)</sub>
| ''G''<sub>2(2)</sub>/SU(2)&times;SU(2)
| ''G''<sub>2(2)</sub>/SL(2,'''R''')&times; SL(2,'''R''')
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="text-align:left" | F<sub>4</sub><sup>c</sup>
! &ndash;
! ''F''<sub>4</sub><sup>c</sup>/Sp(6,'''C''')&times;Sp(2,'''C''')
! ''F''<sub>4</sub><sup>c</sup>/SO(9,'''C''')
|-
! ''F''<sub>4</sub>
| &ndash;
| ''F''<sub>4</sub>/Sp(3)&times;Sp(1)
| ''F''<sub>4</sub>/SO(9)
|-
! ''F''<sub>4(4)</sub>
| ''F''<sub>4(4)</sub>/Sp(3)&times;Sp(1)
| ''F''<sub>4(4)</sub>/Sp(6,'''R''')&times;Sp(2,'''R''')<br/> or F<sub>4(4)</sub>/Sp(2,1)&times;Sp(1)
| ''F''<sub>4(4)</sub>/SO(5,4)
|-
! ''F''<sub>4(−20)</sub>
| ''F''<sub>4(−20)</sub>/SO(9)
| ''F''<sub>4(−20)</sub>/Sp(2,1)&times;Sp(1)
| ''F''<sub>4(−20)</sub>/SO(8,1)
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="text-align:left" | E<sub>6</sub><sup>c</sup>
! &ndash;
! E<sub>6</sub><sup>c</sup>/Sp(8,'''C''')
! E<sub>6</sub><sup>c</sup>/SL(6,'''C''')&times;SL(2,'''C''')
! E<sub>6</sub><sup>c</sup>/SO(10,'''C''')&times;SO(2,''C'')
! E<sub>6</sub><sup>c</sup>/F<sub>4</sub><sup>c</sup>
|-
! E<sub>6</sub>
| &ndash;
| E<sub>6</sub>/Sp(4)
| E<sub>6</sub>/SU(6)&times;SU(2)
| E<sub>6</sub>/SO(10)&times;SO(2)
| E<sub>6</sub>/F<sub>4</sub>
|-
! E<sub>6(6)</sub>
| E<sub>6(6)</sub>/Sp(4)
| E<sub>6(6)</sub>/Sp(2,2) <br/>or E<sub>6(6)</sub>/Sp(8,'''R''')
| E<sub>6(6)</sub>/SL(6,'''R''')&times;SL(2,'''R''') <br/>or E<sub>6(6)</sub>/SL(3,'''H''')&times;SU(2)
| E<sub>6(6)</sub>/SO(5,5)&times;SO(1,1)
| E<sub>6(6)</sub>/F<sub>4(4)</sub>
|-
! E<sub>6(2)</sub>
| E<sub>6(2)</sub>/SU(6)&times;SU(2)
| E<sub>6(2)</sub>/Sp(3,1) <br/>or E<sub>6(2)</sub>/Sp(8,'''R''')
| E<sub>6(2)</sub>/SU(4,2)&times;SU(2) <br/>or E<sub>6(2)</sub>/SU(3,3)&times;SL(2,'''R''')
| E<sub>6(2)</sub>/SO(6,4)&times;SO(2) <br/>or E<sub>6(2)</sub>/Sk(5,'''H''')&times;SO(2)
| E<sub>6(2)</sub>/F<sub>4(4)</sub>
|-
! E<sub>6(−14)</sub>
| E<sub>6(−14)</sub>/SO(10)&times;SO(2)
| E<sub>6(−14)</sub>/Sp(2,2)
| E<sub>6(−14)</sub>/SU(4,2)&times;SU(2) <br/>or E<sub>6(−14)</sub>/SU(5,1)&times;SL(2,'''R''')
| E<sub>6(−14)</sub>/SO(8,2)&times;SO(2) <br/>or Sk(5,'''H''')&times;SO(2)
| E<sub>6(−14)</sub>/F<sub>4(−20)</sub>
|-
! E<sub>6(−26)</sub>
| E<sub>6(−26)</sub>/F<sub>4</sub>
| E<sub>6(−26)</sub>/Sp(3,1)
| E<sub>6(−26)</sub>/SL(3,'''H''')&times;Sp(1)
| E<sub>6(−26)</sub>/SO(9,1)&times;SO(1,1)
| E<sub>6(−26)</sub>/F<sub>4(&minus;20)</sub>
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="text-align:left" | E<sub>7</sub><sup>c</sup>
! &ndash;
! E<sub>7</sub><sup>c</sup>/SL(8,'''C''')
! E<sub>7</sub><sup>c</sup>/SO(12,'''C''')&times;Sp(2,'''C''')
! E<sub>7</sub><sup>c</sup>/E<sub>6</sub><sup>c</sup>&times;SO(2,'''C''')
|-
! E<sub>7</sub>
| &ndash;
| E<sub>7</sub>/SU(8)
| E<sub>7</sub>/SO(12)&times; Sp(1)
| E<sub>7</sub>/E<sub>6</sub>&times; SO(2)
|-
! E<sub>7(7)</sub>
| E<sub>7(7)</sub>/SU(8)
| E<sub>7(7)</sub>/SU(4,4) <br/> or E<sub>7(7)</sub>/SL(8,'''R''')<br/>or E<sub>7(7)</sub>/SL(4,'''H''')
| E<sub>7(7)</sub>/SO(6,6)&times;SL(2,'''R''') <br/> or E<sub>7(7)</sub>/Sk(6,'''H''')&times;Sp(1)
| E<sub>7(7)</sub>/E<sub>6(6)</sub>&times;SO(1,1) <br/> or E<sub>7(7)</sub>/E<sub>6(2)</sub>&times;SO(2)
|-
! E<sub>7(−5)</sub>
| E<sub>7(−5)</sub>/SO(12)&times; Sp(1)
| E<sub>7(−5)</sub>/SU(4,4) <br/> or E<sub>7(−5)</sub>/SU(6,2)
| E<sub>7(−5)</sub>/SO(8,4)&times;SU(2) <br/> or E<sub>7(−5)</sub>/Sk(6,'''H''')&times;SL(2,'''R''')
| E<sub>7(−5)</sub>/E<sub>6(2)</sub>&times;SO(2) <br/> or E<sub>7(−5)</sub>/E<sub>6(−14)</sub>&times;SO(2)
|-
! E<sub>7(−25)</sub>
| E<sub>7(−25)</sub>/E<sub>6</sub>&times; SO(2)
| E<sub>7(−25)</sub>/SL(4,'''H''') <br/> or E<sub>7(−25)</sub>/SU(6,2)
| E<sub>7(−25)</sub>/SO(10,2)&times;SL(2,'''R''') <br/> or E<sub>7(−25)</sub>/Sk(6,'''H''')&times;Sp(1)
| E<sub>7(−25)</sub>/E<sub>6(−14)</sub>&times;SO(2) <br/> or E<sub>7(−25)</sub>/E<sub>6(−26)</sub>&times;SO(1,1)
|}
 
