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The J-Class Velsheda (1933)

A "J-Class" yacht is a single masted racing sailboat built to the specifications of Nathanael Herreshoff's Universal Rule, The J-Class are considered the peak racers of the era when the Universal Rule determined eligibility in the Americas Cup.

Universal Rule

The J-Class is one of several classes deriving from the Universal Rule for racing boats. The rule was established in 1903 and rates double masted racers (classes A through H) and single masted racers (classes I through S). From 1914 to 1937 the rule was used to determine eligibility for the Americas Cup. In the late 1920's the trend was towards smaller boats and so agreement among American yacht clubs led to rule changes such that after 1937 the International Rule would be used for 12-metre class boats.[1]

Universal Rule formula

The Universal Rule formula[2] is:

Where:

sailplan of a J-Class yacht

The numerator contains a yacht's speed-giving elements, length and sail area, while the retarding quantity of displacement is in the denominator. Also the result will be dimensionally correct; R will be a linear unit of length (such as feet or meters). J-Class boats will have a rating of between 65 and 76 feet. This is not the overall length of the boat but a limiting factor for the variables in the equation. Designers are free to change any of the variables such as length or displacement but must reduce the other variables if the changes derive a different rating (or they must designate the craft as belonging to another class).

J Class examples

What follows is a table of well-known J-Class yachts. Note the difference in the variables like displacement, sail area, etc. Plugging these variables into the Universal Rule will result in a rating between 65 and 76 feet.

Launch Name Builder LOA LWL Beam Draught Displacement Sail area
1930 Shamrock V 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. Camper and Nicholsons 119 ft 1 in 81 ft 1 in 20 ft 14 ft 9 in 134 tons 7,540 ft²
1930 Weetamoe 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. Herreshoff Manufacturing Company 125 ft 9 in 83 ft 20 ft 14 ft 6 in 7,550 ft²
1930 Yankee 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. George Lawley & Son 126 ft 83 ft 22 ft 6 in 14 ft 6 in 148 tons 7,288 ft²
1930 Whirlwind 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. George Lawley & Son 139 ft 86 ft 21 ft 9 in 15 ft 6 in 158 tons 7,335 ft²
1930 Enterprise 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. Herreshoff Manufacturing Company 120 ft 9 in 80 ft 23 ft 14 ft 6 in 128 tons 7,583 ft²
1933 Velsheda 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. Camper and Nicholsons 127 ft 6 in 83 ft 21 ft 6 in 15 ft
1934 Endeavour 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. Camper and Nicholsons 129 ft 6 in 83 ft 6 in 22 ft 14 ft 9 in 143 tons 7,651 ft²
1934 Rainbow 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. Herreshoff Manufacturing Company 127 ft 6 in 82 ft 21 ft 15 ft 141 tons 7,535 ft²
1936 Endeavour II 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. Camper and Nicholsons 135 ft 6 in 87 ft 21 ft 6 in 15 ft 162 tons 7,543 ft²
1937 Ranger 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. Bath Iron Works 135 ft 87 ft 21 ft 15 ft 166 tons 7,546 ft²

History and Evolution of the J Class

Prior to the adoption of the Universal Rule, the Seawanhaka Rule was used to govern the design of boats for inter club racing. Because the Seawanhaka Rule used only two variables: Load Waterline Length () and Sail Area, racing boats at the time were becoming more and more extreme. Larger and larger sails atop shorter and wider boats leading either to unwieldy, and ultimately unsafe, boats or craft that simply was not competitive. [4][5] In order to account, in some ways, for the beam and the relationship of the length over all () to the load waterline length the universal rule was proposed, taking into account displacement and length, which itself was a a result of a formula taking into account such things as "quarter beam length". As different boats were designed and built, the notion of classes was derived to maintain groupings of competitive class.

The J-Class Endeavour of 1934, shown here in 1996

Following Sir Thomas Lipton's near success in the 1920 America's Cup, he challenged again for the last time at age 79, in 1929. The challenge drew all the novelties developed in the previous decade on small boats to be ported onto large boats, and pitted British and American yacht design in a technological race. Between 1930 and 1937, the improvements brought to the design of sailboats were numerous and significant:

  • the high-aspect bermuda rig replaces the gaff rig on large sailboats
  • solid-rod lenticular rigging for shrouds and stays
  • luff and foot grooved spars with rail and slides replacing wooden hoops
  • multiplication of spreader sets: one set previously (1914), two sets (1930), three sets (1934), four sets (1937)
  • multiplication of the number of winches: 23 winches, Enterprise (1930)
  • electrical navigational instruments borrowed from aeronautics with repeaters for windvane and anemometer, Whirlwind (1930)[6]
  • "Park Avenue" boom (Enterprise, 1930) and "North Circular" boom (Rainbow, 1934) developed to trim mainsail foot[7]
  • riveted aluminium mast (Template:Convert, Duralumin), Enterprise (1930)
  • Genoa Jib (Rainbow, 1934) and quadrangular jib (Endeavour, 1934)[8]
  • development of nylon parachute (symmetric) spinnakers, including the World's largest at Template:Convert on Endeavour II (1936)
  • Duralumin wing-mast, Ranger (1937)

