Born rule

In mathematics, Milliken's tree theorem in combinatorics is a partition theorem generalizing Ramsey's theorem to infinite trees, objects with more structure than sets.

Let T be a finitely splitting rooted tree of height ω, n a positive integer, and $\mathbb {S} _{T}^{n}$ the collection of all strongly embedded subtrees of T of height n. In one of its simple forms, Milliken's tree theorem states that if $\mathbb {S} _{T}^{n}=C_{1}\cup ...\cup C_{r}$ then for some strongly embedded infinite subtree R of T, $\mathbb {S} _{R}^{n}\subset C_{i}$ for some i ≤ r.

This immediately implies Ramsey's theorem; take the tree T to be a linear ordering on ω vertices.

Define $\mathbb {S} ^{n}=\bigcup _{T}\mathbb {S} _{T}^{n}$ where T ranges over finitely splitting rooted trees of height ω. Milliken's tree theorem says that not only is $\mathbb {S} ^{n}$ partition regular for each n < ω, but that the homogeneous subtree R guaranteed by the theorem is strongly embedded in T.

Strong embedding

Call T an α-tree if each branch of T has cardinality α. Define Succ(p, P)= $\{q\in P:q\geq p\}$, and $IS(p,P)$ to be the set of immediate successors of p in P. Suppose S is an α-tree and T is a β-tree, with 0 ≤ α ≤ β ≤ ω. S is strongly embedded in T if:

• $S\subset T$, and the partial order on S is induced from T,
• if $s\in S$ is nonmaximal in S and $t\in IS(s,T)$, then $|Succ(t,T)\cap IS(s,S)|=1$,
• there exists a strictly increasing function from $\alpha$ to $\beta$, such that $S(n)\subset T(f(n)).$

Intuitively, for S to be strongly embedded in T,

• S must be a subset of T with the induced partial order
• S must preserve the branching structure of T; i.e., if a nonmaximal node in S has n immediate successors in T, then it has n immediate successors in S
• S preserves the level structure of T; all nodes on a common level of S must be on a common level in T.

References

1. Keith R. Milliken, A Ramsey Theorem for Trees J. Comb. Theory (Series A) 26 (1979), 215-237
2. Keith R. Milliken, A Partition Theorem for the Infinite Subtrees of a Tree, Trans. Amer. Math. Soc. 263 No.1 (1981), 137-148.