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{{merge|Millesimal fineness|Fineness|date=April 2013}}
There's a building increase occurring in Singapore which includes enormous Singapore condominium minium launches. Many new apartment complexes are being developed throughout the town. If you're all for buying a Singapore condo minium, now's the time to get entangled.<br><br>Several buses are available on the bus interchange close to Skyvue apartment along with shopping centers and restaurants. Skyvue apartment is also simply 3 minutes away from the Bishan MRT interchange Station (CC15,NS17) for each the circle and the north-south lines. Commuting to Orchard as well as town area is due to this fact very convenient. It is also close to to good malls like Junction eight, Nex megamall, Ang mo kio hub, Bishan Park and Toa Payoh Central Leisure on your loved ones and mates are due to this fact at your fingertips with the full apartment services as well as the amenities nearby. Residents get to take pleasure in quite a few fun-filling close by recreation actions.<br><br>A luxurious and trendy life-style awaits you at Inflora rental which is a brand new launch Pasir Ris that encompasses amazing amenities / services and wonderful hot spots of Singapore. Inflora Rental is constructed near to the upcoming Tampines East MRT station which is simply walking distance away, making this flora highway condominium even more precious. This Pasir Ris condominium consists of services similar to, waterjet pool, swimming pool, club house, eating pavilion and plenty of more. Simply at Inflora condo alone, you and your family members can get pleasure from enjoyable-stuffed day all the way to the evening.<br><br>Often even before official launch of the development for sale, the developer will soft launch it with a preview, referred to as a VIP Preview, where consumers are invited to buy items first. No. For brand new Singapore property sales, you'll be able to withdraw at any time before booking the unit, without penalty. On the preview, the agent will let you understand the precise worth so that you can decide whether to proceed or not. Solely if you resolve to proceed will the agent e book the unit for you. This rule, which applies to all new Singapore property gross sales, is to make sure that monies for a project, whether or not loans or sale proceeds, solely be used for the venture and never diverted to other makes use of, or worse, absconded with. Can get excessive rents Singapore is taken into account as a prime world metropolis<br><br>The Panorama Apartment is effectively related to other locations and there are several bus services you would find alongside the shopping centers & eating places. Decrease Pierce Reservoir can also be only a brief drive away from The Panorama. With all the range of condo services and the neighbourhood, the entertainment and fun awaits your family and mates, all at the call of your fingertips. The Panorama condo – Accessibility Demand for The Creek @ Bukit is expected to be really high as the realm has not seen a new launch for a variety of years. Toh Tuck is a private residential area at close proximity to nature reserves which make the world very serene. Proximity to close by facilities also adds to the interesting life-style. Lush Acres Govt Condominium<br><br>The developers of the condo initiatives say that the tasks are merely meant to supply premium luxurious to the folks, who actually wish to have one of the best of dwelling requirements. How you can verify that you are investing in the right project? Majority of J Gateway Condominium patrons are drawn by the comfort as the development is just 3 minutes stroll away to Jurong East MRT, the extremely anticipated industrial actions taking shape round Jurong Gateway and it is the first condominium to be launched close to Jurong East MRT Station in 10 years. Simply HIGH Urban Resort Condominium As a superb negotiator, centered and have high stage of perseverance. These attributes have helped me unload my cilents' properties fast and at record breaking prices. District thirteen, Freehold condominium<br><br>The Glades is a ninety nine-years leasehold new launch condo growth by Keppel and China Vanke. The Glades is positioned proper beside Tanah Merah MRT and opposite an upcoming mall. With anticipated completion in mid 2017, it comprises of 9 towers with 726 models and is situated 1 minute walk to Tanah Merah MRT Station. The Glades residents will have the ability to access inside a brief drive to Singapore Expo, Tampines Point, Century Square and IKEA which is a short distance away for some family enjoyable and gatherings. A wholesome fun-crammed way  [http://nationlinked.com/index.php?do=/profile-44551/info/ download The Skywoods] of life awaits you.
{{for|the unit of mass of the same name|Carat (mass)}}
 
The '''carat''' or '''karat''' (symbol: '''K''' or '''kt''') is a unit of purity for [[gold]] [[alloys]].
 
== Measure ==
Carat purity is measured as 24 times the pure mass divided by the total mass:
 
: <math>K = 24\,\frac{M_g}{M_m}</math>
where
: <math>\mathit{K}</math> is the carat rating of the material,
: <math>M_g</math> is the mass of pure gold or platinum in the material, and
: <math>M_m</math> is the total mass of the material.
 
