Verifiable random function

There are tons of property brokers in Singapore and it may be laborious to distinguish the good from the dangerous. It is a big sum of money invested in property for most Singaporeans, be it business leasing or shopping for a home, so choose the right property agent in the present day by looking out for these signs. 1. Proactiveness

This is another simple approach for all property agents who wish to claim this PIC grant. The IRAS has some PIC seminar classes which might be specially created for all business homeowners. This seminar goes to share all important information about the PIC grant. You can even study on how you can apply this PIC scheme simply, legally, and rapidly. You don't have to spend your time for making use of this grant after taking this seminar. This seminar is officially held by the IRAS to coach all enterprise house owners in Singapore.

Ultimately, whose fault is it actually? I believe it is ultimately the federal government's fault, for not developing with higher legislature to control the trade, the individuals who work in the business and the developers. They need to change the law so that patrons pay their own agents and sellers pay their very own brokers to create a wholesome and honest enterprise atmosphere. Of course VicLand is also answerable for being so callous about not informing their own in home agents that unit was no longer out there. Most likely was not obtainable even once we went to view it yesterday. And ECG additionally has to take blame for being so unprofessional and virtually unethical by resorting to what equal to a black mail tactics to make a sale.

The landlord has the proper to deduct all costs of damages and bills arising from any breach of contract as stated in the Tenancy Agreement. For this reason, it's advised that, if any damage occurs to the property which does fall under the conventional wear and tear clause, the tenant carries out the repairs themselves as this will be cheaper than ready for the landlord to do it. Unless an proprietor has entered into a sole or exclusive association, he may appoint a number of agents to discover a purchaser or tenant for him. Fret not, as we've confirmed methods, proven methods, observe records andstate-of-the-art technologies to make you a profitable property agent, a minimize above the remaining. What we are lacking is YOU! Profitable investment methods for at the moment's market

Have accomplished at the very least 30 property transactions in Singapore previously 3 years, both as or on behalf of a Singapore licensed real estate agency; As an PERIOD Singapore property agent, I have entry to a database of Singapore actual estate listings together with new property for sale undertaking launches. I'm comfortable to work with you on another listings too. a. is resident in Singapore; a. he's resident in Singapore; Property firm that covers rental and sales in each the residential and business market in Singapore. RGF HR Agent Singapore Pte Ltd - Singapore Selling and renting property in Singapore. 6 Battery Highway, #32-01, Singapore 049909. We take care of with leasing, rental, sale and purchase of commercial and residential properties in Singapore. Downsides of investing in Singapore property

These are top 6 ways in which you can do to claim your PIC grant as knowledgeable property agent. There are some essential documents that you need to undergo the IRAS, so your software might be permitted rapidly. This PIC grant lets you develop your property agency company from the tax deduction or money payout choices. Her profession took her to Germany, U.Okay. and varied Asian international locations. Working with multi-nationwide corporations (e.g. Sony Ericsson) and schools (e.g. German School Singapore) made delicate in direction of the wants and emotions of of people of various ages and cultures, mixed with the ability to establish constructive relationships with households and other professionals. Southeast Asia Property Evaluation - MarketPulse Q1 2014 Browse Brokers by First Name

Making the leap to turning into a property investor We 'assumed' we'd just contact an estate agent and they'd have a list of properties for hire, if we didn't like what they had we would then transfer on to a different agent and keep doing this till we positioned an condominium that was suitable for us. Stamp obligation is to be paid inside 14 days from the date of acceptance of the OTP or Sale and Buy (S&P) Agreement. For extra data, please go to www.iras.gov.sg Estaland Property Associates Pte Ltd Completely different agents may bring the same buyer to view your house a second time, leading to confusion. Brokers who don't have exclusive rights to an inventory could also be much less keen to work for that itemizing. including Estate Agents Act and regulation of real property industry)

In text display, line wrap is the feature of continuing on a new line when a line is full, such that each line fits in the viewable window, allowing text to be read from top to bottom without any horizontal scrolling. Word wrap obviates the hard-coding of newline delimiters inside paragraphs and allows the dynamic reflowing of text with new automatic line-breaking decisions on the fly (for example, whenever a window is resized). Word wrap is the additional feature of most text editors, word processors, and web browsers, of breaking lines between and not within words, except when a single word is longer than a line.

