Dynamic programming
In mathematics, a complex square matrix U is unitary if
where I is the identity matrix and U* is the conjugate transpose of U.
The real analogue of a unitary matrix is an orthonormal matrix.
Properties
For any unitary matrix U, the following hold:
- Given two complex vectors x and y, multiplication by U preserves their inner product; that is,
- U is normal
- U is diagonalizable; that is, U is unitarily similar to a diagonal matrix, as a consequence of the spectral theorem. Thus U has a decomposition of the form
- .
- Its eigenspaces are orthogonal.
- For any positive integer n, the set of all n by n unitary matrices with matrix multiplication forms a group, called the unitary group U(n).
- Any square matrix with unit Euclidean norm is the average of two unitary matrices.[1]
Equivalent conditions
If U is a square, complex matrix, then the following conditions are equivalent:
- U is unitary
- U* is unitary
- U is invertible, with U –1=U*.
- the columns of U form an orthonormal basis of with respect to the usual inner product
- the rows of U form an orthonormal basis of with respect to the usual inner product
- U is an isometry with respect to the usual norm
- U is a normal matrix with eigenvalues lying on the unit circle.
See also
- Orthogonal matrix
- Hermitian matrix
- Symplectic matrix
- Unitary group
- Special unitary group
- Unitary operator
- Matrix decomposition
- Identity matrix
- Quantum gate
References
43 year old Petroleum Engineer Harry from Deep River, usually spends time with hobbies and interests like renting movies, property developers in singapore new condominium and vehicle racing. Constantly enjoys going to destinations like Camino Real de Tierra Adentro.
External links
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