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| [[File:Orbital motion.gif|thumb|250px|An example of a mechanical system: A satellite is orbiting the Earth only influenced by the conservative gravitational force and the mechanical energy is therefore conserved. The satellite is accelerated towards the Earth with an acceleration perpendicular to the velocity. This acceleration is represented by a green acceleration vector and the velocity is represented by a red velocity vector. Though the velocity is constantly changed with the direction of the vector because of the acceleration vector, the speed of the satellite is not since the magnitude of the velocity vector remains unchanged.]]
| | Clean - Planet's Song - Pop has acquired the distinction of Facebook's prime rated match, but in terms of general utilization of video games by way of Facebook, in accordance to Appdata. You talk about the discovery of oil, and whether or not it really is helped the environment, or brought on war. They failed to know what to assume, but they understood it was made on a grand scale.<br><br> |
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| In the [[physical science]]s, '''mechanical energy''' is the sum of [[potential energy]] and [[kinetic energy]]. It is the energy associated with the motion and position of an object. The law of conservation of mechanical energy states that in an isolated system that is only subject to [[conservative force]]s the mechanical energy is constant. If an object is moved in the opposite direction of a conservative net force, the potential energy will increase and if the [[speed]] (not the [[velocity]]) of the object is changed, the kinetic energy of the object is changed as well. In all real systems, however, [[Non-Conservative Force|non-conservative forces]], like [[frictional force]]s, will be present, but often they are of negligible values and the mechanical energy's being constant can therefore be a useful approximation. In [[elastic collision]]s, the mechanical energy is conserved but in [[inelastic collision]]s, some mechanical energy is converted into heat. The equivalence between lost mechanical energy and an increase in temperature was discovered by [[James Prescott Joule]].
| | There's no doubt that computer animation will keep on to thrive, but an exploration of currently being squeezed into extinction in the online video activity sector may well be warranted. I found it three weeks later, then again just about four years right after that. Hopefully the remaining retail release of Titanfall will search clash of clans hack instrument internet site far better, but even the beta examination seemed respectable ample to be immersive.<br><br>'Brave' is the story of a younger eleventh Century Scottish princess, Merida (Kelly Macdonald) whose spirit is as wild and fiery as her head of unruly purple hair. I introduced forward a former distinguished businessman and a instructor. If they are productive, the build new sorts of social corporation. Even if you are a hardened vet to the style, it really is a first rate way to squander a few hours.<br><br>But with the war and appreciate stories in the movie, do you consider that present day audiences can nevertheless relate to it. I then recognized teams to variety a improved perimeter. Our deduced genome and conduct indicate normally. Standing in the sweltering, soaked-wool-blanket air of DFW on a Friday early morning in July, I started to worry at the typically empty point out of my pockets.<br><br>FP: I have one film which is possibly heading to come out at the end of this yr, identified as 'Desert Dancer. I was in the beginning skeptical about Titanfall, specially since many video games have tried and failed to do well in the crowded shooter style, but after getting my palms on with Titanfall for the duration of the beta test, I am assured that Titanfall will be a process seller for Xbox A person.<br><br>'Brave' examines the romantic relationship amongst a mother and a daughter and the bond that is sometimes stretched to the restrict in between them. In the event you loved this information along with you want to acquire guidance about [http://oceanfamily.net/out%20guestbook/ clash of clans cheats hack android] i implore you to go to our web page. Nanea Reeves, COO if Machinima, says there exists a dismissal of avid gamers of tablet and mobile game titles as "informal. Which is why she claimed she needs she could trip a horse freely.<br><br>This provides each and every personal a superior prospect to group up with their counterparts from other sections of the world which is also great way to set up even further back links. FP: It was attention-grabbing, because he's this kind of an animated actor. If you like trading card games and are receiving exhausted of far more competitive and pricey online games like Yu-Gi-Oh, but but want to enjoy a little something as enjoyment, and straightforward as Pokemon, try out the Naruto TCG.<br><br>Basically you can sort an alliance recognized as a Clan with your friends or just strangers. Throughout the beta test, 3 game modes ended up offered to play: Attrition, Really hard Issue, and Final Titan Standing. six million buyers, with Metropolis - Ville two, Chef - Ville and Bubble Safari rounding out the major five games. |
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| Many modern devices, such as the [[electric motor]] or the [[steam engine]], are used today to convert mechanical energy into other forms of energy, e.g. [[electrical energy]], or to convert other forms of energy, like [[heat]], into mechanical energy.
