Computed tomography dose index: Difference between revisions

From formulasearchengine
Jump to navigation Jump to search
en>Yobot
m →‎References: WP:CHECKWIKI error fixes using AWB (9075)
en>Hydraton31
m →‎References: -Corrected spelling.
 
(One intermediate revision by one other user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
In the [[mathematics|mathematical]] field of [[integral geometry]], the '''Funk transform''' (also called '''Minkowski–Funk transform''') is an [[integral transform]] defined by integrating a [[function (mathematics)|function]] on [[great circle]]s of the [[sphere]]. It was introduced by [[Paul Funk]] in 1916, based on the work of {{harvtxt|Minkowski|1904}}. It is closely related to the [[Radon transform]]. The original motivation for studying the Funk transform was to describe [[Zoll surface|Zoll metrics]] on the sphere.
Surely the second option would be more beneficial for any website. It is very easy to customize plugins according to the needs of a particular business. Wordpress Content management systems, being customer friendly, can be used extensively to write and manage websites and blogs. s ultimately easy to implement and virtually maintenance free. All this is very simple, and the best thing is that it is totally free, and you don't need a domain name or web hosting. <br><br>The Internet is a vast open market where businesses and consumers congregate. You will have to invest some money into tuning up your own blog but, if done wisely, your investment will pay off in the long run. This is the reason for the increased risk of Down Syndrome babies in women over age 35. t need to use the back button or the URL to get to your home page. Word - Press makes it possible to successfully and manage your website. <br><br>Here are a few reasons as to why people prefer Word - Press over other software's. The following piece of content is meant to make your choice easier and reassure you that the decision to go ahead with this conversion is requited with rich benefits:. Are you considering getting your website redesigned. Our skilled expertise, skillfulness and excellence have been well known all across the world. Websites using this content based strategy are always given top scores by Google. <br><br>A built-in widget which allows you to embed quickly video from popular websites. I didn't straight consider near it solon than one distance, I got the Popup Ascendancy plugin and it's up and lengthways, likely you make seen it today when you visited our blog, and I yet customize it to fit our Thesis Wound which gives it a rattling uncomparable visage and search than any different popup you know seen before on any added journal, I hump arrogated asset of one of it's quatern themes to make our own. re creating a Word - Press design yourself, the good news is there are tons of Word - Press themes to choose from. If you are looking for Hire Wordpress Developer then just get in touch with him. Look for experience: When you are searching for a Word - Press developer you should always look at their experience level. <br><br>You will know which of your Word - Press blog posts are attracting more unique visitors which in turn will help you develop better products and services for your customers. In fact portfolio Word - Press themes is a smooth and attractive but considerably flawed Word - Press theme in creating simpler to the photographers or designers to develop a specific internet site showcasing their most current perform since it appear modern-day and has fantastic typography and large photographs which would develop an attractive wanting portfolio internet site.  If you have any type of inquiries concerning where and exactly how to use [http://urlon.com.br/backup_plugin_233260 wordpress dropbox backup], you could call us at our web-page. It can be concluded that white label SEO comprise of a third party who resells a contract involving IT expert or consultant, SEO professional and end user. Word - Press is the most popular personal publishing platform which was launched in 2003. Verify whether your company has a team of developers or programmers having hands-on experience and knowledge about all Word - Press concepts.
 
Classically, the Funk transform is defined as follows.  Let ''&fnof;'' be a [[continuous function]] on the 2-sphere in '''R'''<sup>3</sup>. Then, for a [[unit vector]] '''x''', let
 
:<math>Ff(\mathbf{x}) = \int_{\mathbf{u}\in C(\mathbf{x})} f(\mathbf{u})\,ds(\mathbf{u})</math>
 
where the integral is carried out with respect to the arclength ''ds'' of the great circle ''C''('''x''') consisting of all unit vectors perpendicular to ''x'':
 
