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| '''Campanology''' (from [[Late Latin]] ''[[wiktionary:campana|campana]]'', "bell"; and [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] {{lang|grc|[[wiktionary:-λογία|-λογία]]}}, ''[[wiktionary:-logia|-logia]]'') is the study of [[bell (instrument)|bell]]s. It encompasses the technology of bells — how they are [[casting (metalworking)|cast]], [[musical tuning|tuned]] and sounded — as well as the history, methods, and traditions of bell-ringing as an art.
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| It is common to collect together a set of tuned bells and treat the whole as one [[musical instrument]]. Such collections — such as a Flemish carillon, a Russian ''zvon'', or an English "ring of bells" used for [[change ringing]] — have their own practices and challenges; and campanology is likewise the study of perfecting such instruments and composing and performing music for them.
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| In this sense, however, the word "campanology" is most often used in reference to relatively large bells, often hung in a tower. It is not usually applied to assemblages of smaller bells, such as a [[glockenspiel]], a collection of [[tubular bell]]s, or an Indonesian [[gamelan]].
| | Fact: It will only take a few seconds for women to go with her impression of for you. The seduction process begins just before you actually get to talking by using a girl. Acquire to develop a great first impression on the ladies, anytime.<br><br>There undoubtedly variety of hazards that any welder will face the actual normal performance of their job. Take a look at list a few of the potential health risks you may encounter the actual you can have to protect yourself.<br><br><br><br>Most welding by dynamics of approach the process works will provide noxious gases and toxic fumes. The actual reason being something that is necessary for your process comprehensive what it is supposed in order to do.<br><br>Your skills will surely improve your current products do a great of research about the subject. You can use the guide books or suggestion of a practiced person as aid. Will be the major certain protective measures an individual should take. These include the eye protection gear and clothing.<br><br>Once you have made the decision to buy jersey display cases for your valuable shirts and uniform collection, select units which will fit your intent. Just about all jersey display cabinets have dress yourself in size. While some fans in order to fully display their basketball, baseball, football, soccer or hockey shirts, others will fold the arms to lower room. Useful necessary they were little empty wall space, yet lots of collectibles.<br><br>Learning a good solid skill hard for youngsters with PDD-NOS. Their developmental skills challenge them, but additionally, they started don't like change. Junk food include a number of things pertaining to instance potty training, brushing their teeth or combing their hair. Because they are quite into routine and doing the same thing, to be able to learn a new challenge will change their traditions.<br><br>What to do: pick-up the area; make sure any debris or clutter that could catch unstoppable is cleaned up and removed. Make sure any materials or tools and cables are organized neatly. Make sure your devices are grounded or insulated very well.<br><br>If you loved this write-up and you would certainly such as to obtain additional details regarding [http://usmerch.co.uk/mens-clothing/ fast n' loud] kindly go to the web-site. |
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| ==Shape and tuning==
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| {{further|Strike tone}}
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| "A bell is divided into the body or barrel, the ear or cannon, and the clapper or tongue. The lip or sound bow is that part where the bell is struck by the clapper."<ref>Beach, Frederick Converse and Rines, George Edwin (eds.) (1907). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=PNkXAQAAIAAJ&pg=PT602&dq=%22strike+note%22+bell&hl=en&sa=X&ei=h4oRT9-BHeiaiALnyZivDQ&ved=0CFsQ6AEwBg#v=onepage&q=%22strike%20note%22%20bell&f=false The Americana]'', p.BELL-SMITH—BELL. Scientific American. [http://books.google.com/books?id=d2IMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA477&dq=%22strike+note%22+bell&hl=en&sa=X&ei=h4oRT9-BHeiaiALnyZivDQ&ved=0CFYQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&q=%22strike%20note%22%20bell&f=false], [http://books.google.com/books?id=oGZMAAAAMAAJ&pg=PT655&dq=%22strike+note%22+bell&hl=en&sa=X&ei=h4oRT9-BHeiaiALnyZivDQ&ved=0CGAQ6AEwBw#v=onepage&q=%22strike%20note%22%20bell&f=false].