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| ==General==
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| Energy is a
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| [[Scalar (physics)|scalar]] quantity and the mechanical energy of a system is the sum of the potential energy which is measured by the position of the parts of the system, and the kinetic energy which is also called the energy of motion:<ref name="Access CL"> {{cite encyclopedia | last = Wilczek | first = Frank | encyclopedia = AccessScience | title = Conservation laws (physics) | url = http://www.accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=757423&referURL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.accessscience.com%2fcontent.aspx%3fsearchStr%3dConservation%2blaws%2b%28physics%29%26id%3d757423 | accessdate = 2011-08-26 | year = 2008 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Companies}}</ref><ref name="Britannica mechE"> {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia: Ready Reference]] | title = mechanical energy | accessdate = 2011-08-25 | edition = 15th | year = 2003 | volume = 7}}</ref>
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| :<math>E_\mathrm{mechanical}=U+K\,</math>
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| The potential energy, ''U'', depends on the position of an object subjected to a [[conservative force]]. It is defined as the object's ability to do [[Work (physics)|work]] and is increased as the object is moved in the opposite direction of the direction of the force.{{#tag:ref|It is important to note that when measuring mechanical energy, an object is considered as a whole, as it is stated by [[Isaac Newton]] in his ''[[Principia Mathematica Philosophiae Naturalis|Principia]]'': "The motion of a whole is the same as the sum of the motions of the parts; that is, the change in position of its parts from their places, and thus the place of a whole is the same as the sum of the places of the parts and thereore is internal and in the whole body."<ref name="Newton409">{{Harvnb|Newton|1999|p=409}}</ref>|group="nb"}}<ref name="Access CL"> {{cite encyclopedia | last = Wilczek | first = Frank | encyclopedia = AccessScience | title = Conservation laws (physics) | url = http://www.accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=757423&referURL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.accessscience.com%2fcontent.aspx%3fsearchStr%3dConservation%2blaws%2b%28physics%29%26id%3d757423 | accessdate = 2011-08-26 | year = 2008 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Companies}}</ref> If ''F'' represents the conservative force and ''x'' the position, the potential energy of the force between the two positions ''x<sub>1</sub>'' and ''x<sub>2</sub>'' is defined as the negative integral of ''F'' from ''x<sub>1</sub>'' to ''x<sub>2</sub>'':<ref name="tamuk"> {{cite web | url = http://physics.tamuk.edu/~suson/html/2325/PotentialEnergy.html | title = Potential Energy | accessdate = 2011-08-25 | publisher = Texas A&M University–Kingsville}}</ref>
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| :<math>U = - \int\limits_{x_1}^{x_2} \vec{F}\cdot d\vec{x}</math>
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| The kinetic energy, ''K'', depends on the speed of an object and is the ability of a moving object to do work on other objects when it collides with them.{{#tag:ref|In physics, [[speed]] is a scalar quantity and [[velocity]] is a [[Euclidean vector|vector]]. In other words, velocity is speed with a direction and can therefore change without changing the speed of the object since speed is the numerical magnitude of a velocity.