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|-
! style="text-align:left" | E<sub>8</sub><sup>c</sup>
| &ndash;
! E<sub>8</sub><sup>c</sup>/SO(16,'''C''')
! E<sub>8</sub><sup>c</sup>/E<sub>7</sub><sup>c</sup>&times;Sp(2,'''C''')
|-
! E<sub>8</sub>
| &ndash;
| E<sub>8</sub>/SO(16)
| E<sub>8</sub>/E<sub>7</sub>&times;Sp(1)
|-
! E<sub>8(8)</sub>
| E<sub>8(8)</sub>/SO(16)
| E<sub>8(8)</sub>/SO(8,8) or E<sub>8(8)</sub>/Sk(8,'''H''')
| E<sub>8(8)</sub>/E<sub>7(7)</sub>&times;SL(2,'''R''') or E<sub>8(8)</sub>/E<sub>7(−5)</sub>&times;SU(2)
|-
! E<sub>8(−24)</sub>
| E<sub>8(−24)</sub>/E<sub>7</sub>&times;Sp(1)
| E<sub>8(−24)</sub>/SO(12,4) or E<sub>8(−24)</sub>/Sk(8,'''H''')
| E<sub>8(−24)</sub>/E<sub>7(−5)</sub>&times;SU(2) or  E<sub>8(−24)</sub>/E<sub>7(−25)</sub>&times;SL(2,'''R''')
|}
 
==Weakly symmetric Riemannian spaces==
{{main|Weakly symmetric space}}
In the 1950s [[Atle Selberg]] extended Cartan's definition of symmetric space to that of '''weakly symmetric Riemannian space''', or in current terminology '''weakly symmetric space'''. These are defined as Riemannian manifolds ''M''  with a transitive connected Lie group of isometries ''G'' and an isometry σ normalising ''G'' such that given ''x'', ''y'' in ''M'' there is an isometry ''s'' in ''G'' such that ''sx'' =  σ''y'' and ''sy'' = σ''x''. (Selberg's assumption that ''s''<sup>2</sup> should be an element of ''G'' was later shown to be unnecessary by [[Ernest Vinberg]].) Selberg proved that weakly symmetric spaces give rise to [[Gelfand pair]]s, so that in particular the [[unitary representation]] of ''G'' on ''L''<sup>2</sup>(''M'') is multiplicity free.
 
Selberg's definition can also be phrased equivalently in terms of a generalization of geodesic symmetry. It is required that for every point ''x'' in ''M'' and tangent vector ''X'' at ''x'', there is an isometry ''s'' of ''M'', depending on ''x'' and ''X'', such that
 
*''s'' fixes ''x'';
*the derivative of ''s'' at ''x'' sends ''X'' to –''X''.
 
When ''s'' is independent of ''X'', ''M'' is a symmetric space.
An account of weakly symmetric spaces and their classification by Akhiezer and Vinberg, based on the classification of periodic automorphisms of complex [[semisimple Lie algebra]]s, is given in {{harvtxt|Wolf|2007}}.
 
==Applications and special cases==
===Symmetric spaces and holonomy===
{{main|Holonomy group}}
 
If the identity component of the [[holonomy group#Riemannian holonomy|holonomy group]] of a Riemannian manifold at a point acts irreducibly on the tangent space, then either the manifold is a locally Riemannian symmetric space, or it is in one of [[holonomy group#The Berger classification|7 families]].
 
===Hermitian symmetric spaces===
{{main|Hermitian symmetric space}}
 
A Riemannian symmetric space which is additionally equipped with a parallel complex structure compatible with the Riemannian metric is called a [[Hermitian symmetric space]]. Some examples are complex vector spaces and complex projective spaces, both with their usual Riemannian metric, and the complex unit balls with suitable metrics so that they become complete and Riemannian symmetric.
 
An irreducible symmetric space ''G''/''K'' is Hermitian if and only if ''K'' contains a central circle. A quarter turn by this circle acts as multiplication by ''i'' on the tangent space at the identity coset. Thus the Hermitian symmetric spaces are easily read off of the classification. In both the compact and the non-compact cases it turns out that there are four infinite series, namely AIII, BDI with ''p=2'', DIII and CI, and two exceptional spaces, namely EIII and EVII. The non-compact Hermitian symmetric spaces can be realized as bounded symmetric domains in complex vector spaces.
 