Therefore, 24-Carat gold is fine (actually 99.9% gold by mass rather than 100%), 18-Carat gold is 18 parts gold 6 parts another metal (forming an alloy with 75% gold), 12-Carat gold is 12 parts gold (12 parts another metal), and so forth.
 
In England, the carat was divisible into four grains, and the grain was divisible into four quarts. For example, a gold alloy of <math>\tfrac{381}{384}</math> fineness (that is, 99.2% purity) could have been described as being ''23-carat, 3-grain, 1-quart gold''.
 
The Carat system is increasingly being complemented or superseded by the [[millesimal fineness]] system, in which the purity of [[precious metal]]s is denoted by parts per thousand of pure metal in the alloy; e.g. 18-carat gold, 75% Au, would be called 750..
 
Carat conversion:<br>
58.33% - 62.50% = 14k (acclaimed 58.33%)<br>
75.00% - 79.16% = 18k (acclaimed 75.00%)<br>
91.66% - 95.83% = 22k (acclaimed 91.66%)<br>
95.83% - 99.95% = 23k (acclaimed 95.83%)<br>
99.95 and above = 24k (acclaimed 99.99%)
 
==Volume==
However, this system of calculation gives only the weight of pure gold contained in an alloy. The term ''18-carat gold'' means that the alloy's weight consists of 75% of gold and 25% of alloy(s). The quantity of gold by volume in a less than 24-carat gold alloy differs according to the alloy(s) used. For example, knowing that standard 18-carat yellow gold consists of 75% gold, 12.5% silver and the remaining 12.5% of copper (all by weight), the volume of pure gold in this alloy will be 60% since gold is much more dense than the alloys used: 19.32 g/cm³ for gold, 10.49 g/cm³ for silver and 8.96 g/cm³ for copper.
 
This formula gives the amount of gold in cm³ or in ml in an alloy:
 
: <math>V_\mathit{Au} = \frac{M_a \times \tfrac{kt}{24}}{19.32}</math>
where
: <math>V_\mathit{Au}</math> is the volume of gold in cm³ or in ml,
: <math>M_a</math> is the total mass of the alloy in grams, and
: <math>\mathit{kt}</math> is the carat purity of the alloy.
 
To have the percentage of the volume of gold in an alloy, divide the volume of gold in cm³ or in ml by the total volume of the alloy in cm³ or in ml.
 
For 10-carat gold, the gold volume in the alloy represents about 26% of the total volume for standard yellow gold. One should be aware of this, since talking about purity according to weight could lead to some misunderstandings; for many people, purity means volume.
 
==Derivation==
"Karat" is a variant of "carat". First attested in English in the mid-15th century, the word "carat" came from [[Middle French]] ''carat'', in turn from Italian ''carato'', which came from [[Arabic language|Arabic]] ''qīrāṭ'' (قيراط), which came from [[Greek language|Greek]] ''kerátion'' (κεράτιον) meaning [[carob]] seed (literally "small horn")<ref name=harper>{{OEtymD|carat|accessdate=}}</ref><ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dkera%2Ftion κεράτιον], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref><ref>Walter W. Skeat (1888), ''[http://www.archive.org/details/etymologicaldict00skeauoft An Etymological Dictionary of the English Language]''</ref>
(diminutive of κέρας - ''keras'', "horn"<ref>[http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Dke%2Fras κέρας], Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', on Perseus</ref>)
and was a unit of weight<ref>[http://oxforddictionaries.com/view/entry/m_en_gb0122990#m_en_gb0122990 carat], Oxford Dictionaries</ref>  
though it was probably not used to measure gold in classical times.<ref name=harper/>
 
In 309 CE, [[Roman Emperor]] [[Constantine I]] began to [[mint (coin)|mint]] a new gold coin ''[[solidus (coin)|solidus]]'' that was {{frac|72}} of a ''[[Ancient Roman units of measurement#Mass|libra]]'' (Roman pound) of gold<ref>{{cite book|last=Vagi|first=David L.|title=Coinage and History of the Roman Empire|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=pH9Ok9czKsMC&pg=PA100|accessdate=18 November 2011|volume=II: Coinage|year=1999|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn|location=Chicago|isbn=1-57958-316-4|page=100}}</ref>
equal to a mass of 24 ''[[siliqua]]'', where each siliqua (or [[carat (mass)|carat]]) was {{frac|1728}} of a libra.<ref>{{cite book|last=Grierson|first=Philip|title=Catalogue of the Byzantine Coins in the Dumbarton Oaks Collection and in the Whittemore Collection|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=l97WJwbuAWsC&pg=PA8|accessdate=18 November 2011|volume=2: pt. 1|year=1968|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks|location=Washington, DC|isbn=0-88402-024-X|page=8}}</ref>
This is believed to be the origin of the value of the karat.<ref>{{cite doi|10.1098/rsbl.2006.0476}}</ref>
 