<ref name="Brodie129-131">{{Harvnb|Brodie|1998|pp=129–131}}</ref><ref name="AccessSp"> {{cite encyclopedia | last = Rusk | first = Rogers D. | encyclopedia = AccessScience | title = Speed | url = http://accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=643200&referURL=http%3a%2f%2faccessscience.com%2fcontent.aspx%3fsearchStr%3dspeed%26id%3d643200 | accessdate = 2011-08-28 | year = 2008 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Companies}}</ref><ref name="AccessVe"> {{cite encyclopedia | last = Rusk | first = Rogers D. | encyclopedia = AccessScience | title = Velocity | url = http://accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=729500&referURL=http%3a%2f%2faccessscience.com%2fcontent.aspx%3fsearchStr%3dvelocity%26id%3d729500 | accessdate = 2011-08-28 | year = 2008 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Companies}}</ref>|group="nb"}}<ref name="Brodie101">{{Harvnb|Brodie|1998|p=101}}</ref> It is defined as one half the product of the object's mass with the square of its speed, and the total kinetic energy of a system of objects is the sum of the kinetic energies of the respective objects:<ref name="Access CL"> {{cite encyclopedia | last = Wilczek | first = Frank | encyclopedia = AccessScience | title = Conservation laws (physics) | url = http://www.accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=757423&referURL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.accessscience.com%2fcontent.aspx%3fsearchStr%3dConservation%2blaws%2b%28physics%29%26id%3d757423 | accessdate = 2011-08-26 | year = 2008 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Companies}}</ref><ref name="Jain9">{{Harvnb|Jain|2009|p=9}}</ref>
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| :<math>K={1 \over 2}mv^2</math>
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| The law of conservation of mechanical energy states that if a body or system is subjected only to [[conservative force]]s, the total mechanical energy of that body or system remains constant.<ref name="Jain12">{{Harvnb|Jain|2009|p=12}}</ref> The difference between a conservative and a [[Non-Conservative Force|non-conservative force]] is that when a conservative force moves an object from one point to another, the work done by the conservative force is independent of the path. On the contrary, when a non-conservative force acts upon an object, the work done by the non-conservative force is dependent of the path.<ref name="MIT Physics"> {{cite web | url = http://web.mit.edu/8.02t/www/materials/modules/ReviewD.pdf | title = Review D: Potential Energy and the Conservation of Mechanical Energy | accessdate = 2011-08-03 | last = Department of Physics | format = PDF | publisher = [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]}}</ref>
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| ==Conservation of mechanical energy==
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| According to the law of conservation of mechanical energy, the mechanical energy of an [[isolated system]] remains constant in time, as long as the system is free of [[friction]] and other non-conservative forces. In any real situation, frictional forces and other non-conservative forces are present, but in many cases their effects on the system are so small that the law of conservation of mechanical energy can be used as a fair [[approximation]]. Though energy cannot be created or destroyed in an isolated system, it can be [[Energy conversion|converted]] to another form of energy.<ref name="Access CL"> {{cite encyclopedia | last = Wilczek | first = Frank | encyclopedia = AccessScience | title = Conservation laws (physics) | url = http://www.accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=757423&referURL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.accessscience.com%2fcontent.aspx%3fsearchStr%3dConservation%2blaws%2b%28physics%29%26id%3d757423 | accessdate = 2011-08-26 | year = 2008 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Companies}}</ref><ref name="Access CoE"> {{cite encyclopedia | last = E. Roller | first = Duane | coauthors = Leo Nedelsky | encyclopedia = AccessScience | title = Conservation of energy | url = http://www.accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=157600&referURL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.accessscience.com%2fcontent.aspx%3fsearchStr%3dconservation%2bof%2benergy%26id%3d157600 | accessdate = 2011-08-26 | year = 2008 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Companies}}</ref>
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| [[File:Pendulum animation.gif|200px|thumb|Swing Pendulum
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| A swinging pendulum with the velocity vector (green) and acceleration vector (blue). The magnitude of the velocity vector, the speed, of the pendulum is greatest in the vertical position and the pendulum is farthest from Earth in its extreme positions.]]