Soft and hard returns

A soft return or soft wrap is the break resulting from line wrap or word wrap (whether automatic or manual), whereas a hard return or hard wrap is an intentional break, creating a new paragraph. With a hard enter, paragraph-break formatting may be applied (either indenting or vertical whitespace). Soft wrapping allows line lengths to adjust automatically with adjustments to the width of the user's window or margin settings, and is a standard feature of all modern text editors, word processors, and email clients. Manual soft breaks are unnecessary when word wrap is done automatically, so hitting the "Enter" key usually produces a hard return.

Alternatively, "soft enter" can mean an intentional, stored line break that is not a paragraph break. For example, it is common to print postal addresses in a multiple-line format, but the several lines are understood to be a single paragraph. Line breaks are needed to divide the words of the address into lines of the appropriate length.

In the contemporary graphical word processors Microsoft Word and OpenOffice.org, users are expected to type a carriage return (enter key) between each paragraph. Formatting settings, such as first-line indentation or spacing between paragraphs, take effect where the carriage return marks the break. A non-paragraph line break, which is a soft return, is inserted using shift-enter or via the menus, and is provided for cases when the text should start on a new line but none of the other side effects of starting a new paragraph are desired.

In text-oriented markup languages, a soft return is typically offered as a markup tag. For example, in HTML there is a <br> tag that has the same purpose as the soft return in word processors described above; the <p> tag is used to contain paragraphs.

Unicode

The Unicode character set provides a line separator character as well as a paragraph separator to represent the semantics of the soft return and hard return.

0x2028 LINE SEPARATOR

* may be used to represent this semantic unambiguously

0x2029 PARAGRAPH SEPARATOR

* may be used to represent this semantic unambiguously

Word boundaries, hyphenation, and hard spaces

The soft returns are usually placed after the ends of complete words, or after the punctuation that follows complete words. However, word wrap may also occur following a hyphen inside of a word. This is sometimes not desired, and can be blocked by using a non-breaking hyphen, or hard hyphen, instead of a regular hyphen.

A word without hyphens can be made wrappable by having soft hyphens in it. When the word isn't wrapped (i.e., isn't broken across lines), the soft hyphen isn't visible. But if the word is wrapped across lines, this is done at the soft hyphen, at which point it is shown as a visible hyphen on the top line where the word is broken. (In the rare case of a word that is meant to be wrappable by breaking it across lines but without making a hyphen ever appear, a zero-width space is put at the permitted breaking point(s) in the word.)

Sometimes word wrap is undesirable between adjacent words. In such cases, word wrap can usually be blocked by using a hard space or non-breaking space between the words, instead of regular spaces.

Word wrapping in text containing Chinese, Japanese, and Korean

In Chinese, Japanese, and Korean, each Han character is normally considered a word,Potter or Ceramic Artist Truman Bedell from Rexton, has interests which include ceramics, best property developers in singapore developers in singapore and scrabble. Was especially enthused after visiting Alejandro de Humboldt National Park. and therefore word wrapping can usually occur before and after any Han character. Japanese kana, letters of the Japanese alphabet, are treated the same way as Han Characters (Kanji) by extension, meaning words can, and tend to be broken without any hyphen or other indication that this has happened.

Under certain circumstances, however, word wrapping is not desired. For instance,

• word wrapping might not be desired within personal names, and
• word wrapping might not be desired within any compound words (when the text is flush left but only in some styles).

Most existing word processors and typesetting software cannot handle either of the above scenarios.

CJK punctuation may or may not follow rules similar to the above-mentioned special circumstances. It is up to line breaking rules in CJK.

A special case of line breaking rules in CJK, however, always applies: line wrap must never occur inside the CJK dash and ellipsis. Even though each of these punctuation marks must be represented by two characters due to a limitation of all existing character encodings, each of these are intrinsically a single punctuation mark that is two ems wide, not two one-em-wide punctuation marks.

Algorithm

Word wrapping is an optimization problem. Depending on what needs to be optimized for, different algorithms are used.

Minimum number of lines

A simple way to do word wrapping is to use a greedy algorithm that puts as many words on a line as possible, then moving on to the next line to do the same until there are no more words left to place. This method is used by many modern word processors, such as OpenOffice.org Writer and Microsoft Word. This algorithm always uses the minimum possible number of lines but may lead to lines of widely varying lengths. The following pseudocode implements this algorithm:

SpaceLeft := LineWidth
for each Word in Text
    if (Width(Word) + SpaceWidth) > SpaceLeft
        insert line break before Word in Text
        SpaceLeft := LineWidth - Width(Word)
    else
        SpaceLeft := SpaceLeft - (Width(Word) + SpaceWidth)

Where LineWidth is the width of a line, SpaceLeft is the remaining width of space on the line to fill, SpaceWidth is the width of a single space character, Text is the input text to iterate over and Word is a word in this text.