===Quaternion-Kähler symmetric spaces===
{{main|Quaternion-Kähler symmetric space}}
 
A Riemannian symmetric space which is additionally equipped with a parallel subbundle of End(T''M'') isomorphic to the imaginary quaternions at each point, and compatible with the Riemannian metric, is called [[Quaternion-Kähler symmetric space]].
 
An irreducible symmetric space ''G''/''K'' is quaternion-Kähler if and only if isotropy representation of ''K'' contains an Sp(1) summand acting like the [[unit quaternion]]s on a [[quaternionic vector space]]. Thus the quaternion-Kähler symmetric spaces are easily read off from the classification. In both the compact and the non-compact cases it turns out that there is exactly one for each complex simple Lie group, namely AI with ''p''&nbsp;=&nbsp;2 or ''q''&nbsp;=&nbsp;2 (these are isomorphic),  BDI with ''p''&nbsp;=&nbsp;4 or ''q''&nbsp;=&nbsp;4, CII with ''p''&nbsp;=&nbsp;1 or ''q''&nbsp;=&nbsp;1, EII, EVI, EIX, FI and&nbsp;G.
 
===Bott periodicity theorem===
{{main|Bott periodicity theorem}}
 
In the [[Bott periodicity theorem]], the [[loop spaces]] of the stable [[orthogonal group]] can be interpreted as reductive symmetric spaces.
 
==See also==
*[[Orthogonal symmetric Lie algebra]]
*[[Relative root system]]
*[[Satake diagram]]
 
==References==
*{{citation|doi=10.1007/BF01236659|first=D. N.|last=Akhiezer|first2=E. B.|last2=Vinberg|authorlink2=Ernest Vinberg|title=Weakly symmetric spaces and spherical varieties|journal=Transf. Groups|volume=4|year=1999|pages=3&ndash;24}}
*{{citation|first= E. P. |last=van den Ban|first2= M. |last2=Flensted-Jensen|first3= H.|last3= Schlichtkrull|title=Harmonic analysis on semisimple symmetric spaces: A survey of some general results|series= in Representation Theory and Automorphic Forms: Instructional Conference, International Centre for Mathematical Sciences, March 1996, Edinburgh, Scotland| publisher=American Mathematical Society|year= 1997|isbn= 978-0-8218-0609-8}}
*{{citation| first=Marcel|last= Berger|authorlink=Marcel Berger|title=Les espaces symmétriques noncompacts|journal=Annales Scientifiques de l'École Normale Supérieure|volume=74|year=1957|pages=85&ndash;177|url=http://www.numdam.org/item?id=ASENS_1957_3_74_2_85_0}}
* {{citation|first=Arthur Lancelot| last=Besse|authorlink=Arthur Besse| title=Einstein Manifolds|publisher=Springer-Verlag|year=1987|isbn=0-387-15279-2}} Contains a compact introduction and lots of tables.
* {{citation|first=Armand|last= Borel|authorlink=Armand Borel| title=Essays in the History of Lie Groups and Algebraic Groups|publisher=American Mathematical Society|year= 2001|isbn= 0-8218-0288-7}}
* {{citation|first=Élie|last= Cartan|authorlink=Élie Cartan|title=Sur une classe remarquable d’espaces de Riemann, I|journal=  Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France|volume= 54|year=1926|pages= 214&ndash;216}}
* {{citation|first=Élie|last= Cartan| title= Sur une classe remarquable d'espaces de Riemann, II|journal= Bulletin de la Société Mathématique de France|volume=55|year=1927|pages=114&ndash;134}}
* {{citation|first=Mogens|last= Flensted-Jensen|title= Analysis on Non-Riemannian Symmetric Spaces|series= CBMS Regional Conference|publisher= Americal Mathematical Society| year= 1986|isbn=978-0-8218-0711-8}}
*{{citation|first=Sigurdur|last=Helgason|title=Differential geometry, Lie groups and symmetric spaces|year=1978|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=0-12-338460-5}} The standard book on Riemannian symmetric spaces.
*{{citation|first=Sigurdur|last=Helgason|title=Groups and Geometric Analysis: Integral Geometry, Invariant Differential Operators, and Spherical Functions|year=1984|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=0-12-338301-3}}
* {{cite doi|10.1007/s00208-010-0549-8}}
* {{citation|first=Shoshichi|last= Kobayashi|first2= Katsumi|last2= Nomizu|title=[[Foundations of Differential Geometry]], Volume II|publisher= Wiley Classics Library edition|year= 1996|isbn= 0-471-15732-5}} Chapter XI contains a good introduction to Riemannian symmetric spaces.
* {{citation|first=Ottmar|last= Loos|title=Symmetric spaces I: General Theory|publisher= Benjamin|year= 1969}}
* {{citation|first=Ottmar|last= Loos|title=Symmetric spaces II: Compact Spaces and Classification|publisher= Benjamin|year= 1969}}
*{{citation|doi=10.2307/2372398|first=K.|last= Nomizu|authorlink=Katsumi Nomizu|title= Invariant affine connections on homogeneous spaces|jstor=2372398|journal=Amer. J. Math.|volume= 76|issue=1|year= 1954|pages=33–65}}
*{{citation|first=Atle|last=Selberg|authorlink=Atle Selberg|title=Harmonic analysis and discontinuous groups in weakly symmetric riemannian spaces, with applications to Dirichlet series|journal=J. Indian Math. Society|volume=20|year=1956|pages=47&ndash;87}}
* {{citation|first=Joseph A.|last= Wolf|title=Spaces of constant curvature|edition=5th|year= 1999|publisher=McGraw–Hill}}
*{{citation|title=Harmonic Analysis on Commutative Spaces|first=Joseph A.|last= Wolf|publisher=American Mathematical Society|year= 2007
|isbn=0-8218-4289-7}}
 
[[Category:Differential geometry]]
[[Category:Riemannian geometry]]
[[Category:Lie groups]]
[[Category:Homogeneous spaces]]

Revision as of 16:36, 28 November 2013

Template:Lie groups I'm Fernando (21) from Seltjarnarnes, Iceland.
I'm learning Norwegian literature at a local college and I'm just about to graduate.
I have a part time job in a the office.

my site; wellness [continue reading this..] In differential geometry, representation theory and harmonic analysis, a symmetric space is a smooth manifold whose group of symmetries contains an inversion symmetry about every point. There are two ways to formulate the inversion symmetry: via Riemannian geometry or via Lie theory. The Lie-theoretic definition is more general and more algebraic.