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| ===Swinging pendulum===
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| Thus, in a [[mechanical system]] like a swinging pendulum subjected to the conservative [[gravitational force]] where frictional forces like air drag and friction at the pivot are negligible, energy passes back and forth between kinetic and potential energy but never leaves the system. The pendulum reaches greatest kinetic energy and least potential energy when in the vertical position, because it will have the greatest speed and be nearest the Earth at this point. On the other hand, it will have its least kinetic energy and greatest potential energy at the extreme positions of its swing, because it has zero speed and is farthest from Earth at these points. However, when taking the frictional forces into account, the system loses mechanical energy with each swing because of the work done by the pendulum to oppose these non-conservative forces.<ref name="Britannica mechE"> {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = [[Encyclopædia Britannica|The New Encyclopædia Britannica: Micropædia: Ready Reference]] | title = mechanical energy | accessdate = 2011-08-25 | edition = 15th | year = 2003 | volume = 7}}</ref>
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| ===Irreversibilities===
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| {{Main|Irreversible process}}
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| That the loss of mechanical energy in a system always resulted in an increase of the system's temperature has been known for a long time, but it was the amateur physicist [[James Prescott Joule]] who first experimentally demonstrated how a certain amount of work done against friction resulted in a definite quantity of [[heat]] which should be conceived as the random motions of the particles that comprise matter.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = Scientists: Their Lives and Works | title = James Prescott Joule | accessdate = 2011-08-28 | year = 2006 | publisher = Gale}} as cited on {{cite web | url = http://www.gale.cengage.com/InContext/resources.htm | title = Student Resources in Context | accessdate = 2011-08-28 | publisher = Gale}}</ref> This equivalence between mechanical energy and heat is especially important when considering colliding objects. In an [[elastic collision]], mechanical energy is conserved — the sum of the mechanical energies of the colliding objects is the same before and after the collision. After an [[inelastic collision]], however, the mechanical energy of the system will have changed. Usually, the mechanical energy before the collision is greater than the mechanical energy after the collision. In inelastic collisions, some of the mechanical energy of the colliding objects is transformed into kinetic energy of the constituent particles. This increase in kinetic energy of the constituent particles is perceived as an increase in temperature. The collision can be described by saying some of the mechanical energy of the colliding objects has been converted into an equal amount of heat. Thus, the total energy of the system remains unchanged though the mechanical energy of the system has reduced.<ref name="Access CL"> {{cite encyclopedia | last = Wilczek | first = Frank | encyclopedia = AccessScience | title = Conservation laws (physics) | url = http://www.accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=757423&referURL=http%3a%2f%2fwww.accessscience.com%2fcontent.aspx%3fsearchStr%3dConservation%2blaws%2b%28physics%29%26id%3d757423 | accessdate = 2011-08-26 | year = 2008 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Companies}}</ref><ref name="Access Cp"> {{cite encyclopedia | last = Schmidt | first = Paul W. | encyclopedia = AccessScience | title = Collision (physics) | url = http://accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=149000&referURL=http%3a%2f%2faccessscience.com%2fcontent.aspx%3fsearchStr%3dCollision%2b%28physics%29%26id%3d149000 | accessdate = 2011-09-03 | year = 2008 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Companies}}</ref>
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| ===Satellite===
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| [[File:R = geo Re 2012-10-08 1809.png|thumb|plot of kinetic energy <math> KE</math>, gravitational potential energy, <math> PE</math> and total Energy <math> TE</math>versus distance away from centre of earth, r at R= Re, R= 2*Re, R=3*Re and lastly R = geostationary radius]]
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| A satellite of mass <math> m</math> at a distance <math> r</math> away from the centre of Earth in space possesses both kinetic energy, <math> KE</math>, (by virtue of its motion) and gravitational potential energy, <math> PE</math>, (by virtue of its position within the Earth’s of mass <math> M</math> gravitational field).