Minimum raggedness

A different algorithm, used in TeX, minimizes the sum of the squares of the lengths of the spaces at the end of lines to produce a more aesthetically pleasing result. The following example compares this method with the greedy algorithm, which does not always minimize squared space.

For the input text

aaa bb cc ddddd

with line width 6, the greedy algorithm would produce:

------    Line width: 6
aaa bb    Remaining space: 0
cc        Remaining space: 4
ddddd     Remaining space: 1

The sum of squared space left over by this method is $0^2+4^2+1^2=17$. However, the optimal solution achieves the smaller sum $3^2+1^2+1^2=11$:

------    Line width: 6
aaa       Remaining space: 3
bb cc     Remaining space: 1
ddddd     Remaining space: 1

The difference here is that the first line is broken before bb instead of after it, yielding a better right margin and a lower cost 11.

By using a dynamic programming algorithm to choose the positions at which to break the line, instead of choosing breaks greedily, the solution with minimum raggedness may be found in time $\mathcal{𝒪}(n^2)$, where $n$ is the number of words in the input text. Typically, the cost function for this technique should be modified so that it does not count the space left on the final line of a paragraph; this modification allows a paragraph to end in the middle of a line without penalty. It is also possible to apply the same dynamic programming technique to minimize more complex cost functions that combine other factors such as the number of lines or costs for hyphenating long words. Faster but more complicated linear time algorithms based on the SMAWK algorithm are also known for the minimum raggedness problem, and for some other cost functions that have similar properties.

History

A primitive line-breaking feature was used in 1955 in a "page printer control unit" developed by Western Union. This system used relays rather than programmable digital computers, and therefore needed a simple algorithm that could be implemented without data buffers. In the Western Union system, each line was broken at the first space character to appear after the 58th character, or at the 70th character if no space character was found.

The greedy algorithm for line-breaking predates the dynamic programming method outlined by Donald Knuth in an unpublished 1977 memo describing his TeX typesetting system and later published in more detail by Template:Harvtxt.

See also

• Word divider
• Non-breaking space
• Zero-width space

References

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External links

Knuth's algorithm

• "Knuth & Plass line-breaking Revisited"
• "tex_wrap": "Implements TeX's algorithm for breaking paragraphs into lines." Reference: "Breaking Paragraphs into Lines", D.E. Knuth and M.F. Plass, chapter 3 of _Digital Typography_, CSLI Lecture Notes #78.
• Text::Reflow - Perl module for reflowing text files using Knuth's paragraphing algorithm. "The reflow algorithm tries to keep the lines the same length but also tries to break at punctuation, and avoid breaking within a proper name or after certain connectives ("a", "the", etc.). The result is a file with a more "ragged" right margin than is produced by fmt or Text::Wrap but it is easier to read since fewer phrases are broken across line breaks."
• adjusting the Knuth algorithm to recognize the "soft hyphen".
• Knuth's breaking algorithm. "The detailed description of the model and the algorithm can be found on the paper "Breaking Paragraphs into Lines" by Donald E. Knuth, published in the book "Digital Typography" (Stanford, California: Center for the Study of Language and Information, 1999), (CSLI Lecture Notes, no. 78.)" ; part of Google Summer Of Code 2006
• "Bridging the Algorithm Gap: A Linear-time Functional Program for Paragraph Formatting" by Oege de Moor, Jeremy Gibbons, 1999

Other word-wrap links

• the reverse problem -- picking columns just wide enough to fit (wrapped) text (Archived version)
• KWordWrap Class Reference used in the KDE GUI
• "Knuth linebreaking elements for Formatting Objects" by Simon Pepping 2006. Extends the Knuth model to handle a few enhancements.
• "Page breaking strategies" Extends the Knuth model to handle a few enhancements.
• "a Knuth-Plass-like linebreaking algorithm ... The *really* interesting thing is how Adobe's algorithm differs from the Knuth-Plass algorithm. It must differ, since Adobe has managed to patent its algorithm (6,510,441)."[1]
• "Murray Sargent: Math in Office"