In Riemannian geometry, the inversions are geodesic symmetries, and these are required to be isometries, leading to the notion of a Riemannian symmetric space. More generally, in Lie theory a symmetric space is a homogeneous space G/H for a Lie group G such that the stabilizer H of a point is an open subgroup of the fixed point set of an involution of G. This definition includes (globally) Riemannian symmetric spaces and pseudo-Riemannian symmetric spaces as special cases.

Riemannian symmetric spaces arise in a wide variety of situations in both mathematics and physics. They were first studied extensively and classified by Élie Cartan. More generally, classifications of irreducible and semisimple symmetric spaces have been given by Marcel Berger. They are important in representation theory and harmonic analysis as well as differential geometry.

Definition using geodesic symmetries

Let M be a connected Riemannian manifold and p a point of M. A map f defined on a neighborhood of p is said to be a geodesic symmetry, if it fixes the point p and reverses geodesics through that point, i.e. if γ is a geodesic and γ(0)=p then f(γ(t))=γ(t). It follows that the derivative of the map at p is minus the identity map on the tangent space of p. On a general Riemannian manifold, f need not be isometric, nor can it be extended, in general, from a neighbourhood of p to all of M.

M is said to be locally Riemannian symmetric if its geodesic symmetries are in fact isometric, and (globally) Riemannian symmetric if in addition its geodesic symmetries are defined on all of M.

Basic properties

The Cartan–Ambrose–Hicks theorem implies that M is locally Riemannian symmetric if and only if its curvature tensor is covariantly constant, and furthermore that any simply connected, complete locally Riemannian symmetric space is actually Riemannian symmetric.

Any Riemannian symmetric space M is complete and Riemannian homogeneous (meaning that the isometry group of M acts transitively on M). In fact, already the identity component of the isometry group acts transitively on M (because M is connected).

Locally Riemannian symmetric spaces that are not Riemannian symmetric may be constructed as quotients of Riemannian symmetric spaces by discrete groups of isometries with no fixed points, and as open subsets of (locally) Riemannian symmetric spaces.

Examples

Basic examples of Riemannian symmetric spaces are Euclidean space, spheres, projective spaces, and hyperbolic spaces, each with their standard Riemannian metrics. More examples are provided by compact, semi-simple Lie groups equipped with a bi-invariant Riemannian metric. An example of a non-Riemannian symmetric space is anti-de Sitter space.

Any compact Riemann surface of genus greater than 1 (with its usual metric of constant curvature −1) is a locally symmetric space but not a symmetric space.

General definition

Let G be a connected Lie group. Then a symmetric space for G is a homogeneous space G/H where the stabilizer H of a typical point is an open subgroup of the fixed point set of an involution σ in Aut(G). Thus σ is an automorphism of G with σ2 = idG and H is an open subgroup of the set

Gσ={gG:σ(g)=g}.

Because H is open, it is a union of components of Gσ (including, of course, the identity component).

As an automorphism of G, σ fixes the identity element, and hence, by differentiating at the identity, it induces an automorphism of the Lie algebra g of G, also denoted by σ, whose square is the identity. It follows that the eigenvalues of σ are ±1. The +1 eigenspace is the Lie algebra h of H (since this is the Lie algebra of Gσ), and the −1 eigenspace will be denoted m. Since σ is an automorphism of g, this gives a direct sum decomposition

g=hm

with

[h,h]h,[h,m]m,[m,m]h.

The first condition is automatic for any homogeneous space: it just says the infinitesimal stabilizer h is a Lie subalgebra of g. The second condition means that m is an h-invariant complement to h in g. Thus any symmetric space is a reductive homogeneous space, but there are many reductive homogeneous spaces which are not symmetric spaces. The key feature of symmetric spaces is the third condition that m brackets into h.

Conversely, given any Lie algebra g with a direct sum decomposition satisfying these three conditions, the linear map σ, equal to the identity on h and minus the identity on m, is an involutive automorphism.

Riemannian symmetric spaces are symmetric spaces

If M is a Riemannian symmetric space, the identity component G of the isometry group of M is a Lie group acting transitively on M (M is Riemannian homogeneous). Therefore, if we fix some point p of M, M is diffeomorphic to the quotient G/K, where K denotes the isotropy group of the action of G on M at p. By differentiating the action at p we obtain an isometric action of K on TpM. This action is faithful (e.g., by a theorem of Kostant, any isometry in the identity component is determined by its 1-jet at any point) and so K is a subgroup of the orthogonal group of TpM, hence compact. Moreover, if we denote by sp: M → M the geodesic symmetry of M at p, the map

σ:GG,hsphsp

is an involutive Lie group automorphism such that the isotropy group K is contained between the fixed point group of σ and its identity component (hence an open subgroup).

To summarize, M is a symmetric space G/K with a compact isotropy group K. Conversely, symmetric spaces with compact isotropy group are Riemannian symmetric spaces, although not necessarily in a unique way. To obtain a Riemannian symmetric space structure we need to fix a K-invariant inner product on the tangent space to G/K at the identity coset eK: such an inner product always exists by averaging, since K is compact, and by acting with G, we obtain a G-invariant Riemannian metric g on G/K.