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| Hence, total energy <math> TE </math> of a satellite is given by
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| :<math> TE = PE + KE</math>
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| :<math>TE = - G \frac{M m}{r}\ + \frac{1}{2}\ m v^2</math>
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| If the satellite is in circular orbit, the energy conservation equation can be further simplified into
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| :<math>TE = - G \frac{M m}{2r}\ </math> | |
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| since in circular motion, Newton's 2nd Law of motion can be taken to be
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| :<math>G \frac{M m}{r^2}\ = \frac{m v^2}{r}\ </math>
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| ==Conversion==
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| Today, many technological devices convert mechanical energy into other forms of energy or vice versa. These devices can be placed in these categories:
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| * An [[electric motor]] converts [[electrical energy]] into mechanical energy.<ref> {{cite encyclopedia | last = Kopicki | first = Ronald J. | editor = Kutler, Stanley I. | encyclopedia = Dictionary of American History | title = Electrification, Household | accessdate = 2011-09-07 | edition = 3rd | year = 2003 | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons | volume = 3 | location = New York | pages = 179–183}} as cited on {{cite web | url = http://www.gale.cengage.com/InContext/resources.htm | title = Student Resources in Context | accessdate = 2011-09-07 | publisher = Gale}}</ref><ref> {{cite encyclopedia | editor = Lerner, K. Lee; Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth | encyclopedia = The Gale Encyclopedia of Science | title = Electric motor | accessdate = 2011-09-07 | edition = 4th | year = 2008 | publisher = Gale | location = Detroit}} as cited on {{cite web | url = http://www.gale.cengage.com/InContext/resources.htm | title = Student Resources in Context | accessdate = 2011-09-07 | publisher = Gale}}</ref><ref> {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = U*X*L Encyclopedia of Science | title = Electric motor | accessdate = 2011-09-07 | year = 2007 | publisher = U*X*L}} as cited on {{cite web | url = http://www.gale.cengage.com/InContext/resources.htm | title = Student Resources in Context | accessdate = 2011-09-07 | publisher = Gale}}</ref>
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| * A [[Electric generator|generator]] converts mechanical energy into electrical energy.<ref> {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = U*X*L Encyclopedia of Science | title = Generator | accessdate = 2011-10-09 | date = 2007-07-16 | year = 2007 | publisher = U*X*L}} as cited on {{cite web | url = http://www.gale.cengage.com/InContext/resources.htm | title = Student Resources in Context | accessdate = 2011-10-09 | publisher = Gale}}</ref>
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| * A [[hydroelectric powerplant]] converts the mechanical energy of water in a storage dam into electrical energy.<ref>{{cite web|title=Hydroelectric Power|url=http://www.waterencyclopedia.com/Ge-Hy/Hydroelectric-Power.html|publisher=Water Encyclopedia}} Retrieved 2013-08-23</ref>
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| * An [[internal combustion engine]] is a [[heat engine]] that obtains mechanical energy from [[chemical energy]] by burning [[fuel]]. From this mechanical energy, the internal combustion engine often generates electricity.<ref> {{cite encyclopedia | editor = Lerner, K. Lee; Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth | encyclopedia = The Gale Encyclopedia of Science | title = Internal combustion engine | accessdate = 2011-10-09 | edition = 4th | year = 2008 | publisher = Gale | location = Detroit}} as cited on {{cite web | url = http://www.gale.cengage.com/InContext/resources.htm | title = Student Resources in Context | accessdate = 2011-10-09 | publisher = Gale}}</ref>
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| * A [[steam engine]] converts the [[Heat|heat energy]] of steam into mechanical energy.<ref> {{cite encyclopedia | encyclopedia = U*X*L Encyclopedia of Science | title = Steam engine | accessdate = 2011-10-09 | date = 2007-07-16 | year = 2007 | publisher = U*X*L}} as cited on {{cite web | url = http://www.gale.cengage.com/InContext/resources.htm | title = Student Resources in Context | accessdate = 2011-10-09 | publisher = Gale}}</ref>
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| * A [[turbine]] converts the kinetic energy of a stream of gas or liquid into mechanical energy.<ref> {{cite encyclopedia | editor = Lerner, K. Lee; Lerner, Brenda Wilmoth | encyclopedia = The Gale Encyclopedia of Science | title = Turbine | accessdate = 2011-10-09 | edition = 4th | year = 2008 | publisher = Gale | location = Detroit}} as cited on {{cite web | url = http://www.gale.cengage.com/InContext/resources.htm | title = Student Resources in Context | accessdate = 2011-10-09 | publisher = Gale}}</ref>
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| ==Distinction from other types==
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| The classification of energy into different types often follows the boundaries of the fields of study in the natural sciences.