==Terminology==
'''''22/22K''''' - a quality mark indicating the purity of [[gold]] most popularly used in India. This purity was adapted and practiced by the big jewellers and was later passed to jewel smiths. The first 22 signifies the "Skin purity", the purity of the top layer of the gold jewelry, and the second 22 signifies that after melting purity of the gold jewellery will be 22-karat, or 91.67% of pure gold. This system is used to show consistency in the quality of the gold.
 
This practice was pioneered and introduced in the early mid-1980s by Nemichand Bamalwa & Sons of [[Kolkata]], India, sparking a revolution in India, as it forced jewellers to indicate correctly the after-melting purity.  Heightened consumer awareness made it a most sought-after stamp or quality mark.
 
This symbol or stamp can be found in such Asian countries as [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Pakistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Nepal]], [[Yemen]], and [[Persian Gulf]] countries.
 
{|class="wikitable"
! width=40% | Region<ref name="Goldorg" />
! width=40% | Typical caratage (fineness)
|+International caratages of gold jewellery
|-
|[[Arabic countries]], Far East ([[China]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Taiwan]]), [[Malaysia]], [[Indonesia]] || 24-karat "Chuk Kam" (99.0% min)
|-
|[[Arabic countries]], [[Bangladesh]], [[India]], [[Pakistan]], [[Malaysia]], and [[Sri Lanka]] || 22-karat (91.6%)
|-
|[[Arabic countries]] in the [[Persian Gulf|Persian Gulf region]] || 21-carat (87.5%)
|-
| Europe - Southern / [[Portugal]] || 19.2-karat (80.0%)
|-
| Europe - Southern / [[Mediterranean]] || 18-karat (75.0%) also in most [[Egypt]]
|-
| Europe - Northern [[Germany]], [[Scandinavia]] || 8 to 18-karat (33.3-75.0%)
|-
| [[Brazil]], [[Egypt]] || 18-karat (75.0%)
|-
| [[Russia]] and former [[USSR]] || 9 (37.5%) and 14 (58.3%) karat/old and new 14.04-karat (58.5%) 585 проба
|-
| [[United Kingdom]] || 9-carat to 22-carat (37.5-91.6%)
|-
| [[United States]], [[Canada]] || 10-carat to 18-carat (41.7-75%)
|}
 
===Chinese Gold Standards===
Zú jīn (Mandarin), Chuk Kam (Cantonese) (足金) means pure gold, literally "full gold". It is defined as 99.0% gold minimum with a 1.0% negative tolerance allowed.<ref name="Goldorg">World Gold Council (2003)</ref><ref name="Fallon">Fallon, (2006)</ref> The quality of gold is guaranteed with a "Certificate of Gold" upon purchases in [[Hong Kong]] and [[Macau]]. The related term "千足" and "万足" meaning "thousand exact" and "ten thousand exact" is also used for purity of 99.9% and 99.99% respectively. This is because the impurity is at most 1 in 1,000 in the case of 99.9% or 1 in 10,000 for 99.99%.
 
===United States===
The USA [[Federal Trade Commission]] (FTC) has standardized the karat markings used within its boundaries since the 1940s. Under these regulations, items 10-karat or greater are to be stamped with either "K" or "Kt." Decimal markings are also an option under the CFTC regulations.
 
Under-karating is against the law in the United States of America. There are specific mandated consequences including fines, etc., based upon the severity of the infraction(s).
 
In addition, there is a set of tolerances to the required karat markings in the USA (always designated with a "K" and never a "C") depending upon the use of various soldering requirements when setting stones, mounting crowns, or creating prongs, for example.<ref>[http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&sid=e0fa969f27e0acf2564eace32b299587&rgn=div8&view=text&node=16:1.0.1.2.13.0.5.5&idno=16 Title 16: Commercial Practices: PART 23—GUIDES FOR THE JEWELRY, PRECIOUS METALS, AND PEWTER INDUSTRIES]</ref>
 
==See also==
* [[Gold coin]]
* [[Platinum coin]]
 
===Gold alloys===
* [[Colored gold]]
* [[Electrum]]
* [[Rose gold]]
* [[Tumbaga]]
* [[White gold]]
 