To show that G/K is Riemannian symmetric, consider any point p = hK (a coset of K, where hG) and define

sp:MM,hKhσ(h1h)K

where σ is the involution of G fixing K. Then one can check that sp is an isometry with (clearly) sp(p) = p and (by differentiating) dsp equal to minus the identity on TpM. Thus sp is a geodesic symmetry and, since p was arbitrary, M is a Riemannian symmetric space.

If one starts with a Riemannian symmetric space M, and then performs these two constructions in sequence, then the Riemannian symmetric space yielded is isometric to the original one. This shows that the "algebraic data" (G,K,σ,g) completely describe the structure of M.

Classification of Riemannian symmetric spaces

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The algebraic description of Riemannian symmetric spaces enabled Élie Cartan to obtain a complete classification of them in 1926.

For a given Riemannian symmetric space M let (G,K,σ,g) be the algebraic data associated to it. To classify possibly isometry classes of M, first note that the universal cover of a Riemannian symmetric space is again Riemannian symmetric, and the covering map is described by dividing the connected isometry group G of the covering by a subgroup of its center. Therefore we may suppose without loss of generality that M is simply connected. (This implies K is connected by the long exact sequence of a fibration, because G is connected by assumption.)

Classification scheme

A simply connected Riemannian symmetric space is said to be irreducible if it is not the product of two or more Riemannian symmetric spaces. It can then be shown that any simply connected Riemannian symmetric space is a Riemannian product of irreducible ones. Therefore we may further restrict ourselves to classifying the irreducible, simply connected Riemannian symmetric spaces.

The next step is to show that any irreducible, simply connected Riemannian symmetric space M is of one of the following three types:

1. Euclidean type: M has vanishing curvature, and is therefore isometric to a Euclidean space.

2. Compact type: M has nonnegative (but not identically zero) sectional curvature.

3. Non-compact type: M has nonpositive (but not identically zero) sectional curvature.

A more refined invariant is the rank, which is the maximum dimension of a subspace of the tangent space (to any point) on which the curvature is identically zero. The rank is always at least one, with equality if the sectional curvature is positive or negative. If the curvature is positive, the space is of compact type, and if negative, it is of noncompact type. The spaces of Euclidean type have rank equal to their dimension and are isometric to a Euclidean space of that dimension. Therefore it remains to classify the irreducible, simply connected Riemannian symmetric spaces of compact and non-compact type. In both cases there are two classes.

A. G is a (real) simple Lie group;

B. G is either the product of a compact simple Lie group with itself (compact type), or a complexification of such a Lie group (non-compact type).

The examples in class B are completely described by the classification of simple Lie groups. For compact type, M is a compact simply connected simple Lie group, G is M×M and K is the diagonal subgroup. For non-compact type, G is a simply connected complex simple Lie group and K is its maximal compact subgroup. In both cases, the rank is the rank of G.

The compact simply connected Lie groups are the universal covers of the classical Lie groups SO(n), SU(n), Sp(n) and the five exceptional Lie groups E6, E7, E8, F4, G2.

The examples of class A are completely described by the classification of noncompact simply connected real simple Lie groups. For non-compact type, G is such a group and K is its maximal compact subgroup. Each such example has a corresponding example of compact type, by considering a maximal compact subgroup of the complexification of G which contains K. More directly, the examples of compact type are classified by involutive automorphisms of compact simply connected simple Lie groups G (up to conjugation). Such involutions extend to involutions of the complexification of G, and these in turn classify non-compact real forms of G.

In both class A and class B there is thus a correspondence between symmetric spaces of compact type and non-compact type. This is known as duality for Riemannian symmetric spaces.

Classification result

Specializing to the Riemannian symmetric spaces of class A and compact type, Cartan found that there are the following seven infinite series and twelve exceptional Riemannian symmetric spaces G/K. They are here given in terms of G and K, together with a geometric interpretation, if readily available. The labelling of these spaces is the one given by Cartan.

Label G K Dimension Rank Geometric interpretation
AI SU(n) SO(n) (n1)(n+2)/2 n − 1 Space of real structures on n which leave the complex determinant invariant
AII SU(2n) Sp(n) (n1)(2n+1) n − 1 Space of quaternionic structures on 2n compatible with the Hermitian metric
AIII SU(p+q) S(U(p)×U(q)) 2pq min(p,q) Grassmannian of complex p-dimensional subspaces of p+q
BDI SO(p+q) SO(p)×SO(q) pq min(p,q) Grassmannian of oriented real p-dimensional subspaces of p+q
DIII SO(2n) U(n) n(n1) [n/2] Space of orthogonal complex structures on 2n
CI Sp(n) U(n) n(n+1) n Space of complex structures on n compatible with the inner product
CII Sp(p+q) Sp(p)×Sp(q) 4pq min(p,q) Grassmannian of quaternionic p-dimensional subspaces of p+q
EI E6 Sp(4)/{±I} 42 6
EII E6 SU(6)SU(2) 40 4 Space of symmetric subspaces of (𝕆)P2 isometric to ()P2
EIII E6 SO(10)SO(2) 32 2 Complexified Cayley projective plane (𝕆)P2
EIV E6 F4 26 2 Space of symmetric subspaces of (𝕆)P2 isometric to 𝕆2
EV E7 SU(8)/{±I} 70 7
EVI E7 SO(12)SU(2) 64 4 Rosenfeld projective plane (𝕆)P2 over 𝕆
EVII E7 E6SO(2) 54 3 Space of symmetric subspaces of (𝕆)P2 isomorphic to (𝕆)P2
EVIII E8 Spin(16)/{±vol} 128 8 Rosenfeld projective plane (𝕆𝕆)P2
EIX E8 E7SU(2) 112 4 Space of symmetric subspaces of (𝕆𝕆)P2 isomorphic to (𝕆)P2
FI F4 Sp(3)SU(2) 28 4 Space of symmetric subspaces of 𝕆P2 isomorphic to P2
FII F4 Spin(9) 16 1 Cayley projective plane 𝕆P2
G G2 SO(4) 8 2 Space of subalgebras of the octonion algebra 𝕆 which are isomorphic to the quaternion algebra