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| * [[Chemical energy]] is the kind of [[potential energy]] "stored" in [[chemical bonds]] and is studied in [[chemistry]].<ref> {{cite encyclopedia | last = Atkins | first = Peter W. | encyclopedia = AccessScience | title = Chemical energy | url = http://accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=127100&referURL=http%3a%2f%2faccessscience.com%2fcontent.aspx%3fsearchStr%3dchemical%2benergy%26id%3d127100 | accessdate = 2011-10-17 | year = 2008 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Companies}}</ref>
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| * [[Nuclear potential energy|Nuclear energy]] is energy stored in interactions between the particles in the [[atomic nucleus]] and is studied in [[nuclear physics]].<ref> {{cite encyclopedia | last = Duckworth | first = Henry E. | coauthors = Wilkinson, D. H. | encyclopedia = AccessScience | title = Nuclear binding energy | url = http://accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=457950&referURL=http%3a%2f%2faccessscience.com%2fcontent.aspx%3fsearchStr%3dnuclear%2benergy%26id%3d457950 | accessdate = 2011-10-17 | year = 2008 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Companies}}</ref>
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| * [[Electromagnetic energy]] is in the form of electric charges, magnetic fields, and [[photons]]. It is studied in [[electromagnetism]].<ref> {{cite encyclopedia | last = Hartwig | first = William H. | encyclopedia = AccessScience | title = Electrical energy measurement | url = http://accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=218350&referURL=http%3a%2f%2faccessscience.com%2fcontent.aspx%3fsearchStr%3dElectrical%2benergy%2bmeasurement%26id%3d218350 | accessdate = 2011-10-17 | year = 2008 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Companies}}</ref><ref> {{cite encyclopedia | last = Smythe | first = William R. | encyclopedia = AccessScience | title = Electromagnetic radiation | url = http://accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=222700&referURL=http%3a%2f%2faccessscience.com%2fcontent.aspx%3fsearchStr%3dElectromagnetic%2bradiation%26id%3d222700 | accessdate = 2011-10-17 | year = 2008 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Companies}}</ref>
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| * Various forms of energy in [[quantum mechanics]]; e.g., the [[energy level]]s of [[electron]]s in an atom.<ref> {{cite encyclopedia | last = Gerjuoy | first = Edward | encyclopedia = AccessScience | title = Quantum mechanics | url = http://accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=562900&referURL=http%3a%2f%2faccessscience.com%2fcontent.aspx%3fsearchStr%3dQuantum%2bmechanics%26id%3d562900 | accessdate = 2011-10-17 | year = 2008 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Companies}}</ref><ref> {{cite encyclopedia | last = March-Russell | first = John | encyclopedia = AccessScience | title = Energy level (quantum mechanics) | url = http://accessscience.com/abstract.aspx?id=232800&referURL=http%3a%2f%2faccessscience.com%2fcontent.aspx%3fsearchStr%3dEnergy%2blevel%2b%28quantum%2bmechanics%29%26id%3d232800 | accessdate = 2011-10-17 | year = 2008 | publisher = McGraw-Hill Companies}}</ref>
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| ==References==
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| ; Notes
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| {{reflist|group="nb"}}
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| ; Citations
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| {{Reflist|50em}}
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| | |
| ;Bibliography
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| * {{cite book | last1 = Brodie | first1 = David | last2 = Brown | first2 = Wendy | last3 = Heslop | first3 = Nigel | last4 = Ireson | first4 = Gren | last5 = Williams | first5 = Peter | title = Physics | editors = Terry Parkin | publisher = Addison Wesley Longman Limited | year = 1998 | accessdate = 2011-08-28 | isbn = 978-0-582-28736-5}}
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| * {{cite book | last1 = Jain | first1 = Mahesh C. | title = Textbook of Engineering Physics, Part I | publisher = PHI Learning Pvt. Ltd. | year = 2009 | location = New Delhi | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=DqZlU3RJTywC | accessdate = 2011-08-25 | isbn = 978-81-203-3862-3}}
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| * {{cite book | last1 = Newton | first1 = Isaac | authorlink1 = Isaac Newton | title = The Principia: mathematical principles of natural philosophy | editors = I. Bernard Cohen, Anne Miller Whitman | publisher = University of California Press | year = 1999 | location = United States of America | accessdate = 2011-08-24 | isbn = 978-0-520-08816-0}}
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| {{Footer energy}}
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| [[Category:Energy (physics)]]
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| [[Category:Mechanics]]
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