All these improvements may not have been possible without the context of the America's Cup and the stability offered by the Universal Rule. The competition was a bit unfair because the British challengers had to be constructed in the country of the Challenging Yacht Club (a criterion still in use today), and had to sail on their own hull to the venue of the America's Cup (a criterion no longer in use today): The design for such an undertaking required the challenging boat to be more seaworthy than the American boats, whose design was purely for speed in closed waters regattas. The yachts that remain in existence are all British, and probably log more nautical miles today than they ever did. This would not have been possible if Charles Ernest Nicholson did not obtain unlimited budgets to achieve the quality of build for these yachts. Yacht designer Clinton Hoadley Crane noted in his memoires that "America's Cup racing has never led to good sportsmanship. The attitude of the New York Yacht Club [...] has been more that of a man in the forward position at war who has been ordered to hold his position at all costs – at all costs."[9] In 1930, Thomas Lipton spent $1,000,000 for his Shamrock V challenge when America was facing a stock market crash, but the NYYC still built four cup defenders. The rivalry lead both countries to put on a display of true technological innovations using the maximum load waterline length authorised by the rule for Endeavour II and Ranger in 1937.

Most J-Class yachts were scrapped prior or during World War II because steel and lead had become precious to the war effort. In the post-war era, J-Class racing was deemed far too expensive, so no challenge for the America's Cup was placed until 1958 with the smaller third International Rule 12mR class. A revival of the J-Class was triggered in the 1980s when Elizabeth Meyer oversaw the refits of Endeavour and Shamrock V.

In the early part of the 21st century, as part of the celebration of the 150th "jubilee" of America's Cup, several existing J Class racers, and many replicas, were brought to the Isle of Wight for a round the island race. [10]

List of J-Class yachts

Ten yachts were built to the J-Class rule between 1930 and 1937, six in America and four in Great Britain. All three which survived were designed by Charles Ernest Nicholson: Shamrock V, Endeavour and Velsheda, of which the latter never served for an America's Cup challenge.

Other boats raced in J-Class regattas: The yachts Katoura (Starling Burgess, 1927), Resolute (Nathanael Herreshoff, 1914) and Vanitie (William Gardner, 1914) served as trial horses and most International Rule 23mR yachts were converted to the J-Class, of which three remain in existence: Astra, Cambria and Candida.

The creation of the J-Class Association[11] in 2000 and the launch of a new replica of Ranger in 2004 accelerated the revival of the class. Several replicas and original designs were subsequently built and the association now organises races for the J-Class in Newport, Falmouth and Cowes.

J-Class conversions    did not compete or qualify    Challengers    Defenders    replicas
Launch Name Sail Designer First ship-owner and Yacht Club Description
1893 Britannia 1 K1 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. George Lennox Watson Prince Albert Edward, RYS YRA first class rater converted to the J-Class (1931). scuttled (1936)
1907 White Heather II B1 7 K7 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. William Fife III Myles Burton Kennedy, Royal Albert YC 23mR converted to the J-Class (1930). scrapped to cast the lead for Velsheda (1932)
1914 Resolute J1 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. Nathanael Greene Herreshoff Henry Walters syndicate, NYYC Universal rule 75-footer defender (AC1920). converted to the J-Class (1931). scrapped (1939)
1914 Vanitie I1 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. William Gardner Alexander Smith Cochran, NYYC Universal rule 75-footer defender trials (AC1920). converted to the J-Class (1931). scrapped (1939)
1928 Astra K2 JK2 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. Charles Ernest Nicholson Sir Adam Mortimer Singer, RYS 23mR converted to the J-Class (1931). refitted (1987)
1928 Cambria K4 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. William Fife III Sir William Berry, RYS 23mR refitted (1995, 2001).re-rated as a J-Class (2003)
1929 Candida K8 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. Charles Ernest Nicholson Hermann Anton Andreae, RSYC 23mR converted to the J-Class (1931). refitted (1989)
1930 Shamrock V JK3 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. Charles Ernest Nicholson Sir Thomas Lipton, RUYC Unsuccessful challenger (AC1930).[12] refitted by Pendennis shipyard (2001).
1930 Weetamoe 1 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. Clinton Hoadley Crane George Nichols syndicate, NYYC defender trials (AC1930, AC1934). scrapped (1938)
1930 Yankee 2 JUS2 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. Frank Cabot Paine John Silsbee Lawrence syndicate, NYYC defender trials (AC1930, AC1934, AC1937). scrapped (1941)
1930 Whirlwind 3 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. Lewis Francis Herreshoff Landon Ketchum Thorne syndicate, NYYC defender trials (AC1930). scrapped (1935)
1930 Enterprise 4 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. Starling Burgess Harold Vanderbilt syndicate, NYYC successful defender 4:0 (AC1930). scrapped (1935)
1933 Velsheda JK7 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. Charles Ernest Nicholson William Lawrence Stephenson, RYS restored by Southampton Yacht Services (1997)
1934 Endeavour JK4 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. Charles Ernest Nicholson Sir Thomas Sopwith, RYS unsuccessful challenger 2:4 (AC1934). restored by Royal Huisman (1989) and refitted by Yachting Developments (2011)
1934 Rainbow J5 J4 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. Starling Burgess Harold Vanderbilt syndicate, NYYC successful defender 4:2 (AC1934). defender trials (AC1937). scrapped (1940)
1936 Endeavour II JK6 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. Charles Ernest Nicholson Sir Thomas Sopwith, RYS unsuccessful challenger 0:4 (AC1937). scrapped (1968)
1937 "77C"-Ranger J5 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. Starling Burgess & Olin Stephens Harold Vanderbilt, NYYC successful defender 4:0 (AC1937). scrapped (1941)
2004 "77C"-Ranger J5 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. Starling Burgess & Olin Stephens John A. Williams, NYYC replica of "77C"-Ranger (1937)
2009 Hanuman JK6 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. Charles Ernest Nicholson James H. Clark replica of Endeavour II (1936)
2010 "77F"-Lionheart JH1 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. Starling Burgess & Olin Stephens Harold Goddijn original design (model "77F", 1937)
2012 Rainbow JH2 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. Starling Burgess Chris Gongriep, ZZV replica of Rainbow (1934)
building "J8" J8 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. Frank Cabot Paine original design (proposal"A", 1935)
building "77B"-Cheveyo J1 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. Starling Burgess & Olin Stephens original design (model "77B", 1937)
building Britannia K1 41 yr old Film, Tv, Radio and Stage Owners Anton Lester from Lively, has many hobbies which include guitar, property developers in singapore apartment for sale and rowing. Recalls what an attractive place it had been having gone to San Marino Historic Centre and Mount Titano. George Lennox Watson Sigurd Coates replica as per the original BritanniaTemplate:'s 1931 J-Class configuration