</ref> The traditional profile (or shape), hollow cup with wide flaring lip, of a bell is determined by the acoustic properties sought. The tone of a bell is increased with the depth of the bowl.{{vague|date=January 2012|does this mean the pitch or the timbre?}} Bells are generally around 80% copper and 20% tin ([[bell metal]]), with the tone varying according to material. Tone and pitch is also affected by the method in which a bell is struck. It will be noticed that in Asian large bells are often bowl shaped but lack the lip and are often not free-swinging. Also note the special shape of [[Bianzhong]] bells, allowing two tones. The scaling or size of most bells to each other may be approximated by the equation for circular cylinders: ''f=Ch/D<sup>2</sup>'', where ''h'' is thickness, ''D'' is diameter, and ''C'' is a constant determined by the material and the profile.<ref name="Rossing139">Rossing, Thomas D. (2000). ''Science of Percussion Instruments'', p.139. ISBN 978-981-02-4158-2.</ref> Previously tuned through chipping, bells are now tuned after casting with vertical lathes by paring out the inside to flatten or edge to sharpen, with sharpening best being avoided.<ref>Musical Association (1902), p.30.</ref>
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| [[Image:Erfurt Bell.png|thumb|The [[Erfurt Cathedral|Erfurt bell]] (1497)<ref>Musical Association (1902). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=DdgPAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA33&dq=%22strike+note%22+bell&hl=en&sa=X&ei=h4oRT9-BHeiaiALnyZivDQ&ved=0CGgQ6AEwCQ#v=onepage&q=%22strike%20note%22%20bell&f=false Proceedings of the Musical Association, Volume 28]'', p.32. Whitehead & Miller, ltd.</ref> or any well-tuned bell:<ref name="Groves">John Alexander Fuller-Maitland (1910). ''[http://books.google.com/books?id=2-e2AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA615&dq=%22strike+note%22+bell&hl=en&sa=X&ei=h4oRT9-BHeiaiALnyZivDQ&ved=0CEcQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q=%22strike%20note%22%20bell&f=false Grove's dictionary of music and musicians]'', p.615. The Macmillan company. Strike note shown on C. [[Pieter and François Hemony|Hemony]] appears to be the first to propose this tuning.</ref> strike note on E with hum note, minor third, fifth, octave or nominal, and major third and perfect fifth in the second octave.]]
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| "Good tone means that a bell must be in tune with itself."<ref name="Groves"/> A bell is generally considered well-tuned if it corresponds to certain standards regarding its partials and thus proportions. These partials or elements of the sound of a bell are split up into hum (an octave below the named note, see [[subharmonic]]), strike tone (tap note, named note), tierce (minor third), quint (fifth), and nominal (octave). Further notes include the major third and perfect fifth in the second octave. "Whether a founder tunes the nominal or the strike note makes little difference, however, because the nominal is one of the main partials that determines the tuning of the strike note."<ref name="Physics">Neville Horner Fletcher, Thomas D. Rossing (1998). ''The Physics of Musical Instruments'', p.685. ISBN 978-0-387-98374-5. Cites Schoofs et al., 1987 for major-third bell.</ref> A heavy clapper brings out lower partials (clappers often being about 3% of a bell's mass), while a higher clapper velocity strengthens higher partials (0.4 m/s being moderate).
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| [[Image:Jonathan Harvey - Winchester Cathedral bell spectrum.png|thumb|center|400px|Spectrum of a [[Winchester Cathedral]] bell as analyzed by [[Jonathan Harvey (composer)|Jonathan Harvey]] using [[Fast Fourier transform|FFT]].<ref>Roads, Curtis, ed. (1992). Harvey Jonathan. "Moruos Plango, Vivos Voco: A Realization at IRCAM", ''The Music Machine'', p.92. ISBN 978-0-262-68078-3. Harvey added, "a clearly audible, slow-decaying partial at 347 Hz with a beating component in it. It is a resultant of the various F harmonic series partials that can be clearly seen in the spectrum (5, [6], 7, 9, 11, 13, 17, etc.) beside the C-related partials."</ref> "The bell produces a secondary pitch (f') which lies outside that 'inharmonic series though it is clearly audible when the bell is struck, 'to curiously thrilling and disturbing effect.'"<ref>Downes, Michael (2009). ''Jonathan Harvey: Song offerings and White as jasmine'', p.22. ISBN 978-0-7546-6022-4.</ref> {{audio|Jonathan Harvey - Winchester Cathedral bell spectrum.mid|Play approximation}} The strike tone is [[middle C]], the hum tone an octave below.]]