As Grassmannians

A more modern classification Template:Harv uniformly classifies the Riemannian symmetric spaces, both compact and non-compact, via a Freudenthal magic square construction. The irreducible compact Riemannian symmetric spaces are, up to finite covers, either a compact simple Lie group, a Grassmannian, a Lagrangian Grassmannian, or a double Lagrangian Grassmannian of subspaces of (AB)n, for normed division algebras A and B. A similar construction produces the irreducible non-compact Riemannian symmetric spaces.

Symmetric spaces in general

An important class of symmetric spaces generalizing the Riemannian symmetric spaces are pseudo-Riemannian symmetric spaces, in which the Riemannian metric is replaced by a pseudo-Riemannian metric (nondegenerate instead of positive definite on each tangent space). In particular, Lorentzian symmetric spaces, i.e., n dimensional pseudo-Riemannian symmetric spaces of signature (n − 1,1), are important in general relativity, the most notable examples being Minkowski space, De Sitter space and anti de Sitter space (with zero, positive and negative curvature respectively). De Sitter space of dimension n may be identified with the 1-sheeted hyperboloid in a Minkowski space of dimension n + 1.

Symmetric and locally symmetric spaces in general can be regarded as affine symmetric spaces. If M = G/H is a symmetric space, then Nomizu showed that there is a G-invariant torsion-free affine connection on M whose curvature is parallel. Conversely a manifold with such a connection is locally symmetric (i.e., its universal cover is a symmetric space). Such manifolds can also be described as those affine manifolds whose geodesic symmetries are all globally defined affine diffeomorphisms, generalizing the Riemannian and pseudo-Riemannian case.

Classification results

The classification of Riemannian symmetric spaces does not extend readily to the general case for the simple reason that there is no general splitting of a symmetric space into a product of irreducibles. Here a symmetric space G/H with Lie algebra

g=hm

is said to be irreducible if m is an irreducible representation of h. Since h is not semisimple (or even reductive) in general, it can have indecomposable representations which are not irreducible.

However, the irreducible symmetric spaces can be classified. As shown by Katsumi Nomizu, there is a dichotomy: an irreducible symmetric space G/H is either flat (i.e., an affine space) or g is semisimple. This is the analogue of the Riemannian dichotomy between Euclidean spaces and those of compact or noncompact type, and it motivated M. Berger to classify semisimple symmetric spaces (i.e., those with g semisimple) and determine which of these are irreducible. The latter question is more subtle than in the Riemannian case: even if g is simple, G/H might not be irreducible.

As in the Riemannian case there are semisimple symmetric spaces with G = H × H. Any semisimple symmetric space is a product of symmetric spaces of this form with symmetric spaces such that g is simple. It remains to describe the latter case. For this, one needs to classify involutions σ of a (real) simple Lie algebra g. If gc is not simple, then g is a complex simple Lie algebra, and the corresponding symmetric spaces have the form G/H, where H is a real form of G: these are the analogues of the Riemannian symmetric spaces G/K with G a complex simple Lie group, and K a maximal compact subgroup.

Thus we may assume gc is simple. The real subalgebra g may be viewed as the fixed point set of a complex antilinear involution τ of gc, while σ extends to a complex antilinear involution of gc commuting with τ and hence also a complex linear involution στ.

The classification therefore reduces to the classification of commuting pairs of antilinear involutions of a complex Lie algebra. The composite στ determines a complex symmetric space, while τ determines a real form. From this it is easy to construct tables of symmetric spaces for any given gc, and furthermore, there is an obvious duality given by exchanging σ and τ. This extends the compact/non-compact duality from the Riemannian case, where either σ or τ is a Cartan involution, i.e., its fixed point set is a maximal compact subalgebra.

Tables

The following table indexes the real symmetric spaces by complex symmetric spaces and real forms, for each classical and exceptional complex simple Lie group.

Gc = SL(n,C) Gc/SO(n,C) Gc/S(GL(k,C)×GL(l,C)), k+l=n Gc/Sp(n,C), n even
G = SL(n,R) G/SO(k,l) G/S(GL(k,R)×GL(l,R))
or G/GL(n/2,C), n even
G/Sp(n,R), n even
G = SU(p,q), p + q = n G/SO(p,q)
or SU(p,p)/Sk(p,H)
G/S(U(kp,kq)×U(lp,lq))
or SU(p,p)/GL(p,C)
G/Sp(p/2,q/2), p,q even
or SU(p,p)/Sp(2p,R)
G=SL(n/2,H), n even G/Sk(n/2,H) G/S(GL(k/2,H)×GL(l/2,H)), k,l even
or G/GL(n/2,C)
G/Sp(k/2,l/2), k,l even, k+l=n
Gc=SO(n,C) Gc/SO(k,C)×SO(l,C), k+l=n Gc/GL(n/2,C), n even
G=SO(p,q) G/SO(kp,kq)×SO(lp,lq)
or SO(n,n)/SO(n,C)
G/U(p/2,q/2), p,q even
or SO(n,n)/GL(n,R)
G = Sk(n/2,H), n even G/Sk(k/2,l/2), k,l even
or G/SO(n/2,C)
G/U(k/2,l/2), k,l even
or G/SL(n/4,H)
Gc = Sp(2n,C) Gc/Sp(2k,C)×Sp(2l,C), k + l = n Gc/GL(n,C)
G = Sp(p,q), p + q = n G/Sp(kp,kq)×Sp(lp,lq)
or Sp(n,n)/Sp(n,C)
G/U(p,q)
or Sp(p,p)/GL(p,H)
G = Sp(2n,R) G/Sp(2k,R)×Sp(2l,R)
or G/Sp(n,C)
G/U(k,l), k + l = n
or G/GL(n,R)

For exceptional simple Lie groups, the Riemannian case is included explicitly below, by allowing σ to be the identity involution (indicated by a dash). In the above tables this is implicitly covered by the case kl=0.