:<math>C(\mathbf{x}) = \{\mathbf{u}\in S^2\mid \mathbf{u}\cdot\mathbf{x}=0\}.</math>
 
Clearly, the Funk transform annihilates all [[odd function]]s, and so it is natural to confine attention to the case when ''&fnof;'' is even. In that case, the Funk transform takes even (continuous) functions to even continuous functions, and is furthermore invertible. As with the Radon transform, the inversion formula relies on the dual transform, defined by
 
:<math>(F^*f)(p,\mathbf{x}) = \frac{1}{2\pi\cos p}\int_{\|\mathbf{u}\|=1,\mathbf{x}\cdot\mathbf{u}=\sin p} f(\mathbf{u})\,|d\mathbf{u}|.</math>
 
This is the average value of the circle function ''&fnof;'' over circles of arc distance ''p'' from the point '''x'''. The inverse transform is given by
 
:<math>f(\mathbf{x}) = \frac{1}{2\pi}\left\{\frac{d}{du}\int_0^u F^*(Ff)(\cos^{-1}v,\mathbf{x})v(u^2-v^2)^{-1/2}\,dv\right\}_{u=1}.</math>
 
The classical formulation is invariant under the [[rotation group SO(3)]].  It is also possible to formulate the Funk transform in a manner that makes it invariant under the [[special linear group]] SL(3,'''R'''), due to {{harv|Bailey|Eastwood|Gover|Mason|2003}}. Suppose that ''&fnof;'' is a [[homogeneous function]] of degree &minus;2 on '''R'''<sup>3</sup>. Then, for [[linear independence|linearly independent]] vectors '''x''' and '''y''', define a function φ by the [[line integral]]
 
:<math>\varphi(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y}) = \frac{1}{2\pi}\oint f(u\mathbf{x} + v\mathbf{y})(u\,dv-v\,du)</math>
 
taken over a simple closed curve encircling the origin once. The [[differential form]]
 
:<math>f(u\mathbf{x} + v\mathbf{y})(u\,dv-v\,du)</math>
 
is [[closed and exact differential forms|closed]], which follows by the homogeneity of ''&fnof;''.  By a [[integration by substitution|change of variables]], φ satisfies
 
:<math>\phi(a\mathbf{x}+b\mathbf{y},c\mathbf{x}+d\mathbf{y}) = \frac{1}{|ad-bc|}\phi(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y}),</math>
 
and so gives a homogeneous function of degree &minus;1 on the [[exterior algebra|exterior square]] of '''R'''<sup>3</sup>,
 
:<math>Ff(\mathbf{x}\wedge\mathbf{y}) = \phi(\mathbf{x},\mathbf{y}).</math>
 
The function ''F&fnof;''&nbsp;:&nbsp;Λ<sup>2</sup>'''R'''<sup>3</sup>&nbsp;→&nbsp;'''R''' agrees with the Funk transform when ''&fnof;'' is the degree &minus;2 homogeneous extension of a function on the sphere and the projective space associated to Λ<sup>2</sup>'''R'''<sup>3</sup> is identified with the space of all circles on the sphere. Alternatively, Λ<sup>2</sup>'''R'''<sup>3</sup> can be identified with '''R'''<sup>3</sup> in an SL(3,'''R''')-invariant manner, and so the Funk transform ''F'' maps smooth even homogeneous functions of degree &minus;2 on '''R'''<sup>3</sup>\{0} to smooth even homogeneous functions of degree &minus;1 on '''R'''<sup>3</sup>\{0}.
 
