Conjugate element (field theory)

Force diagram

The Brinell scale characterizes the indentation hardness of materials through the scale of penetration of an indenter, loaded on a material test-piece. It is one of several definitions of hardness in materials science.

Proposed by Swedish engineer Johan August Brinell in 1900, it was the first widely used and standardised hardness test in engineering and metallurgy. The large size of indentation and possible damage to test-piece limits its usefulness.

The typical test uses a Template:Convert diameter steel ball as an indenter with a Template:Convert force. For softer materials, a smaller force is used; for harder materials, a tungsten carbide ball is substituted for the steel ball. The indentation is measured and hardness calculated as:

$\operatorname {BHN} ={\frac {2P}{\pi D\left(D-{\sqrt {D^{2}-d^{2}}}\right)}}$

where:

P = applied force (kgf)

D = diameter of indenter (mm)

d = diameter of indentation (mm)

The BHN can be converted into the ultimate tensile strength (UTS), although the relationship is dependent on the material, and therefore determined empirically. The relationship is based on Meyer's index (n) from Meyer's law. If Meyer's index is less than 2.2 then the ratio of UTS to BHN is 0.36. If Meyer's index is greater than 2.2, then the ratio increases.

BHN is designated by the most commonly used test standards (ASTM E10-12 and ISO 6506–1:2005) as HBW (H from hardness, B from brinell and W from the material of the indenter, tungsten (wolfram) carbide). In former standards HB or HBS were used to refer to measurements made with steel indenters.

HBW is calculated in both standards using the SI units as

$\operatorname {HBW} =0.102{\frac {2F}{\pi D\left(D-{\sqrt {D^{2}-d^{2}}}\right)}}$

where:

F = applied force (N)

D = diameter of indenter (mm)

d = diameter of indentation (mm)

Common values

When quoting a Brinell hardness number (BHN or more commonly HB), the conditions of the test used to obtain the number must be specified. The standard format for specifying tests can be seen in the example "HBW 10/3000". "HBW" means that a tungsten carbide (from the chemical symbol for tungsten) ball indenter was used, as opposed to "HBS", which means a hardened steel ball. The "10" is the ball diameter in millimeters. The "3000" is the force in kilograms force.

The hardness may also be shown as XXX HB YYD². The XXX is the force to apply (in kgf) on a material of type YY (5 for aluminum alloys, 10 for copper alloys, 30 for steels). Thus a typical steel hardness could be written: 250 HB 30D². It could be a maximum or a minimum.

Brinell hardness numbers

Material	Hardness
Softwood (e.g., pine)	1.6 HBS 10/100
Hardwood	2.6–7.0 HBS 1.6 10/100
Lead	5.0 HB (pure lead; alloyed lead typically can range from 5.0 HB to values in excess of 22.0 HB)
Pure Aluminium	15 HB
Copper	35 HB
Mild steel	120 HB
18–8 (304) stainless steel annealed	200 HB
Glass	1550 HB
Hardened tool steel	600–900 HB (HBW 10/3000)
Rhenium diboride	4600 HB
Note: Standard test conditions unless otherwise stated

Standards

• International (ISO) and European (CEN) Standard
  • EN ISO 6506-1:2005: Metallic materials – Brinell hardness test – Part 1: test method
  • EN ISO 6506-2:2005: Metallic materials – Brinell hardness test – Part 2: verification and calibration of testing machine
  • EN ISO 6506-3:2005: Metallic materials – Brinell hardness test – Part 3: calibration of reference blocks
  • EN ISO 6506-4:2005: Metallic materials – Brinell hardness test – Part 4: Table of hardness values
• US standard (ASTM International)
  • ASTM E10-12: Standard method for Brinell hardness of metallic materials.

See also

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• Brinelling
• Hardness comparison
• Knoop hardness test

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• Leeb rebound hardness test
• Rockwell scale
• Vickers hardness test

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References

Notes

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Bibliography

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External links

• Video on the Brinell hardness test
• Rockwell to Brinell conversion chart (Brinell, Rockwell A,B,C)
• Struers hardness conversion table (Vickers, Brinell, Rockwell B,C,D)
• Brinell Hardness HB conversion chart (N/mm2, Brinell, Vickers, Rockwell C)