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| On the theory that pieces in major keys may better be accommodated, after many unsatisfactory attempts, in the 1980s, using computer modeling for assistance in design by scientists at the Technical University in Eindhoven, bells with a major-third profile were created by the Eijsbouts Bellfoundry in the Netherlands,<ref name="Physics"/> being described as resembling old Coke bottles<ref>http://www.cs.yale.edu/~douglas-craig/bells/Basic/what-is-a-carillon.pdf</ref> in that they have a bulge around the middle;<ref>"[http://translate.google.com/translate?sl=nl&tl=en&js=n&prev=_t&hl=en&ie=UTF-8&layout=2&eotf=1&u=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.andrelehr.nl%2Fwoboek%2Ff_56.htm Major third bell]", ''Andrelehr.nl''.</ref> and in 1999 a design without the bulge was announced.<ref name="Rossing139"/>
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| ==Carillons==<!-- This section is linked from [[Carillon]] -->
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| {{Main|Carillon}}
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| [[Image:McCartney Library carillon.jpg|thumb |upright |right |Tuned bells]]
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| The carillon is a complex instrument that has been studied and minutely improved for highest musical quality. It draws both tourists and locals to the concerts and recitals. Professional campanologists like [[Jef Denyn]] had, and still have world fame<ref name="Discography of Jef Denyn">{{cite web|title=Jef Denyn Discography at Discogs|url=http://www.discogs.com/artist/Jef+Denyn|accessdate=July 31, 2012}}</ref>
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| The instrument is played sitting on a bench by hitting the top keyboard that allows expression through variation of touch, with the underside of the half-clenched fists, and the bottom keyboard with the feet, since the lower notes in particular require more physical strength than an organ, the latter not attaining the tonal range of the better carillons: for some of these, their bell producing the lowest tone, the 'bourdon', may weigh well over 8 [[tonne]]s; other fine ones settle for 5 to 6 tonnes. A carillon renders at least two octaves for which it needs 23 bells, though the finest have 47 to 56 bells or extravagantly even more, arranged in [[chromatic]] sequence, so tuned as to produce concordant harmony when many bells are sounded together.
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| The oldest are found in church towers in continental northern Europe, especially in cathedral towers in northern France and Belgium, where some (like the [[St. Rumbolds Cathedral|St. Rumbolds Tower]] in [[Mechelen]], the [[Cathedral of Our Lady]] in [[Antwerp]]) became [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Sites]] – classified, rather misleadingly, with the Belfry of Bruges and its municipal Carillon under '[[Belfries of Belgium and France]]'.<br>The carillon of [[Kirk in the Hills]], [[Bloomfield Hills, Michigan]], [[United States]], along with the one at Hyechon College in [[Daejeon|Daejoen, South Korea]], have the highest number of bells in the world: 77.<br>Modern large carillon edifices have been erected as stand-alone instruments across the world, for instance the [[Netherlands Carillon]] at [[Arlington National Cemetery]].
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| The carillon in the Church of St Peter, [[Aberdyfi]], Gwynedd, Wales is often used to play the famous '[[The Bells of Aberdovey (song)|Bells of Aberdovey]]' tune.
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| ==Chimes==
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| {{Main|Chime (bell instrument)}}
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| A carillon-like instrument with fewer than 23 bells is called a chime. American chimes usually have one to one and a half [[diatonic]] octaves. Many chimes play an automated piece of music. Chime bells generally used to lack dynamic variation and inner tuning, or the mathematical balance of a bell's complex sound, to permit use of harmony. Since the 20th century, in Belgium and The Netherlands, clock chime bells have inner tuning and produce complex fully harmonized music.<sub style="vertical-align:text-top;line-height:.9em;font-size:.9em;"><ref>[http://www.martinmdb.com/bells.html Bell Facts – Bell Chimes]</ref></sup>
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| These ''chimes'', often singular ''chime'', should not be confused with another musical instrument called ''chimes'' or ''[[tubular bell]]s'', nor with a ''[[wind chime]]''.
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| ==Russian Orthodox bells==
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| {{Main|Russian Orthodox bell ringing}}
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| The bells in Russian tradition are sounded by their clappers, attached to ropes; a special system of ropes is developed individually for every belltower. All the ropes are gathered in one place, where the bell-ringer stands. The ropes (usually - all ropes) are not pulled, but rather pressed with hands or legs. Since one end of every rope is fixed, and the ropes are kept in tension, a press or even a punch on a rope makes a clapper move.
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| The Russian [[Tsar Bell]] is the largest extant bell in the world.