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
 
==References==
* Fallon, S. (2006) ''Hong Kong & Macau'', 12th ed., Melbourne; London: Lonely Planet, ISBN 1-74059-843-1
* New Scientist (2006) ''[http://www.newscientist.com/channel/life/mg19025505.100-did-carob-seeds-allow-shady-diamond-deals.html Did carob seeds allow shady diamond deals?]'', New Scientist magazine, '''2550''' (9 May), p.&nbsp;20
* World Gold Council (2003) ''[http://www.gold.org/jewellery/technology/caratage/index.html The Karatage System For Gold Jewellery]'', Online article accessed 28 August 2007
 
[[Category:Gold investments]]
[[Category:Precious metals]]
[[Category:Units of purity]]
[[Category:Jewellery making]]
 
[[es:Quilate]]
[[pl:Karat#Czystość złota]]

Latest revision as of 02:25, 15 September 2014

There's a building increase occurring in Singapore which includes enormous Singapore condominium minium launches. Many new apartment complexes are being developed throughout the town. If you're all for buying a Singapore condo minium, now's the time to get entangled.

Several buses are available on the bus interchange close to Skyvue apartment along with shopping centers and restaurants. Skyvue apartment is also simply 3 minutes away from the Bishan MRT interchange Station (CC15,NS17) for each the circle and the north-south lines. Commuting to Orchard as well as town area is due to this fact very convenient. It is also close to to good malls like Junction eight, Nex megamall, Ang mo kio hub, Bishan Park and Toa Payoh Central Leisure on your loved ones and mates are due to this fact at your fingertips with the full apartment services as well as the amenities nearby. Residents get to take pleasure in quite a few fun-filling close by recreation actions.

A luxurious and trendy life-style awaits you at Inflora rental which is a brand new launch Pasir Ris that encompasses amazing amenities / services and wonderful hot spots of Singapore. Inflora Rental is constructed near to the upcoming Tampines East MRT station which is simply walking distance away, making this flora highway condominium even more precious. This Pasir Ris condominium consists of services similar to, waterjet pool, swimming pool, club house, eating pavilion and plenty of more. Simply at Inflora condo alone, you and your family members can get pleasure from enjoyable-stuffed day all the way to the evening.

Often even before official launch of the development for sale, the developer will soft launch it with a preview, referred to as a VIP Preview, where consumers are invited to buy items first. No. For brand new Singapore property sales, you'll be able to withdraw at any time before booking the unit, without penalty. On the preview, the agent will let you understand the precise worth so that you can decide whether to proceed or not. Solely if you resolve to proceed will the agent e book the unit for you. This rule, which applies to all new Singapore property gross sales, is to make sure that monies for a project, whether or not loans or sale proceeds, solely be used for the venture and never diverted to other makes use of, or worse, absconded with. Can get excessive rents Singapore is taken into account as a prime world metropolis

The Panorama Apartment is effectively related to other locations and there are several bus services you would find alongside the shopping centers & eating places. Decrease Pierce Reservoir can also be only a brief drive away from The Panorama. With all the range of condo services and the neighbourhood, the entertainment and fun awaits your family and mates, all at the call of your fingertips. The Panorama condo – Accessibility Demand for The Creek @ Bukit is expected to be really high as the realm has not seen a new launch for a variety of years. Toh Tuck is a private residential area at close proximity to nature reserves which make the world very serene. Proximity to close by facilities also adds to the interesting life-style. Lush Acres Govt Condominium

The developers of the condo initiatives say that the tasks are merely meant to supply premium luxurious to the folks, who actually wish to have one of the best of dwelling requirements. How you can verify that you are investing in the right project? Majority of J Gateway Condominium patrons are drawn by the comfort as the development is just 3 minutes stroll away to Jurong East MRT, the extremely anticipated industrial actions taking shape round Jurong Gateway and it is the first condominium to be launched close to Jurong East MRT Station in 10 years. Simply HIGH Urban Resort Condominium As a superb negotiator, centered and have high stage of perseverance. These attributes have helped me unload my cilents' properties fast and at record breaking prices. District thirteen, Freehold condominium

The Glades is a ninety nine-years leasehold new launch condo growth by Keppel and China Vanke. The Glades is positioned proper beside Tanah Merah MRT and opposite an upcoming mall. With anticipated completion in mid 2017, it comprises of 9 towers with 726 models and is situated 1 minute walk to Tanah Merah MRT Station. The Glades residents will have the ability to access inside a brief drive to Singapore Expo, Tampines Point, Century Square and IKEA which is a short distance away for some family enjoyable and gatherings. A wholesome fun-crammed way download The Skywoods of life awaits you.

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