G2c G2c/SL(2,C)× SL(2,C)
G2 G2/SU(2)×SU(2)
G2(2) G2(2)/SU(2)×SU(2) G2(2)/SL(2,R)× SL(2,R)
F4c F4c/Sp(6,C)×Sp(2,C) F4c/SO(9,C)
F4 F4/Sp(3)×Sp(1) F4/SO(9)
F4(4) F4(4)/Sp(3)×Sp(1) F4(4)/Sp(6,R)×Sp(2,R)
or F4(4)/Sp(2,1)×Sp(1)
F4(4)/SO(5,4)
F4(−20) F4(−20)/SO(9) F4(−20)/Sp(2,1)×Sp(1) F4(−20)/SO(8,1)
E6c E6c/Sp(8,C) E6c/SL(6,C)×SL(2,C) E6c/SO(10,C)×SO(2,C) E6c/F4c
E6 E6/Sp(4) E6/SU(6)×SU(2) E6/SO(10)×SO(2) E6/F4
E6(6) E6(6)/Sp(4) E6(6)/Sp(2,2)
or E6(6)/Sp(8,R)
E6(6)/SL(6,R)×SL(2,R)
or E6(6)/SL(3,H)×SU(2)
E6(6)/SO(5,5)×SO(1,1) E6(6)/F4(4)
E6(2) E6(2)/SU(6)×SU(2) E6(2)/Sp(3,1)
or E6(2)/Sp(8,R)
E6(2)/SU(4,2)×SU(2)
or E6(2)/SU(3,3)×SL(2,R)
E6(2)/SO(6,4)×SO(2)
or E6(2)/Sk(5,H)×SO(2)
E6(2)/F4(4)
E6(−14) E6(−14)/SO(10)×SO(2) E6(−14)/Sp(2,2) E6(−14)/SU(4,2)×SU(2)
or E6(−14)/SU(5,1)×SL(2,R)
E6(−14)/SO(8,2)×SO(2)
or Sk(5,H)×SO(2)
E6(−14)/F4(−20)
E6(−26) E6(−26)/F4 E6(−26)/Sp(3,1) E6(−26)/SL(3,H)×Sp(1) E6(−26)/SO(9,1)×SO(1,1) E6(−26)/F4(−20)
E7c E7c/SL(8,C) E7c/SO(12,C)×Sp(2,C) E7c/E6c×SO(2,C)
E7 E7/SU(8) E7/SO(12)× Sp(1) E7/E6× SO(2)
E7(7) E7(7)/SU(8) E7(7)/SU(4,4)
or E7(7)/SL(8,R)
or E7(7)/SL(4,H)
E7(7)/SO(6,6)×SL(2,R)
or E7(7)/Sk(6,H)×Sp(1)
E7(7)/E6(6)×SO(1,1)
or E7(7)/E6(2)×SO(2)
E7(−5) E7(−5)/SO(12)× Sp(1) E7(−5)/SU(4,4)
or E7(−5)/SU(6,2)
E7(−5)/SO(8,4)×SU(2)
or E7(−5)/Sk(6,H)×SL(2,R)
E7(−5)/E6(2)×SO(2)
or E7(−5)/E6(−14)×SO(2)
E7(−25) E7(−25)/E6× SO(2) E7(−25)/SL(4,H)
or E7(−25)/SU(6,2)
E7(−25)/SO(10,2)×SL(2,R)
or E7(−25)/Sk(6,H)×Sp(1)
E7(−25)/E6(−14)×SO(2)
or E7(−25)/E6(−26)×SO(1,1)
E8c E8c/SO(16,C) E8c/E7c×Sp(2,C)
E8 E8/SO(16) E8/E7×Sp(1)
E8(8) E8(8)/SO(16) E8(8)/SO(8,8) or E8(8)/Sk(8,H) E8(8)/E7(7)×SL(2,R) or E8(8)/E7(−5)×SU(2)
E8(−24) E8(−24)/E7×Sp(1) E8(−24)/SO(12,4) or E8(−24)/Sk(8,H) E8(−24)/E7(−5)×SU(2) or E8(−24)/E7(−25)×SL(2,R)

Weakly symmetric Riemannian spaces

Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church. In the 1950s Atle Selberg extended Cartan's definition of symmetric space to that of weakly symmetric Riemannian space, or in current terminology weakly symmetric space. These are defined as Riemannian manifolds M with a transitive connected Lie group of isometries G and an isometry σ normalising G such that given x, y in M there is an isometry s in G such that sx = σy and sy = σx. (Selberg's assumption that s2 should be an element of G was later shown to be unnecessary by Ernest Vinberg.) Selberg proved that weakly symmetric spaces give rise to Gelfand pairs, so that in particular the unitary representation of G on L2(M) is multiplicity free.

Selberg's definition can also be phrased equivalently in terms of a generalization of geodesic symmetry. It is required that for every point x in M and tangent vector X at x, there is an isometry s of M, depending on x and X, such that

  • s fixes x;
  • the derivative of s at x sends X to –X.

When s is independent of X, M is a symmetric space.