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| ==Change ringing==
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| {{Main|Change ringing}}
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| [[File:Bells.devon.750pix.jpg|thumb|right|Change ringing in a church in [[Devon]], England]]
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| In English style (see below) [[full circle ringing]] the bells in a church tower are hung so that on each stroke the bell swings through a complete circle (actually a little more than 360 degrees). Between strokes, it sits poised 'upside-down', with the mouth pointed upwards; pulling on a rope connected to the bell swings it down and its own momentum swings it back up again on the other side.
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| These [[ring of bells|rings of bells]] have relatively few bells, compared with a carillon; six or eight-bell towers are common, with the largest rings in numbering up to sixteen bells. The bells are usually tuned to fall in a [[diatonic scale]] without [[chromatic scale|chromatic]] notes; they are traditionally numbered from the top downwards so that the highest bell (called the ''treble'') is numbered 1 and the lowest bell (the ''tenor'') has the highest number; it is usually the [[tonic (music)|tonic]] note of the bells' scale.
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| To swing the heavy bells requires a ringer for each bell. Furthermore, the great [[inertia]]s involved mean that the ringers have only a limited ability to retard or accelerate their bells' cycle. Along with the relatively limited palette of notes available, the upshot is that such rings of bells do not easily lend themselves to ringing [[melody|melodies]].
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| [[Image:Plain-bob-minor 2.png|180px|right|thumb|Method ringers can trace their bells' courses visually in a diagram called a ''blueline.'')]]
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| Instead, a system of ''change ringing'' evolved, probably early in the seventeenth century, which centres on [[mathematics|mathematical]] [[permutations]]. The ringers begin with ''rounds'', which is simply ringing down the scale in order. (On six bells this would be ''123456''.) The ringing then proceeds in a series of ''rows'' or ''changes'', each of which is some permutation of rounds (for example ''214365'') where no bell changes by more than one position from the preceding row(this is also known as the [[Steinhaus–Johnson–Trotter algorithm]]).
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| In ''call change ringing'', one of the ringers (known as the ''conductor'') calls out to tell the other ringers how to vary their order from row to row. Some ringers practice call changes exclusively; but for others, the essence of change ringing is ''method ringing.''
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| ===Method ringing===
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| {{Main|Method ringing}}
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| In ''method'' or ''scientific ringing'' each ringer has memorized a pattern describing his or her bell's course from row to row; taken together, these patterns (along with only occasional ''calls'' made by a conductor) form an [[algorithm]] which cycles through the various available permutations.
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| Serious ringing always starts and ends with rounds; and it must always be ''true'' — each row must be unique, never repeated. A performance of a few hundred rows or so is called a ''touch''; approximately five thousand rows make a ''peal'' (which takes about three hours to ring). A performance of all the possible permutations possible on a set of bells is called an ''extent''; with <math>n</math> bells there are <math>n</math>[[factorial|!]] possible permutations. Since 7!=5040, an extent on seven bells is a peal; 8!=40,320 and an extent on eight bells has only been accomplished once, taking nearly nineteen hours.
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| Ringing in English belltowers became a popular hobby in the late 17th century, in the [[English Restoration|Restoration]] era; the scientific approach which led to modern method ringing can be traced to two books of that era, ''Tintinnalogia or the Art of Ringing'' (published in 1668 by Richard Duckworth and [[Fabian Stedman]]) and ''Campanalogia'' (also by Stedman; first released 1677; see [[Campanology#Bibliography|Bibliography]]). Today change ringing remains most popular in England but is practiced worldwide; over four thousand peals are rung each year.
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| [[Dorothy Sayers]]'s mystery story, ''"[[The Nine Tailors]]"'' (1934) centers around change ringing of bells in a [[The Fens|Fenland]] church.
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| ===Numbers===
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| {{as of|2013|December|31}} there are 7,135 English style rings in working order world wide. The Netherlands, Pakistan, India, and Spain have one each. The Windward Isles and the Isle of Man have 2 each. Canada and New Zealand 8 each. The Channel Isles 10. Africa as a continent has 13. Scotland 23, Ireland 37, USA 46, Australia 57 and Wales 227. The remaining 6,698 are in England (including three mobile rings).<ref> {{Citation | title = County Lists from Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers | publisher = Central Council of Church Bell Ringers | url = http://dove.cccbr.org.uk/home.php | accessdate = 2 February 2014 }} </ref>
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| ==Gamelan==
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| {{Main|Gamelan}}
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| Perhaps the best-known example from outside Europe of an organized system of bells is the [[gamelan]], an [[Indonesia]]n orchestra-like ensemble in which a prominent part is played by a variety of tuned bells, gongs, and metallophones.
