Cartesian closed category

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Template:No footnotes In mathematics, Abel's theorem for power series relates a limit of a power series to the sum of its coefficients. It is named after Norwegian mathematician Niels Henrik Abel.

Theorem

Let a = {a_k: k ≥ 0} be any sequence of real or complex numbers and let

$G_a(z)=\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{a}_k{z}^k$

be the power series with coefficients a. Suppose that the series $\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{a}_k$ converges. Then

$\underset{z\to 1^{-}}{\lim }{G}_a(z)=\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{a}_k,(*)$

where the variable z is supposed to be real, or, more generally, to lie within any Stolz angle, that is, a region of the open unit disk where

$|1-z|\le M(1-|z|)$

for some M. Without this restriction, the limit may fail to exist.

Note that $G_a(z)$ is continuous on the real closed interval [0, t] for t < 1, by virtue of the uniform convergence of the series on compact subsets of the disk of convergence. Abel's theorem allows us to say more, namely that $G_a(z)$ is continuous on [0, 1].

Remarks

As an immediate consequence of this theorem, if z is any nonzero complex number for which the series $\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{a}_k{z}^k$ converges, then it follows that

$\underset{t\to 1^{-}}{\lim }{G}_a(tz)=\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{a}_k{z}^k$

in which the limit is taken from below.

The theorem can also be generalized to account for infinite sums. If

$\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{a}_k=\mathrm{\infty }$

then the limit from below $\underset{z\to 1^{-}}{\lim }{G}_a(z)$ will tend to infinity as well. However, if the series is only known to be divergent, the theorem fails; take for example, the power series for $\frac{1}{1+z}$. The series is equal to $1-1+1-1+\cdots$ at $z=1$, but $1/(1+1)=1/2$.

Applications

The utility of Abel's theorem is that it allows us to find the limit of a power series as its argument (i.e. z) approaches 1 from below, even in cases where the radius of convergence, R, of the power series is equal to 1 and we cannot be sure whether the limit should be finite or not. See e.g. the binomial series. Abel's theorem allows us to evaluate many series in closed form. For example, when $a_k=(-1{)}^k/(k+1)$, we obtain $G_a(z)=\ln (1+z)/z$ for $0<z<1$, by integrating the uniformly convergent geometric power series term by term on [-z, 0]; thus the series $\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}(-1{)}^k/(k+1)$ converges to ln(2) by Abel's theorem. Similarly, $\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}(-1{)}^k/(2k+1)$ converges to arctan(1) = $\pi /4$.

G_a(z) is called the generating function of the sequence a. Abel's theorem is frequently useful in dealing with generating functions of real-valued and non-negative sequences, such as probability-generating functions. In particular, it is useful in the theory of Galton–Watson processes.

Outline of proof

After subtracting a constant from $a_0$, we may assume that $\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{a}_k=0$. Let $s_n=\sum _{k=0}^n{a}_k$. Then substituting $a_k=s_k-s_{k-1}$ and performing a simple manipulation of the series results in

$G_a(z)=(1-z)\sum _{k=0}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{s}_k{z}^k.$

Given $ϵ>0$, pick n large enough so that $\left|s_k\right|<ϵ$ for all $k\ge n$ and note that

$|(1-z)\sum _{k=n}^{\mathrm{\infty }}{s}_k{z}^k|\le ϵ|1-z|\sum _{k=n}^{\mathrm{\infty }}|z{|}^k=ϵ|1-z|\frac{|z{|}^n}{1-\left|z\right|}<ϵM$

when z lies within the given Stoltz angle. Whenever z is sufficiently close to 1 we have

$|(1-z)\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}{s}_k{z}^k|<ϵ,$

so that $|G_a(z)|<(M+1)ϵ$ when z is both sufficiently close to 1 and within the Stoltz angle.

Related concepts

Converses to a theorem like Abel's are called Tauberian theorems: There is no exact converse, but results conditional on some hypothesis. The field of divergent series, and their summation methods, contains many theorems of abelian type and of tauberian type.

See also

• Summation by parts
• Abel's summation formula
• Nachbin resummation

Further reading

• 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.
  
  My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534 - Ahlfors called it Abel's limit theorem.

External links

• Template:PlanetMath (a more general look at Abelian theorems of this type)
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