An account of weakly symmetric spaces and their classification by Akhiezer and Vinberg, based on the classification of periodic automorphisms of complex semisimple Lie algebras, is given in Template:Harvtxt.

Applications and special cases

Symmetric spaces and holonomy

Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church.

If the identity component of the holonomy group of a Riemannian manifold at a point acts irreducibly on the tangent space, then either the manifold is a locally Riemannian symmetric space, or it is in one of 7 families.

Hermitian symmetric spaces

Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church.

A Riemannian symmetric space which is additionally equipped with a parallel complex structure compatible with the Riemannian metric is called a Hermitian symmetric space. Some examples are complex vector spaces and complex projective spaces, both with their usual Riemannian metric, and the complex unit balls with suitable metrics so that they become complete and Riemannian symmetric.

An irreducible symmetric space G/K is Hermitian if and only if K contains a central circle. A quarter turn by this circle acts as multiplication by i on the tangent space at the identity coset. Thus the Hermitian symmetric spaces are easily read off of the classification. In both the compact and the non-compact cases it turns out that there are four infinite series, namely AIII, BDI with p=2, DIII and CI, and two exceptional spaces, namely EIII and EVII. The non-compact Hermitian symmetric spaces can be realized as bounded symmetric domains in complex vector spaces.

Quaternion-Kähler symmetric spaces

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A Riemannian symmetric space which is additionally equipped with a parallel subbundle of End(TM) isomorphic to the imaginary quaternions at each point, and compatible with the Riemannian metric, is called Quaternion-Kähler symmetric space.

An irreducible symmetric space G/K is quaternion-Kähler if and only if isotropy representation of K contains an Sp(1) summand acting like the unit quaternions on a quaternionic vector space. Thus the quaternion-Kähler symmetric spaces are easily read off from the classification. In both the compact and the non-compact cases it turns out that there is exactly one for each complex simple Lie group, namely AI with p = 2 or q = 2 (these are isomorphic), BDI with p = 4 or q = 4, CII with p = 1 or q = 1, EII, EVI, EIX, FI and G.

Bott periodicity theorem

Mining Engineer (Excluding Oil ) Truman from Alma, loves to spend time knotting, largest property developers in singapore developers in singapore and stamp collecting. Recently had a family visit to Urnes Stave Church.

In the Bott periodicity theorem, the loop spaces of the stable orthogonal group can be interpreted as reductive symmetric spaces.

See also

References

  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010 Contains a compact introduction and lots of tables.
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010 The standard book on Riemannian symmetric spaces.
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
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  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010 Chapter XI contains a good introduction to Riemannian symmetric spaces.
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010
  • Many property agents need to declare for the PIC grant in Singapore. However, not all of them know find out how to do the correct process for getting this PIC scheme from the IRAS. There are a number of steps that you need to do before your software can be approved.

    Naturally, you will have to pay a safety deposit and that is usually one month rent for annually of the settlement. That is the place your good religion deposit will likely be taken into account and will kind part or all of your security deposit. Anticipate to have a proportionate amount deducted out of your deposit if something is discovered to be damaged if you move out. It's best to you'll want to test the inventory drawn up by the owner, which can detail all objects in the property and their condition. If you happen to fail to notice any harm not already mentioned within the inventory before transferring in, you danger having to pay for it yourself.

    In case you are in search of an actual estate or Singapore property agent on-line, you simply should belief your intuition. It's because you do not know which agent is nice and which agent will not be. Carry out research on several brokers by looking out the internet. As soon as if you end up positive that a selected agent is dependable and reliable, you can choose to utilize his partnerise in finding you a home in Singapore. Most of the time, a property agent is taken into account to be good if he or she locations the contact data on his website. This may mean that the agent does not mind you calling them and asking them any questions relating to new properties in singapore in Singapore. After chatting with them you too can see them in their office after taking an appointment.

    Have handed an trade examination i.e Widespread Examination for House Brokers (CEHA) or Actual Property Agency (REA) examination, or equal; Exclusive brokers are extra keen to share listing information thus making certain the widest doable coverage inside the real estate community via Multiple Listings and Networking. Accepting a severe provide is simpler since your agent is totally conscious of all advertising activity related with your property. This reduces your having to check with a number of agents for some other offers. Price control is easily achieved. Paint work in good restore-discuss with your Property Marketing consultant if main works are still to be done. Softening in residential property prices proceed, led by 2.8 per cent decline within the index for Remainder of Central Region

    Once you place down the one per cent choice price to carry down a non-public property, it's important to accept its situation as it is whenever you move in – faulty air-con, choked rest room and all. Get round this by asking your agent to incorporate a ultimate inspection clause within the possibility-to-buy letter. HDB flat patrons routinely take pleasure in this security net. "There's a ultimate inspection of the property two days before the completion of all HDB transactions. If the air-con is defective, you can request the seller to repair it," says Kelvin.

    15.6.1 As the agent is an intermediary, generally, as soon as the principal and third party are introduced right into a contractual relationship, the agent drops out of the image, subject to any problems with remuneration or indemnification that he could have against the principal, and extra exceptionally, against the third occasion. Generally, agents are entitled to be indemnified for all liabilities reasonably incurred within the execution of the brokers´ authority.

    To achieve the very best outcomes, you must be always updated on market situations, including past transaction information and reliable projections. You could review and examine comparable homes that are currently available in the market, especially these which have been sold or not bought up to now six months. You'll be able to see a pattern of such report by clicking here It's essential to defend yourself in opposition to unscrupulous patrons. They are often very skilled in using highly unethical and manipulative techniques to try and lure you into a lure. That you must also protect your self, your loved ones, and personal belongings as you'll be serving many strangers in your home. Sign a listing itemizing of all of the objects provided by the proprietor, together with their situation. HSR Prime Recruiter 2010