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| ==Other types of ringing==
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| *The [[Bolognese bell ringing art|ancient ringing system]] from [[Bologna]], [[Italy]].
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| *[[Handbell]] ringing - You can play methods or songs on handbells - commonly used to sing [[Christmas carol]]s to.
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| *Sales - Some sales companies ring a bell to celebrate reaching a sales quota.
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| * [[Carillon]]
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| * [[Braid theory]] - the maths of Change ringing
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| * [[Veronese bellringing art]] from [[Verona]], [[Italy]].
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| ==Bell Organizations==
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| The following organizations promote the study, music, collection and/or preservation and restoration of bells.<ref>Rama, Jean-Pierre (1993). ''Cloches de France et d’ailleurs'', Le Temps Apprivoisé, pp.229-230. Paris, France. ISBN 2283581583.</ref> Nation(s) covered are given in parenthesis.
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| *[[The American Bell Association, International|The American Bell Association, International (United States with foreign chapters)]]
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| *Association Campanaire Wallonne asbl (Belgium)
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| *Associazione Suonatori di Campane a Sistema Veronese (Italy)
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| *The Australian and New Zealand Association of Bellringers (Australia, New Zealand)
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| *Beratungsausschuss für das Deutsche Glockenwesen (Germany)
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| *British Carillon Society (United Kingdom)
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| *The Central Council of Churchbell Ringers (United Kingdom)
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| *Handbell Musicians of America (United States, chapter of English Handbell Ringers Association)
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| *Handbell Ringers of Great Britain (United Kingdom)
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| *Société Française de Campanologie (France)
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| *Verband Deutscher Glockengießereien e.V. (Germany)
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| *World Carillon Federation (multinational)
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| ==References==
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| {{Reflist}}
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| ==Bibliography==
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| *''[[The Ringing World]]''
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| *''[[Dove's Guide for Church Bell Ringers]]'' (''Dove’s guide for church bell ringers to the ringing bells of Britain and of the world'' (2000))
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| *Duckworth, Richard and Stedman, Fabian (1970) [1668] ''Tintinnalogia; or, The art of ringing'', 1st ed. reprinted, Bath : Kingsmead Reprints, ISBN 0-901571-41-5
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| *Ingram, Tom (1954) ''Bells of England''. London: F. Muller
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| *Stedman, F. (1990) [1677] ''Campanalogia : or The art of ringing improved ...'', facsimile of 1st ed., Kettering : C. Groome, ISBN 1-85580-001-2
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| *Walters, H. B. (1908) ''Church Bells''. London: Mowbray
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| *Wilson, Wilfrid G. (1965) ''Change Ringing: The Art and Science of Change Ringing on Church and Hand Bells''. London: Faber
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| ==External links==
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| * General
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| **[http://www.martinmdb.com/bells.html Bell Facts: Tools of Communication – Instruments of Music – Objects of Art]
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| * Carillons
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| **[http://www.gcna.org/carillon-instrument.html The Carillon as a Musical Instrument], on the Web site of The Guild of Carillonneurs in North America (GCNA)
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| * Chimes
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| **[http://mtcn.free.fr/mtcn-traditional-music-midi-chime.php Chimes and knells rung in traditional music from County of Nice, France]
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| **[http://gcna.org/data/NA_chi_ixs.html List of chimes in North America]
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| * Russian Orthodox bells
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| **{{ru icon}} [http://zvonarhome.orthodoxy.ru/mp3.php A collection of mp3 recordings of Russian Orthodox bells]
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| * British bells
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| **[http://www.bellringing.org Discover Bell Ringing] - an introduction for non-ringers
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| ** [http://www.cccbr.org.uk/dove/ Dove's Guide online]
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| **[http://www.gutenberg.org/etext/18567 Tintinnalogia, or, the Art of Ringing] by Richard Duckworth, Fabian Stedman (1671), from [[Project Gutenberg]]
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| **[http://www.ringing.info Change Ringing Resources by Roger Bailey]
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| **[http://www.cccbr.org.uk Central Council of Church Bell Ringers]
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| **[http://www.ringingworld.co.uk The Ringing World magazine]
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| {{Bells}}
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| [[Category:Bell ringing| ]]
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| [[Category:Musicology]]
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