==See also==
* [[Spherical mean]]
 
==References==
*{{Citation | doi=10.4134/JKMS.2003.40.4.577 | last1=Bailey | first1=T. N. | last2=Eastwood | first2=Michael G. | last3=Gover | first3=A. Rod | last4=Mason | first4=L. J. | title=Complex analysis and the Funk transform | mr=1995065 | year=2003 | journal=Journal of the Korean Mathematical Society | volume=40 | issue=4 | pages=577–593|url=http://mathnet.kaist.ac.kr/mathnet/kms_tex/980815.pdf}}
*{{Citation | last1=Dann | first1=Susanna | title=On the Minkowski-Funk Transform | arxiv=1003.5565 | year=2010}}
*{{Citation | doi=10.1007/BF01456824 | last1=Funk | first1=Paul | title=Über eine geometrische Anwendung der Abelschen Integralgleichung | mr=1511851 | year=1915 | journal=[[Mathematische Annalen]] | volume=77 | issue=1 | pages=129–135}}.
*{{Citation | doi=10.1016/0001-8708(76)90139-0 | last1=Guillemin | first1=Victor | title=The Radon transform on Zoll surfaces | mr=0426063 | year=1976 | journal=Advances in Mathematics | volume=22 | issue=1 | pages=85–119}}.
*{{Citation | last1=Helgason | first1=Sigurdur | authorlink1=Sigurdur Helgason (mathematician)|title=The Radon transform | publisher=Birkhäuser Boston | location=Boston, MA | edition=2nd | series=Progress in Mathematics | isbn=978-0-8176-4109-2 | mr=1723736 | year=1999 | volume=5}}.
*{{Citation | last1=Minkowski | first1=Hermann | author1-link=Hermann Minkowski | title=About bodies of constant width | year=1904 | journal=Mathematics Sbornik | volume=25 | pages=505–508}}
 
[[Category:Integral geometry]]
[[Category:Integral transforms]]

Latest revision as of 17:18, 11 December 2014

Surely the second option would be more beneficial for any website. It is very easy to customize plugins according to the needs of a particular business. Wordpress Content management systems, being customer friendly, can be used extensively to write and manage websites and blogs. s ultimately easy to implement and virtually maintenance free. All this is very simple, and the best thing is that it is totally free, and you don't need a domain name or web hosting.

The Internet is a vast open market where businesses and consumers congregate. You will have to invest some money into tuning up your own blog but, if done wisely, your investment will pay off in the long run. This is the reason for the increased risk of Down Syndrome babies in women over age 35. t need to use the back button or the URL to get to your home page. Word - Press makes it possible to successfully and manage your website.

Here are a few reasons as to why people prefer Word - Press over other software's. The following piece of content is meant to make your choice easier and reassure you that the decision to go ahead with this conversion is requited with rich benefits:. Are you considering getting your website redesigned. Our skilled expertise, skillfulness and excellence have been well known all across the world. Websites using this content based strategy are always given top scores by Google.

A built-in widget which allows you to embed quickly video from popular websites. I didn't straight consider near it solon than one distance, I got the Popup Ascendancy plugin and it's up and lengthways, likely you make seen it today when you visited our blog, and I yet customize it to fit our Thesis Wound which gives it a rattling uncomparable visage and search than any different popup you know seen before on any added journal, I hump arrogated asset of one of it's quatern themes to make our own. re creating a Word - Press design yourself, the good news is there are tons of Word - Press themes to choose from. If you are looking for Hire Wordpress Developer then just get in touch with him. Look for experience: When you are searching for a Word - Press developer you should always look at their experience level.

You will know which of your Word - Press blog posts are attracting more unique visitors which in turn will help you develop better products and services for your customers. In fact portfolio Word - Press themes is a smooth and attractive but considerably flawed Word - Press theme in creating simpler to the photographers or designers to develop a specific internet site showcasing their most current perform since it appear modern-day and has fantastic typography and large photographs which would develop an attractive wanting portfolio internet site. If you have any type of inquiries concerning where and exactly how to use wordpress dropbox backup, you could call us at our web-page. It can be concluded that white label SEO comprise of a third party who resells a contract involving IT expert or consultant, SEO professional and end user. Word - Press is the most popular personal publishing platform which was launched in 2003. Verify whether your company has a team of developers or programmers having hands-on experience and knowledge about all Word - Press concepts.