Rigging problems

The original yachts carried Template:Convert masts, but they dismasted frequently in conditions other than the lightest of winds. As a consequence, British yachtsman Sir Richard Fairey (Chairman of Fairey Aviation, and owner of Shamrock V at the time) suggested an America's Cup challenge in the smaller K-Class (less expensive with a more manageable rig), but the New York Yacht Club refused the drop in size. In 1937, disaster struck on the delivery trip of the Vanderbilt's defense candidate, Ranger, from Maine to Newport, when rigging parts fell from the mast whilst under tow. Nothing could be done to save the top Template:Convert from breaking off. Fortunately, a new aluminum mast built for the 1934 defender Rainbow (a candidate for the 1937 defense) was loaned to the project and used throughout the Defender selection series until Ranger's mast could be repaired.

The J-Class rule was amended in 1937 to force rigs to weigh a minimum of 6,400 lb. The larger scantling would prevent the frequent dismastings that had been previously observed in the British Big Class seasons.

Bibliography

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Further reading

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  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  • 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  • Sparkman & Stephens - J-Class design
  • Hoek Design - J-Class replica design
  • Gerard Dijkstra & Partners - J-Class refit and replica design
  • New York Times - 1989 article about Elizabeth Meyer's refit of Endeavour
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    The data offered is for normal info purposes only and isn't supposed to be personalised investment or monetary advice. Motley Fool Singapore contributor Stanley Lim would not personal shares in any corporations talked about. Singapore private home costs increased by 1.eight% within the fourth quarter of 2012, up from 0.6% within the earlier quarter. Resale prices of government-built HDB residences which are usually bought by Singaporeans, elevated by 2.5%, quarter on quarter, the quickest acquire in five quarters. And industrial property, prices are actually double the levels of three years ago. No withholding tax in the event you sell your property. All your local information regarding vital HDB policies, condominium launches, land growth, commercial property and more

    There are various methods to go about discovering the precise property. Some local newspapers (together with the Straits Instances ) have categorised property sections and many local property brokers have websites. Now there are some specifics to consider when buying a 'new launch' rental. Intended use of the unit Every sale begins with 10 p.c low cost for finish of season sale; changes to 20 % discount storewide; follows by additional reduction of fiftyand ends with last discount of 70 % or extra. Typically there is even a warehouse sale or transferring out sale with huge mark-down of costs for stock clearance. Deborah Regulation from Expat Realtor shares her property market update, plus prime rental residences and houses at the moment available to lease Esparina EC @ Sengkang
  • youtube.com - videos of J Class yachts
  • Classic Boat’s History of the J Class
  • Photography gallery of Ranger courtesy of Jean Jarreau
  • Photography gallery of J Class Hanuman (Endeavour II) courtesy of Jean Jarreau

America's Cup Competitions

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  1. universalrule.com History of the Universal Rule of Measurement
  2. 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  3. brawner.net/universalrule.pdf
  4. http://www.goodoldboat.com/reader_services/articles/ratingrules.php
  5. brawner.net/universalrule.pdf
  6. Template:Cite web
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  8. Template:Cite web
  9. 20 year-old Real Estate Agent Rusty from Saint-Paul, has hobbies and interests which includes monopoly, property developers in singapore and poker. Will soon undertake a contiki trip that may include going to the Lower Valley of the Omo.

    My blog: http://www.primaboinca.com/view_profile.php?userid=5889534
  10. http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/ptop/plain/A647813
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